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Here, compressional force,

F = 50000 N

Diameter, D = 0.5 mm = 0.5 x 10^-3 m

Area, A = πD²/4 = {3.14 x (0.5 x 10^-3)²}/{4} = 1.96 x 10^-7 m²

Pressure on the top,

p = Stress = F/A = {50000}/{1.96 x 10^-7} = 2.55 x 10¹¹ Nm^-2

Correct option: 1 + 1.

Explanation;

HOCl → O H^- + C l⁺

4. +1 and -1

3. By mixing HCl and   KMnO₄

The answer is (b) Silicon

2. CoCl₂ H₂ SO₄ and ethyl alcohol  

1. Ca²⁺ ,Cl^- and ClO^-

2. Bleaching powder is priced according to its crystal size.

1. x = Cl₂ ; y = S₂Cl₂   

Correct option: 3. Melting and boiling points of HBr is less than HCl.

Explanation;

Due to high molecular weight, HBr contains high B.P.

3. Only Calcium Hypochlorite

Nail fungus is most common in adolescents and adults, especially among people who have frequent manicures. These infections can manifest themselves in a variety of patterns. Sometimes a portion of the nail becomes thick and brittle. Other times, the fungi attack the cuticle and the growth spreads out from there. This cuticle-based infection is common in AIDS patients.

Vaccination cannot protect a person who is already suffering from a disease. Vaccination is an injection given during early stage of life, which has killed or weakened microbes in it in order to stimulate the immune system of the baby so that if the pathogen again attacks the person, the pre formed antibodies can ight and kill the disease causing microbe. So if a person is already suffering from the disease we cannot vaccination will not help.

Scalp itch is a fungal infection of the scalp and hair. It usually occurs in young children, but may appear in all age groups. It is contagious and may be spread from child to child in a school or day care setting.

An antifungal drug called griseofulvin cures scalp itch in one to three months.

For persons suffering from tuberculosis he/she suffers from persistent cough which does not go away.
Tuberculosis can be prevented by preventing exposure/ contact with the infected individual.

For persons suffering from jaundice he/she has pale urine, pale skin and eyes.

In case of acute diarrhea, the patient suffers from enormous fluid loss and as such the patient becomes weak.
Proper diet can help in the prevention of these diseases as it will make one’s immune system strong and as such help in fighting the disease.

 ‘A’ is non-metal as non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.

• Tuberculosis (TB), also called Koch’s disease is caused by rod-shaped, Gram +ve bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• The bacterium releases a toxin, tuberculin which destroys the organs it infects.

• It can affect almost any tissue or organ in the body like the lungs, lymph nodes, brain, bones and joints but disease of the lung is by far the most frequent.

Mode of transmission of Tuberculosis

• Incubation period is 3 to 6 weeks or maybe years.

• It spreads through sneezing, coughing, contaminated food and water.

Symptoms of Tuberculosis

• Constant cough and in severe cases sputum with blood, pain in chest while coughing, loss of body weight, failure of appetite, slight rise of temperature in the evening are the symptoms of lung T. B.

• Sputum, tuberculin, X-ray and gastric analysis are carried out to diagnose tuberculosis.

• Tuberculin test is also called Mantoux test.

Prevention and treatment of Tuberculosis

• BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine for TB was obtained from bovine bacillus by Calmette and Guerin in 1921.

• Before giving vaccination to any individual it is important to check if they are already suffering from TB or have recovered from it.

• The test is to puncture the skin with a special instrument which has a ring of six short needles (the Heaf test). This introduces tuberculin, purified from dead tubercle bacilli.

• In the absence of past or present TB the skin shows no reaction, but if an individual has the

disease or has recovered, then the skin swells and reddens at the injection site. This indicates a substantial immunity and no vaccine is offered.

• Some of the anti-tuberculosis drugs are streptomycin, rifampicin, isoniazid, thiatazone, PAS (Para-aminosalicylic acid) etc.

• Direct observation treatment (DOT) is a programme under WHO for treatment of TB across the world.

• Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is a common childhood disease affecting the respiratory system.

Mode of transmission

• It has an incubation period of 10 – 16 days.

• It spreads by droplet infection or by direct contact.

Symptoms of Whooping cough (Pertussis)

• It causes loss of appetite, fever, running nose, fatigue, sneezing and constant cough leaving the child breathless, tired and red in face.

• Later the voice becomes hoarse and the cough gives a whoop or a loud crowing sound while inhaling.

• The child usually vomits and there is frothy discharge from his mouth and nose.

• There may be other complications like vomiting, convulsions and pneumonia.

Prevention and treatment of Whooping cough (Pertussis)

• Immunisation of the disease is done in infants by DPT vaccination at six weeks, three months and five months.

• Erythromycin antibiotic is used for the treatment.

The best-known fungal skin infection is athlete's foot. It infects approximately 10 percent of the United States population. It is most common among adolescents and adults; however, it may affect people of any age. 

Athlete's foot can grow on the feet in different forms, including the following: 

Interdigital: Infection occurs between the toes, with scaling, fissuring, or softened skin. 

Moccasin: The fungi grows as a thick scaling over the entire sole of the foot (like a moccasin) and causes discomfort. 

Vesicular: The fungi appear as small, itchy blisters near the instep. 

Ulcerative: The infection involves peeling, oozing discharge, and a strong odor that usually starts as red, itchy swelling between the toes. 

A good way to combat athlete's foot is to keep feet clean and dry. Topical powders or creams may also help to control infection. Unfortunately, athlete's foot is tough to eliminate and often comes back.

Fungi are microorganisms characterised by cell walls made from a substance called chitin. Most fungi are harmless to humans and some are edible. Other fungi can be infectious and may lead to life-threatening diseases. Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that can be picked up by direct contact or even inhaled. Fungal infections often affect the lungs, skin or nails. Some infections may also penetrate the body to affect organs and cause whole-body infections. 

Examples of fungal infections include: 

• Athlete’s foot: itching, scaling or cracking of the skin 
• Ringworm: reddish, itchy, scaly rash usually on the skin and scalp 
• Thrush: caused by the fungus Candida albicans which can infect the mouth, vagina, stomach and urinary tract.

Fungi that commonly cause skin diseases are called dermatophytes. “Dermatophytes” doesn't refer to a particular group of fungi, but rather to the fact that they attack the dermis, or skin. Fungal infections of the skin can be treated with topical creams as well as prescription drugs.

• Leprosy is a contagious chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae which is characterised by the chronic infection of the skin and other tissues. 

Mode of transmission of Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 

• The incubation period is very long and averages upto 2-5 years. 

• Infection occurs by prolonged contact with leprosy patients. 

• The bacilli leave the body in nasal discharge, from the throat during coughing, sneezing and even speaking and through broken skin lesions. 

Symptoms of Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 

These include appearance of light coloured patches on the skin, thickening of the nerves, partial or total loss of sensation in the affected parts of the body. 

• These are accompanied by fever, pain, ulcers and skin eruptions. Deformities of toes and fingers may also develop. Lepromin test is used to evaluate leprosy using an intradermal injection of a lepromin. This test classifies the type of leprosy based on reaction. 

• Tuberculoid leprosy gives positive test with lepromin while lepromatous leprosy is negative to lepromin test. Prevention and treatment of Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 

• No vaccine is available. 

• Leprosy is treated with drugs like rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine.

1. Infectious diseases can be spread from person to person. Non-infectious diseases can not be spread from person to person. 

2. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens (microbes) which are disease causing organisms. The major group of pathogens (microbes) are viruses, bacteria, fungi, single cell organisms like protozoans, multicellular organisms like worms. Non-infectious diseases are not caused by Pathogens (microbes), but can be caused by physiological malfunctions, environmental or chemical factors, heredity, unknown causes. These are mostly internal, non-infectious causes. 

3. Examples of infectious diseases are Viral, diseases, bacterial etc. Example for non infectious causes are some cancers caused by genetic abnormalities and high blood pressure caused by excessive weight and lack of exercise.

A) Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)

(D) All of the above

Answer is (C) Mercury

The petrol now we are using Pb in our cars is free.

Disease: Illness of health caused by infection.

• Diseases are classified as acute or chronic, depending on their duration.
• The disease may be due to infectious or non-infectious causes.

Infective disease: Diseases, where microbes are the immediate causes, are called infectious diseases.

(C) Methyl Isocyanate

D) Elephantiasis

Answer is (D) Reduce

(D) Hydrogen sulphide

Eutrophication: The enrichment of water by nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth and depletion of oxygen is known as eutrophication.

Answer is (D) 1984

Water exerts force on the bottom of the container.

(C) dust accumulates on oil paper

(C) chemicals

The two problems of nuclear power are radioactive waste and the possibility of meltdowns like Chernobyl.

Answer is (A) PAN

With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles the problem of automobile pollution has assumed greater significance.

Various industries like granite, lime, cement etc, pollute the air by releasing pollutants as sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, chlorine, flash, dust, asbestos dust, etc.

(D) All of the above

(B) Forest fire

Gases emitted by motor vehicles pollute the air by producing harmful pollutants like sulphur dioxide nitroggbIdioxide, carbon dioxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, lead and soot.

Some pollutants enter the air by natural disasters like volcano eruptions, forest fires and dust and sand from storms.

• Hundreds of flowers in the garden. 
• Hundreds of fishes in the sea. 
• Hundreds of ants in the ant-hill. 
• Hundreds of vehicles on the road.

One finds hundreds of shells on the shore.

We can find hundreds of stars up in the pretty sky.

weather – together, leather, feather