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S.I. unit : metre. Dimensional formula [M⁰L¹T⁰] symbol k.

1 watt is the power of an agent, which does work at the rate of 1 joule per second.

Power is 1 W when the rate of consumption of energy is 1 J/s.

1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J/s.

Imagine two students positioned at track A and track B of 100 m length shifting 10 bricks from one end of the track to the other end. What is the amount of work done by each one of them? The amount of work done is same but the time taken to perform the work varies. In order to find out the fastest among the two we calculate the work done in unit time. That means work done and work done in unit time is two different quantities.

Work done in unit time or rate of doing work is defined as power.

Power is denoted by the letter 'P'.

P=w/t where 'w' is the work done 't' is the time taken.

As energy is the capacity to do work, power can also be defined as energy consumed in unit time.

i.e, P=E/t where E is the energy consumed. 

Correct answer is: (b) MgBr₂

Correct answer is: (d) basic

Correct answer is: (d) basic

Correct option is b) O^- + e^- →O^2-

As electron is being added to anion, whereas in all rest of three, electron is being added to a neutral atom which will not have as much repulsion as in case of O^-

In every ovulation cycle, an egg is discharged from the ovary which is exchanged to the fallopian tube. Also, the uterus sets itself up for a conceivable pregnancy. The lining of uterus thickens. At the point when no conception happens, the covering of the uterus is shed in pieces; alongside the unfertilized egg. These things are discharged out through the vagina through dying; called mensuration.

“Copper-T” is an example of IUCD for female.

These devices are placed in the uterus of the female by a doctor. The copper-T shaped device made of copper inserted into the uterine cavity by a doctor or nurse and left their for certain period for the contraception purpose. IT works by stooping the egg and the sperm surviving in the fallopian tubes can also prevent the fertilized egg implanting in the womb.

The copper in copper-T act as a spermicides with in uterus also.

 (b) Contraception

Magnesium hydroxide is known as the ‘milk of magnesia’.

l = 2m, f₀ = 100 Hz, T = 160 N
f₀ = 1/ 2l √(T /m)
=>m = 1 g/m. So, the linear mass density is 1 g/m.

Animals worshiped by the Harappans are humped bull, elephant, buffaloes, tiger, bison, etc.

The Harappans worshiped the animals. Animal worship as a part of religious beliefs is indicated by the representation of animals on the seals and in terracotta and stone figurines.

(i) The Stefan-Boltzmann law : The rate of emission of radiant energy per unit area or the power radiated per unit area of a perfect blackbody is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. OR The quantity of radiant energy emitted by a perfect blackbody per unit time per unit surface area of the body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

(ii) Wien’s displacement law : The wavelength for which the emissive power of a blackbody is maximum, is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the blackbody.

OR 

For a blackbody at an absolute temperature T, the product of T and the wavelength λ_m corresponding to the maximum radiation of energy is a constant.

λ_m T = b, a constant. 

Notes: 

(1) The law stated above was stated by Wilhelm Wien (1864-1928) German Physicist. 

(2) The value of the constant b in Wien’s displacement law is 2.898 × 10^-3 m.K.

The wavelength (λ_m) corresponding to maximum energy emitted by a black body is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature

i. e., λ_m ∝ \(\frac{1}{T}\) or λ_m T = constant.

The constant is called Wein’s Constant.

There are red terra cotta pots with patterns and designs in black colour. The patterns includes fishscales, interlocking circles, pipal leaves, etc.

The religious beliefs and practices of the Harappan people on the basis of the mentioned headings are described below: 

(a) Worship of the Mother Goddess: The Harappan People worshiped the female deity (Mother Goddess). A number of terracotta figurines and seals of this Goddess have been brought to light. The female figures are semi nude, wearing elaborate head-dress and ornaments. It is believed, the people worshiped the Mother Goddess. Some of the figures are smoke-stained, giving an indication that the people burnt incense before the deity at the time of worship. It was generally believed that Mother Goddess had been the source of female energy as the source of all creation. 

(b) Worship of Shiva Pashupati: The remarkable figure of a male deity, depicted on a particular seal is identified as Lord Shiva. It is a three-faced figure, with horns on either side of his headdress, is seated in a yogic posture on a throne surrounded by animals. It is also described as Trimukha, Mahavogi and Pashupati. A large number of conical and cylindrical stones, which resemble to the Shiva-Linga, affirms that the Harappan people worshiped Lord Shiva. 

(c) Worship of Trees and Animals: A certain religious seals depict the designs, which show that the people had faith in the doctrine of animism i.e., they worshiped trees and animals. They worshiped the Pipal tree believing it to be source of wisdom.The bull, the rhinoceros, the tiger and the crocodile were worshiped. The figure of the deity with a hooded-cobra over its head and a worshiper on either side, signifies that some form of Naga-worship was practiced. Some of these animals still figure as the vehicles of the Hindu deities for instance ; the bull of Shiva, the lion of Durga, the ram of Brahma, the elephant of Indra and the wild boar of Gauri.

The seals reveal the mythical and religious beliefs. The figures carved in the seals depict the worship of Mother Goddess and Pashupatinath and various animals, trees etc.

The Harappan People had commercial tie-ups with southern and eastern India, Kashmir and with other countries of Asia. They imported various precious stones and other articles. They also carried on trade with Egypt and Crete. Trade was carried on both by land and sea-routes. The representation of a mastless ship on a seal suggests the popularity of the sea-routes.

The Harappan traders supplied muslin cloth to Egypt.

The dress of both men and women in Harappa consisted of knee length cloth and an upper garment.

The Harappan people had commercial tie-ups with southern and eastern India, Kashmir and with other countries of Asia. They imported various precious stones and other articles. They also carried on trade with Egypt and Crete. Trade was carried on both by land and sea-routes. The representation of a mastless ship on a seal suggests the popularity of the sea-routes.

The social life of the Harappan people with reference to the given heads is discussed as under 

(a) Their Diet: The principal diet of the people consisted of wheat and barley. Rice and dates were also consumed. Milk, vegetables and fruits were also eaten. Beef, mutton, poultry, turtle, tortoise, river-fish were commonly used. 

(b) Their Dress: The Harappan people wore simple dress. The dress of men constituted two pieces of cloth ,the upper garment, was a shawl which was drawn over the left shoulder and under the right arm; the lower garment resembled a modern dhoti. Women used a loin cloth bound by a girdle. The cotton and woolen garments were commonly worn. 

(c) Their Ornaments: Both men and women whether rich or poor were fond of wearing ornaments. The ornaments were guilded out of gold, silver, copper and other well- known metals, and precious stones were used for making various ornaments of different designs. Both men and women wore necklaces, finger-rings and armlets. Women also decorated themselves with a head-dress, earrings, bangles, bracelets, gird less and anklets. 

(d) Their Sports and Games: Dicing was a popular game among the people. Marbles and balls were used for games. The Harappan people were fond of music and dancing. Clay-modelling was popular among children. Crude models of men, women, animals and whistles, rattles and dolls have been found in abundance. People loved hunting and fishing.

Correct option is: (a) upper

The Harappan civilisation is called so because the Harappan site was the first to be discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the province of West Punjab in Pakistan.

The social life of the Harappan people with reference to the given heads is discussed as under: 

(a) Their Diet: The principal diet of the people consisted of wheat and barley. Rice and dates were also consumed. Milk, vegetables and fruits were also eaten. Beef, mutton, poultry, turtle, tortoise, river-fish were commonly used. 

(b) Their Dress: The Harappan people wore simple dress. The dress of men constituted two pieces of cloth the upper garment was a shawl which was drawn over the left shoulder and under the right arm ; the lower garment resembled a modern Women used a loin cloth bound by a girdle. The cotton and woolen garments were commonly worn. 

(c) Their Ornaments: Both men and women whether rich or poor were fond of wearing ornaments. The ornaments were guided out of gold, silver, copper and other well-known metals, and precious stones were used for making various ornaments of different designs. Both men and women wore necklaces, finger-rings and armlets. Women also decorated themselves with a head-dress, earrings, bangles, bracelets, girdles and anklets. 

(d) Their Sports and Games: Dicing was a popular game among the people. Marbles and balls were used for games. The Harappan people were fond of music and dancing. Clay-modelling was popular among children. Crude models of men, women, animals and whistles, rattles and dolls have been found in abundance. People loved hunting and fishing.

In context of the given headings the significant features of Harappan Civilization are discussed below: 

(a) The Town Planning: The ruins of the sites, reveal that the Harappan people were primarily urban and their cities were designed skillfully The streets divided the entire city into square or rectangular blocks, each of which was further divided by a number of lanes. The main streets were wide and straight and intersected each-other at right angles. Fire-burnt bricks were used for paving the streets. The corners of the streets were rounded- off to make it easy for the movement of heavy carts. Houses were pot allowed to encroach upon the streets. 

(b) The Drainage System: The city was equipped with elaborate drainage system. A brick lined drainage channel flowed alongside the streets. The house-drains were connected to the underground main drains, which opened into large brick-culverts on the outskirts of the city. The drains were provided with manholes. 

(c) The Dwelling-Houses: On either side of the streets, a number of dwelling-houses were constructed. The houses were of different sizes and were built on raised platforms as a protection against the danger of expected floods. The houses were got built with that of burnt-bricks and were furnished with paved floors. The rooms were built around an open courtyard which was an important feature of their house planning. The houses maintained wells and bathrooms and were provided with covered drains connected with street drains. The bathroom was placed on the street-side and its floors sloped to the comer where the drain carried off the waste water.

Harappan people enjoyed a higher standard of civic amenities than those of Mesopotamia. The Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro and also its many houses with their own water supply, bathrooms and excellent drainage system, all go to say that “the masses enjoyed a degree of comfort and luxury unknown in other parts of the civilized world.”

The seals discovered at Harappan and Mohenjo-daro are engraved with some sort of pictorial writing. Similar inscriptions have been found engraved on copper tables with figures of men and animals.

The residential houses were made on high mound to protect them from floods. The houses were equipped with spacious rooms, wells, bathrooms with covered drains.

In 1922, R.D. Banerjee, discovered the city of Mohenjo-daro,by excavating a mound, thinking it to be a Buddhist Stupa. This was the city of Mohenjo-daro, the ‘mound of the dead’, as the name implies.

The architectural skill of the Harappan people is revealed as under: 

(a) The Great Bath: The Great Bath consisted of an open quadrangle with verandahs on its four sides, and at the back of the three of the verandahs various galleries and rooms. There was a large swimming enclosure in the center of the quadrangle measuring 12 x 7 meters, its depth was 2.5 meters. At either end, there was a raised platform with a flight of steps leading down to the pool. The pool was filled with water taken from a well, situated nearby. After periodic cleaning of the pool, the water was discharged into a huge drain connected to the main drain on the street. The walls of the pool were made watertight using specially-made bricks and gypsum mortar. 

(b) The Assembly Hall, the Citadel and other Public Buildings: There were spacious buildings which must have been used as palaces or assembly halls. A pillared-hall with long corridors and low benches was perhaps used as an Assembly Hall or was the place where the ruler carried out ceremonial and administrative duties. The Citadel was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class. Of the other public buildings, something resembling a market place and the group of cottages, “marshaled like a military cantonment” deserve attention.

Frequent floods, invasions by foreign tribes, decline in trade were some of the reasons for the decline of Harappan civilization.

The seals are valuable source of information regarding the physical features of the people, their religious beliefs etc. The designs on certain religious seals show that people worshiped trees and animals

The Indus Script has not been deciphered as yet. So, the only source of script are some seals and copper tablet. Seals display some sort of pictorial writing. Besides this, similar inscriptions have been found engraved on copper tablets with figures of men and animals.

The most outstanding work in metal is the bronze figure of a dancing girl with her right hand on her hip in a dancing posture. She is shown, wearing necklaces and her left arm is covered with bangles, made of ivory or bone. Her hair is neatly fashioned in the form of a bun and her head is tilted slightly backward.

The most outstanding work in metal is the bronze figure of a dancing girl with her right hand on her hip in a dancing posture. She is shown, wearing necklaces and her left arm is covered with bangles, made of ivory or bone. Her hair is neatly fashioned in the form of a bun and her head is tilted slightly backward.

Correct option is: (c) cities

The houses and other structures in Harappan civilization were built with baked bricks.

The cities like Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and Lothal were important centers of metallurgy. With the help of mud frames, the people built metal statues and other items like jewelry, e.g. dancing girl statue.

The cotton was exported to regions like west Asia, southern Europe and Egypt.

Correct option is: (c) resemblance

Three different kinds of Seals discovered are: 

1. The Animal Seals. 

2. The Unicorn Seal. 

3. The Shiva Pashupati Seal.

Three different kinds of Seals discovered are: 

1. The Animal Seals. 

2. The Unicom Seal. 

3. The Shiva Pashupati Seal.

Civilisation is defined as an advanced stage of human cultural development. It implies the use of superior technology and complex economic relationships. 

There are a number of traits which mark a civilisation. Some of these are: 

1. Evolution of cities 

2. Surplus food 

3. Division of labour 

4. System of writing 

5. Monumental public buildings 

6. Development of technology.

Citadel: The raised area of each city was called the ‘Citadel’. The platform was built of mud-bricks. All important buildings like the Great Bath, the granary, the assembly hall and workshops were located on the Citadel.