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21^st century is known as the era of democratic movements. These movements in Afro-Asian nations started to overthrow despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian governments. Nepal is a small landlocked kingdom in Southern Asia, lying between India to the south and Tibet to the North. Monarchy was prevalent in Nepal since the 18^th century.

During the rule of Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, democratic Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960, when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade which continued till 1979.

In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of a multiparty parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996, with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a people’s Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 and ended with the Communist victory in 2001

The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The crown prince killed king Birendra and the royal family members, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne. Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy.

At the same time, the king reinstated the old Nepal house of Representatives, with an assurance of permanent peace and the multiparty democracy. The king called upon the Seven party Alliance (SPA) to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. The popular Government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrew all the privileges given to the king unanimously.

The bill included the following.

• Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets. 
• Ending the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council. 
• Eliminating Royal references from army and Government titles. 
• Declaring Nepal a secular country and not a Hindu kingdom. 
• Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed. 
• Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

This is popularly known as the “Nepalese Magna Carta”.

During 1960’s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements became much more prominent despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh and the Simla Agreement of 1972, became the turning points towards regional cooperation. President Zia-ur-Rahaman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the new Indian Prime Minister, Moraji Desai. He had also informally discussed the idea of regional co-operation with the leaders of South Asian countries during the regional and international meetings.

Several factors seem to have influenced President Zia-UrRahaman regarding the establishment of a regional organisation in South Asia during 1975-1979. For Zia-Ur-Rahaman’s successful contribution in the process of Regional Organisations in South Asia, he is called as the founding father of SAARC.

Between 1980 and 1983, four meetings at the Foreign Secretary level took place to establish the principles of organisation and identify areas for co-operation. Several Foreign Ministers level meetings were held between 1983 and 1985. The first meeting of Foreign Ministers in New Delhi was held on 1^st and 2^nd of August 1983. In her inaugural address, the then Prime Minister of India Mrs.

Indira Gandhi, described South Asia as a troubled region and said “I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic co-operation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia. With unity we can hope to move ahead for future freedom, peace, and prosperity.” She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempts of external powers influencing our functioning.

SAARC marks the establishment of an Association to promote and develop co-operation. Finally, the first Summit meeting of the Heads of States or Governments of South Asian countries was held at Dhaka on 7^th and ^8th of December 1985. Its members are 8 countries of South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In 2010, Afghanistan became the 8^th member of SAARC. Six observers of SAARC are China, Japan, European Union, Republic of Korea, United States and Iran.

During 1960’s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements became much more prominent despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh and the Simla Agreement of 1972, became the turning points towards regional cooperation. President Zia-ur-Rahaman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the new Indian Prime Minister, Moraji Desai.

He had also informally discussed the idea of regional co-operation with the leaders of South Asian countries during the regional and international meetings. Several factors seem to have influenced President Zia-Ur-Rahaman regarding the establishment of a regional organisation in South Asia during 1975-1979.

For Zia-Ur-Rahaman’s successful contribution in the process of Regional Organisations in South Asia, he is called as the founding father of SAARC. Between 1980 and 1983, four meetings at the Foreign Secretary level took place to establish the principles of organisation and identify areas for co-operation. Several Foreign Ministers level meetings were held between 1983 and 1985.

The first meeting of Foreign Ministers in New Delhi was held on 1^st and 2^nd of August 1983. In her inaugural address, the then Prime Minister of India Mrs Indira Gandhi described South Asia as a troubled region and said “I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic co-operation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia.

With unity, we can hope to move ahead for future freedom, peace and prosperity.” She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempts of external powers influencing our functioning. SAARC marks the establishment of an Association to promote and develop co-operation. Finally, the first Summit meeting of the Heads of States or Governments of South Asian countries was held at Dhaka on 7^th and 8^th of December 1985.

Its members are 8 countries of South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Ip 2010, Afghanistan became the 8^th member of SAARC. Six observers of SAARC are China, Japan, European Union, Republic of Korea, United States and Iran.

In the rapidly changing global environment, regional integration in south Asia has assumed a new strategic significance. As a largest economy of the South Asian Region. It is imperative and right time for India to inculcate an environment of trust among SAARC partners. India stands to gain substantially from greater economic integration in the region.

a. Summit level co-operation: India has participated in all the summit level meetings. During the 16^th SAARC Summit held in New Delhi on 3^rd and 4^th April 2007, the leaders recognized collectivelly in fulfilling this in a better way with the rest of the world.

The Prime Minister of India Mr. Rajiv Gandhi attended the first SAARC Summit held in Bangladesh in 1985. He emphasized the core issue of economic development in the South Asian region with joint efforts. India is committed to fostering the sense of a South Asian mutual confidence in multiple areas in trying to leverage India’s rapid economic growth into win-win arrangements with her neighbours.

b. SAARC Regional Centres: 

India is having two regional centres:

1. SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC) in New Delhi. 

2. SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC) in New Delhi. 

c. SAARC Development Fund (SDF): India has been one of major contributors to the SAARC development Fund. The Fund has three areas of action on social, economic and infrastructure. India has offered US$100 million for the SAARC Countries.

d. Economics Co-operation: The Agreement on SAARC preferential Trading Arrangement trade negotiations have been concluded. India being an important member of the group intiated a step to ensure that the nations go beyond the rhetoric and make the Summit 5 meaningful.

Features of Civil Services:-

1. Professional body: As Herman Finer puts it, Civil Service is a professional body of officials who are, permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

2. Hierarchy: As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where higher ranking administrative officers with discretionary powers supervise their subordinates. The authority runs from above and helps to make administration stable.

3. Political Neutrality: Civil Servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any one political regime.

4. Anonymity: Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the Government. Recognition for good work or censure for any omission goes only to the concerned minister and not to. the civil servants.

5. Impartiality: The Civil Servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favor, bias or preference to any groups or sections of the society.

6. Service motto: They have to work for the welfare of society. They must be humble and service minded towards the public and not authoritative.

7. Permanent: Civil Servants are called permanent executives. They discharge duties until they attain the age of superannuation. Both at the central and in Karnataka State Services, the age of retirement is sixty years. Even though disciplinary action is taken as per rules, there is security of service.

8. Jurisdiction of Law: Every Civil Servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If they cross the limit, they are met with disciplinary actions.

9. Special Training: Once the candidates are selected for top civil services, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration, like the Lai Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration located in Mussoorie for the training of the newly appointed IAS officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy located in Hyderabad trains the newly appointed IPS officers.

The correct answer is 1818.

• Bhopal state become a British protectorate in 1818.
• The State of Bhopal was founded by an Afghan adventurer Dost Mohammad Khan in 1724.

• In 1817, when the third Anglo-Maratha War broke out, a treaty of dependence was signed between the British Government of India and the Nawab of Bhopal.
• A treaty named the Anglo-Bhopal treaty was signed in 1818 and a Political Agent of the British Government was appointed.
• An anglo-Bhopal treaty between the East India Company and Nawab Nazar Muhammad (Nawab of Bhopal) made Bhopal a princely state in British India.
• As a result of this treaty, Bhopal remained a friend of the British Government during the British Raj in India.

• On 30^th April 1949, Nawab Hamidullah Khan signed an agreement with the Government of India.
• On 1^st June 1949, the state was taken over by the Union Government as Chief Commissioner's Province.
• On the 1^st of November 1956, a new state of Madhya Pradesh came into existence and Bhopal became its capital.
• The name Bhopal is popularly derived from 'Bhojpal' or Bhoj’s dam, the great dam which now holds up the Bhopal city lakes.

The correct answer is 1803.

• British establish control over Delhi in 1803.

• Delhi, the capital of India has a strong historical background.
• It was ruled by some of the most powerful emperors in Indian history.
• The town was known as Indraprastha, where Pandavas used to live.
• In due course, eight more cities came alive adjacent to Indraprastha:
  • Lal Kot, Siri, Dinpanah, Quila Rai Pithora, Ferozabad, Jahanpanah, Tughlakabad and Shahjahanabad.
• Delhi has been a witness to political turmoil for over five centuries.
• It was ruled by the Mughals in succession to Khiljis and Tughlaqs.
• In 1192 the legions of the Afghan warrior Muhammad of Ghori captured the Rajput town, and the Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206.
• The invasion of Delhi by Timur in 1398 put an end to the sultanate, the Lodis, the last of the Delhi sultans, gave way to Babur, who, after the battle of Panipat in 1526, founded the Mughal Empire.
• The early Mughal emperors favored Agra as their capital, and Delhi became their permanent seat only after Shah Jahan built (1638) the walls of Old Delhi.
• From Hindu Kings to Muslim Sultans, the reins of the city kept shifting from one ruler to another. 
• In the year 1803 AD, the city came under British rule.
• In 1911, the British shifted their capital from Calcutta to Delhi.
• It again became the center of all the governing activities. 
• It included the British and the current political parties that have had the honor of leading free India.

• After independence in 1947, New Delhi was officially declared as the Capital of India. 

Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer to the business dealings carried out by the Government officers in a capitalist economy. As Warren Buffet opined “The crony capitalism is a term describing an economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favouritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants special tax breaks or other forms”.

Nature: 

1. Favourites Political authorities: Crony capitalism is a system in which close associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic implications.

2. Cronies get capital and reward: Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market, Punnelled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks. 

3. Protection of assets: Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will be protected. As long as their assests are protected, these assest holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

4. Share in the rents generated by the asset holders: The members of the government or members of their families, share the rents generated by the assest holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments, or even transfer of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

5. The concentration of Economics Power: A few busines groups which are cronies, influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism. Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

In crony capitalism, the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review and approval, Personal connections of particular assest holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. When the government is replaced, those personal connections vanish.

Globalisation is the process of inter grating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction. Integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestation of Globalisation has been the increasing economic integration among the countries in trade and investment.

An important attribute of globalization is the increasing degree of openness, which has three dimensions, ie., international trade, international investment, and international finance. It involves creation of networks and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries.

The Economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts at the beginning of the 1990s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the liberalization, privatization and globalisation(LPG) model.

The chain of reforms that took place with regard to business, manufacturing and financial industries targeted at strengthening the economy of the country to a more proficient level. These economic reforms had influenced the overall economic growth of the country in a significant manner.

In brief, the salient points of Globalisation are:

1. Efficiency. 

2. Transfer of technology 

3. Concept of a global village 

4. Mobility of labour force 

5. Global competition resulting in better performance 

6. Outsourcing and 

7. Optimum utilization of human resources.

The political implications of globalisation are as follows.

1. Power subjugation: The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the soverignty of a country in totality.

2. Affects Sovereignty: As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc., the sovereign countries are bound by decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country totally.

3. Cultural Invasion: Culture is a complex whole and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

4. Enslavement of Lifestyle: Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior, mutual relationships, respect to elders,human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.

5. Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

6. Political Instability: The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Thus globalisation as a process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy has gone a long way.

During the 1960’s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements became much more prominent despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh and the Simla Agreement of 1972, became the turning points towards regional cooperation. President Zia-ur-Rahaman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the new Indian Prime Minister, Moraji Desai.

He had also informally discussed the idea of regional co-operation with the leaders of South Asian countries during the regional and international meetings. Several factors seem to have influenced President Zia-Ur-Rahaman regarding the establishment of a regional organisation in South Asia during 1975-1979.

For Zia-Ur-Rahaman’s successful contribution in the process of Regional Organisations in South Asia, he is called as the founding father of SAARC. Between 1980 and 1983, four meetings at the Foreign Secretary level took place to establish the principles of organisation and identify areas for co-operation. Several Foreign Ministers level meetings were held between 1983 and 1985.

The first meeting of Foreign Ministers in New Delhi was held on the 1^st and 2^nd of August 1983. In her inaugural address, the then Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi described South Asia as a troubled region and said “I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic cooperation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia.

With unity, we can hope to move ahead for future freedom, peace, and prosperity.” She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempts of external powers influencing our functioning. SAARC marks the establishment of an Association to promote and develop co-operation. Finally, the first Summit meeting of the Heads of States or Governments of South Asian countries was held at Dhaka on the 7^th and 8^th of December 1985.

Its members are 8 countries of South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Ip 2010, Afghanistan became the 8th member of SAARC. Six observers of SAARC are China, Japan, European Union, Republic of Korea, United States and Iran.

Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer the business dealings carried out by the Government officers in a capitalist economy.

Nature of crony capitalism are as follows:- 

1. Favours political authorities: Crony capitalism is a system in which, close associates of the people in power who enact laws and execute policies, get favors that have a large economic impact.

2. Cronies are rewarded: with the provision to charge higher prices for their output, than would prevail in a competitive market. Funds are funneled to the enterprises of cronies through government-controlled banks.

3. Protection of assets: Crony capitalism allows Government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights are protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

4. Share in the rents generated by the asset holders: The members of the Government or members of their families, share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments or even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes & hand in hand with corruption.

5.The concentration of economic Power: A few business groups are cronies, influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism. Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences. In crony capitalism, the Government makes deals in closed doors, without public review and approval.

The core concepts of International Relations pertaining to politics are as follows:

1. State Sovereignty: Jean Bodin has described the concept of Sovereignty in his work “De Republica”. He emphasizes on the state Sovereignty within their territorial jurisdiction. No State can dictate others and all States are equal in matters of status, dignity, and honour. For instance, India under British imperialism lost its sovereignty and gained its state hood only in 1947. Iraq during the Gulf war in 1990, is an example for aggression on the Sovereignty.

2. National Interests: It is the action of the State in relation to other States. As Frankel opined, it refers to the aspiration of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of the decision-makers.

3. Power Blocs: With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged, i.e., USA and USSR. President of U S. Harry S. Truman believed in the spread of democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought the spread of Communism. Capitalistic ideology spread in UK, France, Germany, and Communist ideology spread in Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungery.

4. Polarity: Polarities in international relations refer to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the cold war between the two superpowers. The disintegration of the USSR has led to uni-polarity with the United States as the superpower. With rapid economic growth in 2010, China became the world’s second largest economy. Combined with the respectable international position, China has emerged as a major power in the multi-polar world.

5. Balance of Power: The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of States as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the cultivation of power and the utilization of power for resolving the problems. Morgenthau used the term ‘Balance of Power’ as approximately equal distribution of power. It is an inseparable part of power politics.

Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer to the business delaings carried out by the Government officers in a capitalist economy.

Nature of crony capitalism are as follows:-

1. Favours political authorities: Crony capitalism is a system in which, close associates of the people in power who enact laws and execute policies, get favours that have large economic impact.

2. Cronies are rewarded with the provision: to charge higher prices for their output, than would prevail in a competitive market. Funds are funnelled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

3. Protection of assets: Crony capitalism allows Government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights are protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

4. Share in the rents generated by the asset holders: The members of the Government or members of their families, share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments or even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

5. The concentration of economic Power: A few business groups which are cronies, influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism. Crony capitalism is an economical phenomenon with political consequences. In crony capitalism, the Government makes deals in closed doors, without public review and approval.

States Re-organisation Act – 1956 The states reorganisation committee was constituted in December 1953 with Justice Fazl Ali, K.M. Panikkar and Hridayanath Kunzru as members, to examine the issue and recommend the principles for reorganisation keeping in view the objectivity and indiscrimination.

The commission reported in 1955. The recommendations were discussed and debated and finally, the state reorganisation act was passed in November 1956.

The objective of this Act explains “The states of India, as they exist today have been formed largely as a result of historical accidents and circumstances and hence there was a demand for the reorganization of the component units of the Indian Union on a more rational basis, after taking into account, not only the growing importance of regional languages but also financial and administrative considerations.” 

The main features of the Act are:

1. Abolishing the distinction between parts A, B, C, and D states. 

2. Establishment of two categories of units 

• States
• Union territories. 

3. The abolition of Rajpramukhs. 

4. The Act provided for the creation of 14 states and 6 Union Territories.

After 1956, the acceptance of the Principle of linguistic states did not mean that all states immediately became linguistic. There was ‘bilingual’ Bombay state consisting of Gujarati and Marathi speaking people. After a popular agitation, the separate states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were created in 1960.

In Punjab also, there were two linguistic groups Hindi speaking and Punjabi speaking. The Punjabi speaking people demanded a separate state. The Sikh communalists led by AkaliDal and Hindu communalists, led by Bharatiya Jan Sangh used the linguistic issue to promote communal politics.

The SRC had also refused to accept the demand on the ground that it would not solve the language or communal problem of Punjab. After several powerful movements finally in 1966, Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana.

Yet, it is not the end of reorganization of states. Language alone did not remain the sole basis of reorganisation of states. Regional culture and complaints of regional imbalance have led to the demands of smaller states. Vidarbha in Maharashtra, Harith Pradesh in Uttar Pradesh and Gorkhaland in West Bengal are demanding statehood. The bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and Seemandhra is declared and divided also in 2013.

Earlier, it was felt that linguistic states may foster separation and thus weaken national unity. But, linguistic state reorganisation has removed some major sources of grievances, which could have led to divisive tendencies. It has only strengthened National unity. At present, there are 29 States and 7 Union territories in India. For list of states

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time, the King reinstated the old Nepal House of Representatives, with an assurance of permanent peace and multi party democracy. The King called upon the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity.

The popular Government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrew all the privileges given to the King unanimously. 

The bill included.

1. Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets. 

2. Ending the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory council. 

3. Eliminating Royal references from army and Government titles. 

4. Declaring Nepal a secular country and not the Hindu Kingdom. 

5. Scrapping the National Anthem until a new one is composed. 

6. Eliminating the King’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

This is popularly known as ‘Nepalese Magna Carta’. Nepal became a Federal Democratic Republic with a President, a Prime Minister and a Council of Ministers in office to run the Government.

The correct answer is (A) is false but (R) is true.

• Air transport is a very useful means of transport in mountainous and hilly regions but it is not for all as it is a very expensive mode of transport and its reach is limited to fewer people compared to road and rail transport. Hence, Assertion(A) is false.
• Air transport is a very capital-intensive industry that is why it is very expensive.
• Thus, the assertion is incorrect.
• The reason is correct as it is very costly and difficult to construct roads and railways in the mountainous regions as there is rough terrain, harsh weather and it is also difficult to move heavy machinery there. Hence, Reason (B) is true.

• Air Transport was started in 1911 in India between Allahabad and Naini.
• Pawan Hans Helicopter Limited has been providing helicopter support services to the petroleum sector like ONGC, ODL, etc., and also provides services to certain state Governments, PSU, and in the North-Eastern States.

• In 1995, the International Airport Authority of India and the National Airports Authority were merged to form the Airports Authority of India.
• Indian Railway is the 3rd largest rail network in the world after the US and China.
• There are six national waterways set up by the Inland Waterways Authority of India in 1986.

The correct answer is Only a,c and d are correct.

• As per the IPCC report,
• Our planet was heating at the rate of 1°C per 100 years, till 1970.
• Since 1970 the global average temperature has been rising at a rate of 1.7°C per 100 years.
• Most of the glaciers in different parts of the world are retreating.
• The frequency and effect of El Nino are increasing.
• Hence statement b is not correct and Only a,c, and d are correct.

• Greenhouse effect
  • The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's atmosphere. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected in space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by the greenhouse gases.
• IPCC
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with an objective, scientific information.
  • IPCC releases reports on climate change and Land, Global warming, Ocean and Cryosphere, etc. 
  • Founded: 1988.
  • Headquarters location: Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Parent organizations: World Meteorological Organization, United Nations Environment Programme.

 \(\sum\limits^{14}_{k=0}\)(-1)^k(15 - k)^{3 17}C_k

= 15^{3 17}C₀ - 14^{3 17}C₁ + 13^{3 17}C₂ - 12^{3 17}C₃ + ...+3^{3 17}C₁₂ - 2^{3 17}C₁₃ + 1^{3 17}C₁₄

 = 15^3 17C₀ - 14^{3 17}C₁ + 13^3 17C₂ + (13 - 12³) ¹⁷C₃ + (11³ - 2³)¹⁷C₄ 

+ (3³ - 10³)¹⁷C₅ + (9³- 4³)¹⁷C₆  + (5³ - 8³)¹⁷C₇ + (7³ - 6³) ¹⁷C₈

(\(\because \) ⁿC_r - ⁿC_n-r)

 = 15³ - 17 x 14³ + \(\frac{17.16}3\times13^3+\frac{17.16.15}6(1-1728)+\frac{17.16.15.14}{24}\) \(\times(1331.8)+\frac{17.16.15.14.13}{120}\)

\(\times(27-100)\)+\(\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12}{720}(729-64)\) + \(\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12.11}{5040}\times(125-512)\) \(+\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12.11.10}{40320}(343-216)\)

 = 3375 - 46648 + 298792 - 1174360 +3148740 -6020924 +8230040 -7526346 + 3087370

 = 14768317 - 14768308

 = 9

 \(\sum\limits^{14}_{k=0}\)(-1)^k(15 - k)^{3 17}C_k

= 15^{3 17}C₀ - 14^{3 17}C₁ + 13^{3 17}C₂ - 12^{3 17}C₃ + ...+3^{3 17}C₁₂ - 2^{3 17}C₁₃ + 1^{3 17}C₁₄

 = 15^3 17C₀ - 14^{3 17}C₁ + 13^3 17C₂ + (1³ - 12³) ¹⁷C₃ + (11³ - 2³)¹⁷C₄ 

+ (3³ - 10³)¹⁷C₅ + (9³- 4³)¹⁷C₆  + (5³ - 8³)¹⁷C₇ + (7³ - 6³) ¹⁷C₈

(\(\because \) ⁿC_r - ⁿC_n-r)

 = 15³ - 17 x 14³ + \(\frac{17.16}2\times13^3+\frac{17.16.15}6(1-1728)+\frac{17.16.15.14}{24}\) \(\times(1331-8)+\frac{17.16.15.14.13}{120}\)

\(\times(27-1000)\)+\(\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12}{720}(729-64)\) + \(\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12.11}{5040}\times(125-512)\) \(+\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12.11.10}{40320}(343-216)\)

 = 3375 - 46648 + 298792 - 1174360 +3148740 -6020924 +8230040 -7526376 + 3087370

 = 14768317 - 14768308

 = 9

Correct option is (3) n(2)ⁿ⁻¹

\(\sum^n_{k =1}\) \(\sum^k_{r = 0} r^n C_r\) 

\(= \sum^n_{k=1}\left(0^nC_0 + 1^nC_1+ 2^nC_2+3^nC_3 +....+k^nC_k\right)\)

\(=\, ^nC_1 + 2^nC_2 + 3^nC_3+...+n^nC_n\)

\(= n(2)^{n -1}\) 

\(\because(1 +x)^n =\, ^nC_0 + \,^nC_1x + \,^nC_2x^2 + .....+^nC_nx^n\)

Differentiate both sides with respect to x

\(n( 1 +x)^{n -1} = \,^nC_1 + 2^n C_2 x + 3^nC_3x^2 +^{n.n}C_nx^{n-1}\)

Put x = 1

\(\therefore \,^nC_1 + 2^nC_1 + 3^nC_3+....+^{n.n}C_n = n.2^{n-1}\) 

Given:

Number of bananas distributed = 391

The ratio of distribution = 1/2 ∶ 2/3 ∶ 3/4

Calculation:

For converting the fractions into whole numbers in ratio let's take the LCM of the denominators.

LCM (2, 3,4) = 12

Ratio = 6 ∶ 8 ∶ 9

Let the number of bananas each monkey gets be 6x, 8x, and 9x.

Total number of bananas, 6x + 8x + 9x = 391

x = 391/23 = 17

Number of bananas first monkey got = 6x = 102 bananas

∴ The number of bananas first monkey got is 102. 

\(\sum\limits^{14}_{k=0}\)(-1)^k(15 - k)^{3 17}C_k

= 15^{3 17}C₀ - 14^{3 17}C₁ + 13^{3 17}C₂ - 12^{3 17}C₃ + ...+3^{3 17}C₁₂ - 2^{3 17}C₁₃ + 1^{3 17}C₁₄

 = 15^3 17C₀ - 14^{3 17}C₁ + 13^3 17C₂ + (1³ - 12³) ¹⁷C₃ + (11³ - 2³)¹⁷C₄ 

+ (3³ - 10³)¹⁷C₅ + (9³- 4³)¹⁷C₆  + (5³ - 8³)¹⁷C₇ + (7³ - 6³) ¹⁷C₈

(\(\because \) ⁿC_r - ⁿC_n-r)

 = 15³ - 17 x 14³ + \(\frac{17.16}2\times13^3+\frac{17.16.15}6(1-1728)+\frac{17.16.15.14}{24}\) \(\times(1331-8)+\frac{17.16.15.14.13}{120}\)

\(\times(27-1000)\)+\(\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12}{720}(729-64)\) + \(\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12.11}{5040}\times(125-512)\) \(+\frac{17.16.15.14.13.12.11.10}{40320}(343-216)\)

 = 3375 - 46648 + 298792 - 1174360 +3148740 -6020924 +8230040 -7526376 + 3087370

 = 14768317 - 14768308

 = 9

(ⁿC₀ + ⁿC₁) (ⁿC₁ + ⁿC₂)(ⁿC₂ + ⁿC₃)......(ⁿC_n-1 + ⁿC_n)

= ⁿ⁺¹C₁ + ⁿ⁺¹C₂ + ⁿ⁺¹C₃....ⁿ⁺¹C_n

 = \(\frac{n+1}1\times\frac{(n+1)n}2\times\frac{(n+1)(n)(n-1)}{3!}....\times\frac{(n+1)}{1!}\)

 = (n+1)ⁿ\((\frac{n}{n}\times\frac{n(n-1)}{2(n-1)}\times\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!(n-2)}....\times1)\)

= (n + 1)ⁿ x \(\frac{1}{n(n-1)(n-2)....}\times(n\times\frac{n(n-1)}2\times\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!}\times....\times1)\) 

 = \(\frac{(n+1)^n}{n!}\)(ⁿC₁.ⁿC₂.ⁿC₃......ⁿC_n)

Hence Proved

\(\because\) Multiplying inverse of 2/3 is \(\frac{1/2}3\) = 3/2

Total of 1/4 and multiplying inverse of 2/3 = 1/4 + 3/2 = (1 + 6)/4 = 7/4

Thus, he found = 7/4.

ⁿC₀.ⁿC₀ - ⁿ⁺¹C₁.ⁿC₁ + ⁿ⁺²C₂.ⁿC₂ - .... is coefficient of xⁿ in

(ⁿC₀(x + 1)ⁿ - ⁿC₁(x + 1)ⁿ⁺¹ + ⁿC₂(x + 1)ⁿ⁺²-.....)

Now, ⁿC₀ (x + 1)ⁿ - ⁿC₁(x + 1)ⁿ⁺¹ + ⁿC₂(x + 1)²-.....

= (x + 1)ⁿ (ⁿC₀ - ⁿC₁(x + 1) + ⁿC₂(x + 1)² -....)

= (x + 1)ⁿ (1 - (x + 1)ⁿ) (\(\because\) (1 - x)ⁿ = ⁿC₀- ⁿC₁x + ⁿC₂x²-....)

= (-x)ⁿ (x + 1)ⁿ

= (-1)ⁿ xⁿ (x +1)ⁿ

Hence, Coefficient of xⁿ in (ⁿC₀(x + 1)ⁿ - ⁿC₁(x + 1)ⁿ⁺¹ + ⁿC₂(x+1)²) is (-1)ⁿ

\(\therefore\) ⁿC₀.ⁿC₀ - ⁿ⁺¹C₁.ⁿC₁ + ⁿ⁺²C₂.ⁿC₂-....=(-1)ⁿ

[1 + (x/2) – (2/x)]⁴ 

= [1 + {(x/2) – (2/x)}]⁴ 

= ⁴c₀ + ⁴c₁ [(x/2) – (2/x)] + ⁴c₂ [(x/2) – (2/x)]² + ⁴c₃ [(x/2) – (2/x)]³(2/x)]³ + ⁴c₄ [(x/2) – (2/x)]⁴ 

= 1 + 4[(x² – 4) / (2x)] + 6[(x⁴ – 8x² + 16) / (4x²)]  + [4 / (8x³)] (x⁶ – 12x⁴ + 48x² – 64) + (x⁴ / 16) – x² + 6 – (16 / x²) +  (16 / x⁴)

= 1 + 2x – (8/x) + (3/2)x² – 12 + (24 / x²) + (x³ / 2) – 6x + (24 / x) – (32 / x³) + (x⁴ / 16) – x² + 6 – (16 / x²) +  (16 / x⁴)

= – 5 – 4x + (16 / x) + (x² / 2) + (x³ / 2) + (x⁴ / 16) + (8 / x²) – (32/ x³) +  (16 / x⁴)

Hence constant term is – 5.

Generm term in the expansion of \([\frac{x+1}{x^{2/3}-x^{1/3}+1}-\frac{x-1}{x-x^{1/2}}]^{10}\) is

T_r+1 = (-1)^r 10C_r (\(\frac{x+1}{x^{2/3}-x^{1/3} + 1}\))^10-r \((\frac{x-1}{x-x^{1/2}})^r\)

 = (-1)^r 10C_r (\(\frac{x+1}{x^{2/3}-x^{1/3}+1}\))^10-r \(\left(\frac{(x^{1/2}-1)(x^{1/2}+1)}{x^{1/2}(x^{1/2}+1)}\right)^r\) 

 = (-1)^r 10C_r \((\frac{x+1}{x^{2/3}-x^{1/3}+1})^{10-r}\)\(\frac{(x^{1/2}+1)}{x^{r/2}}\)

We get a constant term if r = 10

(\(\because\) if r \(\neq\) 0 then (\(\frac{x+1}{x^{2/3}-x^{1/3}+1}\))^10-r always gives terms in variables)

Let r = 10 then

T₁₁ = (-1)^10 10C₁₀ \(\frac{(x^{1/2}+1)^{10}}{x^5}\)

⇒ T₁₁ = \(\frac{(x^{1/2}+1)^{10}}{x^5}\)  = \(\cfrac{^{10}C_r x^{\frac{10-r}21^r}}{x^5}\) = ¹⁰C_r \(x^{\frac{10-r}2-5}\)

For constant term \(\frac{10-r}2-5 = 0\)

⇒ \(\frac{10-r}2\) = 5

⇒ r = 10 - 10

⇒ r = 0

Then constant term = ¹⁰C₀ = 1

Hence, constant term in given expansion is 1.

H₂(g) + I₂(g) \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2HI(g)

using law of mass action-

K_c = \(\frac{[HI]^2}{[H_2][I_2]}\) = 64-----(i)

for decomposition of one mole of HI---

HI(g) \(\rightleftharpoons\) 1/2 H₂(g) + 1/2 I₂(g)

K'_c = \(\frac{[H_2]^{1/2}[I_2]^{1/2}}{[HI]}\)----(ii)

using equation (i) & (ii)---

K'_c = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{K_c}}\) 

K'_c = \(\frac1{\sqrt{64}}\) 

K'_c = 1/8

K'_c = 0.125

Hence, K'_c for the decomposition of 1 mole of HI will be 0.125.

a + b + c = 4 ... (1)

⇒ a² + b² + c² = 10 ... (2)

⇒ a³ + b³ + c³ = 22 ... (3)

Sq. both sides in (1) we get

⇒ (a + b + c)² = (4)²

⇒ a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ac) = 16

⇒ 10 + 2(ab + bc + ac) = 16 (From 2)

⇒ 2(ab + bc + ac) = 6

⇒ (ab + bc + ac) = 3 ... (4)

Consider the identity, 

a³ + b³ + c³ - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a² + b² + c² - {ab + bc + ac}) 

⇒ 22 - 3abc = 4(10 - 3) ... (From 1,2,3,4)

⇒ 22 - 3abc = 28

⇒ -3abc = 6

⇒ abc = -2 ... (5) 

Sq. both sides in (4), we get

⇒ (ab + bc + ac)² = (3)²

⇒ (ab)² + (bc)² + (ac)² + 2b²ac + 2c²ab + 2a²bc = 9

⇒ (ab)² + (bc)² + (ac)² + 2abc(a + b + c) = 9

⇒ (ab)² + (bc)² + (ac)² + 2(-2)(4) = 9 ... (From 5, 1)

⇒ (ab)² + (bc)² + (ac)² - 16 = 9

⇒ (ab)² + (bc)² + (ac)² = 25 ... (6)

Sq. both sides in (2) we get

⇒ (a² + b² + c²)² = (10)²

⇒ a⁴ + b⁴ + c⁴ + 2{(ab)² + (bc)² + (ac)²} = 100

⇒ a⁴ + b⁴ + c⁴ + 2(25) = 100 ... (From 6)

⇒ a⁴ + b⁴ + c⁴ + 50 = 100

∴ a⁴ + b⁴ + c⁴ = 50

\(LHS\) = \(\frac{\cos A}{1+\cos B}+\frac{1+\cos B}{\cos A}\)

\(LHS\) \(=\) \(\frac{cos^2A + (1 + cosB)^2}{cosA + cosA.cosB}\)

\(LHS\) \(=\) \(\frac{cos^2A + 1 + cos^2B + 2cosB}{cosA + cosA.cosB}\)

\(LHS\) \(=\) \(\frac{cos^2A + 1 + sin^2A + 2cosB}{cosA + cosA.cosB}\)   \([Cos(90 - θ) = Sinθ]\)

\(LHS\) \(=\) \(\frac{2 + 2cosB}{cosA + cosA.cosB}\)  \([sin^2A + cos^2A = 1]\)

\(LHS\) \(=\) \(\frac{2(1 + cosB)}{cosA (1 + cosB)}\)

\(LHS\) \(=\frac{2}{\cos A} \) =  \(RHS \)

Hence, proved 

The total number of members in a Legislative Council should not exceed that of a Legislative Assembly by 1/3.

The decision of the Speaker as to whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not shall be final

a. Savings deposit 

b. Current deposit 

c. Fixed deposit 

d. Recurring deposit

The correct answer is Canada.

• BRICS is the acronym coined to associate five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
• BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai.
• The first BRIC Summit took place in 2009 in the Russian Federation and focused on issues such as reform of the global financial architecture.
• South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010, after which the group adopted the acronym BRICS.
  • South Africa subsequently attended the Third BRICS Summit in Sanya, China, in March 2011.

• At the Fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (2012) the possibility of setting up a new Development Bank was considered to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries.
• The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank.
• President of BRICS is Marcos Prado Troyjo.

• The 12th BRICS summit (21 Jul 2020 – 23 Jul 2020) was hosted by Russia.
• The 13th BRICS summit will be hosted by India in 2021.
• India hosted two summits 4th (2012) and 8th (2016).

The correct answer is To reduce silting and erosion.

• Plants are grown along river banks to reduce silting and erosion.
• Plants growing along the river banks are called riparian vegetation.
• Plants grown along river banks have extensive root systems.
• The root system will help the trees to hold the soil in place and anchor them to the bank during floods.
• It must be able to survive occasional flooding and possible erosion issues.
• It will help to filter pollutants out of water flowing across the landscape towards waterways.
• Examples of trees that grow along river banks are Berry Bushes, Cattail, Dwarf Spikerush, Hydrilla.

The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State shall not exceed One third of the total number of members in the State Legislative Assembly.

The Legislative Council has a tenure of A permanent nature.

Sainath, the writer, says that visiting an Arivoli ‘cycling training camp’ is an unusual experience because one day when he went to Kilakuruchi village to see the camp he was amazed to see all the prospective learners turned out in their Sunday best. The writer tells us that one cannot help being struck by the sheer passion of the pro-cycling movement. There was a look of determination on their faces.

The Quorum of a Legislative Council is one tenth of its membership or ten whichever is greater

To Children groups is the Right against Exploitation guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.

Freedom of religion is guaranteed by  Fundamental Rights

Given:

Distance covered by truck = 550 m

Time taken by truck to cover the distance = 1 min

Distance covered by bus = 33 km = 33,000 m

Time taken by bus to cover the distance = 45 min

Concept used:

Speed = distance/time

Calculation:

Speed of truck = 550/1 = 550 m/min

Speed of bus = 33,000/45 = 2,200/3 m/min

Speed of truck ∶ Speed of bus = 550 ∶ (2,200/3) = 3 ∶ 4

∴ The ratio of the speed of the truck to the speed of the bus is 3 ∶ 4. 

Given:

Distance between Arjun and Kunal = 1100 m

Speed of Arjun = 55 m/min

Speed of Kunal = 45 m/min

Formula used:

Time = Distance/Speed

Calculation:

Total distance = 1100 m

Relative speed = (55 + 45) = 100 m/min

∴ Required time = 1100/100

Given:

Distance covered by car = 400 m

Speed of car = 36 km/hr.

Distance covered by Truck = 8 km

Speed of truck = 40 m/sec.

Formula used:

Speed = Distancee/Time

1 km = 1000 m

1 hr. = 3600 sec.

Calculations:

Time taken by car

⇒ 36 km/hr = 400 m/T₁

⇒ 36 × (5/18) = 400m /T₁

⇒ T₁ = 400/10

⇒ T1 = 40 sec.

Time is taken by truck

⇒ 40 m/sec. = 8 km/T₂

⇒ 40 m/sec. = 8000 m/T₂

⇒ T₂ = 8000/40

⇒ T2 = 200 sec.

⇒ Sum of times = T₁ + T₂

⇒ Sum of times = 40 sec. + 200 sec.

⇒ Sum of times = 240 sec.

∴ The sum of the times is 240 sec.

Given:

Distance covered = 140 m

Time = 18 seconds

Formula used:

Speed = Distance/Time taken

Calculation:

Speed = 140/18 m/s

⇒ 70/9 m/s

⇒ (70/9) × (18/5) km/hr

⇒ 28 km/hr

∴ The speed per hour is 28 km/hr 

Given:

The speed of a truck is 1/3rd the speed of a train.

The train covers 1230 kms in 5 hours.

Formula used:

Speed = Distance/Time

Calculation:

The train covers 1230 kms in 5 hours.

Speed of the train = Distance/Time

⇒ 1230/5

⇒ 246 km/hr

According to the question,

Speed of truck = 1/3rd the speed of a train

⇒ Speed of truck = (1/3)× 246 km/hr

⇒ 82 km/hr

∴ Speed of the truck is 82 km/hr.