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The main object of a commercial bank is to accept deposits and lending money to customers or account holders:

• To encourage the people who have surplus funds.
• To encourage the saving habit among the people.
• To give support to businessmen for opening a current account.
• To encourage people to make regular savings.
• To lend loans and advances through various modes i.e. short-term loan, medium-term loan, long term loan, overdraft facility, cash credit facility, and discounting of the bill of exchange, etc.
• Thus, the primary functions of Commercial Banks include-Accepting deposits and Lending funds.

Sainath, the writer, says that visiting an Arivoli ‘cycling training camp’ is an unusual experience because one day when he went to Kilakuruchi village to see the camp he was amazed to see all the prospective learners turned out in their Sunday best. The writer tells us that one cannot help being struck by the sheer passion of the pro-cycling movement. There was a look of determination on their faces.

According to P. Sainath, the rural women displayed their new cycling skills in an all women’s cycle rally held in Pudukkottai on International Women’s Day in 1992.

Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu.

One of the pioneers in encouraging ‘cycling’ and giving it a social sanction was the Arivoli activists. These activists conducted a ‘cycling training camp’ in Kilakuruchi village. The writer, who visited the camp, calls it an unusual experience because, on that Sunday, all the prospective learners had turned out in their Sunday best. The author remarks that one could not help being struck by the sheer passion of the pro-cycling movement. The learners exuded so much enthusiasm and passion for learning cycling.

According to P. Sainath, the neo-literate rural women in Pudukkottai district have been benefited the most by cycling.

Sales Tax, Custom Duty, Goods and Service Tax.

Should the judges be under anyone’s influence or if they Eire controlled by any influential or powerful people, they will not be able to give impartial judgements. Therefore, our Constitution does not allow any such interference. Consequently, the Judiciary is independent of the Legislature and the Executive Body.

Central bank of a country implements monetary measures to control inflation. Reserve bank of India is the central bank of India.

1. False

2. True

3. True

4. False

4. False

5. True

6. True

Contractionary monetary and fiscal policy.

The Judiciary of our country is independent of the Legislature and the Executive Body.

Law is necessary in a country for the safety and welfare of its people.

Harold Laski is the main proponent of public welfare state.

The literacy movement helped the ‘neo-literates’ to become ‘neocyclists’.

Cycling as a social movement was first popularized by the neoliterates. These neo-literates are the ones who became neocyclists.

According to the law of demand, “Other things being equal, if the price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise, and if the price of the commodity rises, its quantity demanded will decline.”

In our country, a hierarchy of courts is in place to impart justice. It starts with the lowest court known as the Taluka Court, which is succeeded by the District Court, then comes the High Court and finally the Supreme Court or the Highest Court of the country. Our judiciary is a continuous and well-knit process.

Fiscal measures are the steps taken by government to control inflation. Government does so by its taxes and expenditure policy. Under it government tries to control aggregate demand- and increase aggregate supply by the way of taxation, public expenditure, and public debt policies. Government tries to control inflation by increasing direct taxes, public debts and investment in production activity. At the same time it also decreases its public expenditure and indirect taxes to control inflation.

On March 8, 2006, the Supreme Court passed a judgement to resolve the conflict between the two states concerning the Narmada Project Case about the height of the dam. The judgement was in favour of Gujarat State.

Characteristics of a public welfare state: 

Two main features of a public welfare state are as follows: 

1. Social justice: 

A public welfare state, while eliminating many social evils, addictions, blind faiths, etc. makes endeavours to bring socially backward and under – privileged classes into the mainstream. In fact, welfare state is a social servce state. Besides removing illiteracy and poverty it makes arrangement for construction of roads, drinking water, houses, gardens, hospitals, reading rooms, etc. for its people.

2. Spirit of international cooperation: 

Besides having a spirit of national cooperation, a welfare state also has a spirit of international cooperation. It is necessary for the retainment of sources of national public welfare that international interests should be taken care of besides the sources of national interest.

The following are main features / characteristics of a public welfare state: 

1. Democratic system of administration: 

A public welfare state is a democratic arrangement. It develops in democracy only. It is a good for all public welfare states to develop in such a way that there are no undue restrictions on the liberty of an individual. A public welfare state respects personal freedom and rights and adopts democratic means and social changes. 

2. To provide social security: 

A welfare state provides maximum security to its citizens. It provides opportunities for employment, and help to the helpless and weaker section and necessary help during ailments to old people. 

3. To provide economic justice: 

A welfare state delivers justice on the principle of economic equality. This state imposes more ‘taxes’ on wealthy class in order to eliminate social and economic disparities from the society. 

4. To establish social justice: 

A public welfare state tries to weed out the prevalent social disparities, evils, blind faith and also establishes social justice by bringing the backward and downtrodden class of society into the mainstream. 

5. A middle path between individualism and socialism: 

A public welfare state tries to bring about coordination between the two extreme concepts of individualism and socialism. There is a spurt in the functions of the state in this system, but the importance of an individual is also recognized and his freedom is sustained. 

6. Spirit of international cooperation: 

The thought of a welfare state is not only national, but it is also international. It is quite necessary in order to perpetuate the resources of national welfare that we pay heed to the necessity of having means of international interests besides the means of interests for a specific state. 

Important Conditions required for Success of a Public Welfare State: 

For a public welfare state to succeed, it is very important that it should fulfil the following conditions:

1. Necessary functions: 

For success of a public welfare state, the first condition is that it should perform the following necessary functions: 

• To maintain internal peace and order. 
• Security of the boundaries of the state. 
• Proper judicial management and arrangement. 

2. Optional’ functions: 

It is important for the success of a public welfare state that it should also perform the following obligations for the sake of its citizens: 

(1) Social reforms: 

For the success of a welfare state, it is necessary to eliminate social evils such as imposing ban on alcohol consumption, prevention of child marriage, untouchability, caste system, etc. 

(2) Regulation of agriculture, industry and business: 

A public welfare state should regulate agriculture, industry and business in such a way that no one is exploited. For the development of agriculture, arrangement of HYV seeds and irrigation, etc. should be done by the state. 

(3) Regulation of labour: 

A welfare state should try to improve the condition of its workers. It should arrange for proper wages, pension, health care, insurance, education, help of workers when they are in distress, etc. 

(4) Arrangement of education: 

It is the responsibility of a public welfare state to make arrangement of education for its citizens. In this context, it should arrange for primary education, education for women and elderly persons. A state should make arrangement for reading rooms and libraries. 

(5) Aid to the helpless and victims: 

A welfare state should arrange for pension to aged persons, free healthcare and shelters for the homeless, etc. 

(6) Healthcare: 

For cleanliness and control of diseases, a state should try its best. For public health care, it should open dispensaries and medical research centers, and medical care should be provided free of cost to labourers, women, children, etc. 

(7) Development of sources of moral values: 

Besides materialistic development, moral values should also be taken care of by the state. For this, help of interpreters, radio, television, newspapers and magazines can be taken. 

(8) Works related to family planning: 

For the control of population, it should be ensured that family planning programmes reach the common people. 

(9) Economic security: 

A state should arrange for employment to all the people for their economic safety. In case, if this is not possible, a state should provide a ‘stipend’ for their livelihood.

Should the High Court or Supreme Court find any PIL regarding fundamental rights and/or their implementation inappropriate, then it may punish the person/group/institution concerned.

Main objectives of public welfare state: 

Public welfare state is the state, which apart from performing general tasks, also performs additional welfare activities, such as to eliminate unemployment, make insurance schemes, provides pension to elderly persons, and making other security – related provisions. 

1. The objective of a public welfare state is to make possible the use of real liberty by its citizens. 

2. To ensure liberties of an individual by widening the scope of the state. 

3. To provide all basic amenities to its citizens. 

4. Planning for welfare of all classes of its people. 

5. To accomplish social obligations, etc.

Optional functions of a public welfare state: 

Optional functions are those which are performed by the state for the welfare of its people 

The four optional functions of a public welfare state are as follows: 

1. Optional functions of a public welfare state: 

It is the responsibility of a public welfare state that is should provide education to its citizens. For this, it should arrange for primary education, and women and adult education. State should also arrange for libraries and reading rooms. 

2. Social reforms: 

A public welfare state should try to eliminate social evils such as consumption of alcohol, child marriage, untouchability, caste system etc. 

3. Regulation of labour: 

A public welfare state is also involved in improving the condition of the labour class and helping them by arrangement of proper wages, pension, healthcare, insurance and education, help in times of distress, etc. 

4. Work related to family planning: 

A welfare state should try to control population, so that the standard of life of the present population can be improved. It order to widen the scope of family planning programme, the state should ensure its reach to common people.

Market demand curve is the horizontal summation of individual demand curves.

Environmentalist organisations and NGOs from Madhya Pradesh were fighting for the rights of tribal people protested against increasing the height of Narmada Dam (located near Navagam) above 110 metres. They wanted to protect the rights of tribal people who would lose their land and habitat forever due to this project.

The Supreme Court resolves disputes between citizens and the government, between states and between the centre and any state.

It is very difficult for poor people to go to court and demand justice because they are illiterate and have to earn their living on a daily basis.

Two examples wherein justice was imparted through the PIL system Eire:

1. PIL was filed to free labourers from inhuman labour and

2. to release prisoners who were not released from the jail in Bihar even after they had served their term.

Magnetic force is frame dependent. Net acceleraton arising from this is however frame independent (non - relativistic physics)for inertial frames.

A) Mithali Raj

(b), (c)

(b)  E_e/E_p =10^-2

(c) P_e/m_eC=10^-2

(b), (d)

(b) The particle could be moving in an elliptic orbit with origin as its focus. 

(d) When the de Broglic wavelength is λ₂, the particle is nearer the origin than when its value is λ₁.

(a), (b), (c)

(a) decreases with increasing n, with ν fixed. 

(b) decreases with n fixed, ν increasing 

(c) remains constant with n and ν changing such that nν = constant. 

In bright light the visual purple or rhodopsin pigment is destroyed and the diameter of pupil is reduced to allow the entry of less light.

River Ghaggar is a part of inland drainage system.

Tapti is a part of Arabinm drainage system in Peninsular India.

Correct Answer is: (a) Maikal

(c) Direction of water flow

(b) Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and Ganga

(c) Ganga, Brahmaputra, Krishna and Kaveri

Correct Answer is: (c) Kaveri

Correct Answer is: (d) Damodar

Correct Answer is: (c) Kosi river

(c) Waterfall

It stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging.

Both the systems are used for detection of objects but at different places. Sonar does detection under water where as Radar does it above the land or sea. The principle of operations of both sonar and radar are same but uses different wave types.

SONAR based on their principle :

When ultrasonics waves is transmitted through water, it is reacted by the object in the water and will produce an echo signal i.e it based on the echo ( reaction of sound wave).

Sonar uses the echo principle by sending out sound waves underwater or through the human body to locate objects.

RADAR based on their principle of operation. 

• Primary radar, Secondary radar 

• CW radar, Pulse radar • Monostatic Radar, Bistatic Radar 

• Radar types based on applications of use e.g. weather radar, search radar, automotive radar, ground penetrating radar.

Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.

The radius of gyration of a body about an axis may be defined as the distance from the axis of a mass point whose mass is equal to the mass of the whole body and whose moment of inertia is equal to the moment of inertia of the about the axis.