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A. Vasudev Balwant Fadke

Vir Sawarkar wrote a book titled ‘1857: India’s First Freedom Struggle’.

C. Lala Lajpat Rai’s

Vir Bhagat Singh was born on 28^th September 1907 in Banga village of Lyallpur district in Punjab.

C. Vasudev Balwant Fadke

B. Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar

Given,

R(x) = 3x² + 36x + 5

⇒ R'(x) = 6x + 36

∴ Marginal revenue (when x = 5) = R'(x)]_x = 5

= 6 x 5 + 36 = ₹ 66.

Had I been present during the Freedom Struggle of my country, my contribution would have been in the following things :

• I would have distributed newsletters carrying the messages of revolutionary leaders to each house.
• I would have participated in burning English cloth and goods.
• I would have acquired training for using pistols and other weapons.
• I would have boycotted all programmes announced by the British government.
• I would have taken a vow saying, “I will not eat any sweetmeats until the country attains freedom.”

We have to find 

[P(x)]x = 3

Now,

P(x) = 0.005x³ +0.002x² + 30x

∴ P(x) = 0.015x² + 0.04x + 30

⇒ [P(x)]x = 3 

= 0.015 x 9 + 0.04 x 3 + 30

= 0.135 + 0.12 + 30

= 30.255

Had Bhagat Singh not been hanged till death, he would surely have declared a countrywide armed revolt against the British which would have resulted in the British leaving India immediately. Due to this, India would have gained freedom in the first decade of the 20th century itself.

Given:

f(x) = x³+6x²+9x+3.

f’(x) = 3x²+12x+9 = 0

f’(x) = 3(x²+4x+3) =0

f’(x) = 3(x+1)(x+3) = 0

x = -1 or x = -3

for x > -1 f(x) is increasing

for x < -3 f(x) is increasing

But for -1 < x < -3 it is decreasing

We have to find [C(x)] x = 3

Now,

C(x) = 0.003x³ +0.02x² + 6x +250

∴ C(x) = 0.009x²+0.04x + 6

[C(x)] x = 3

= 0.009 x 9 + 0.04 x 3 + 6

= 0.081 + 0.12 + 6

Given,

C(x) = x³ +6x² + 5x + 3

⇒ C(x) = 3x² +12x+ 5

⇒ [C(x)]x = 3

= 3 x 9 + 36 + 5

= 27 + 36 + 5

= 68 units

∴ Required marginal contentment [C(x)]x = 3

= 68 units.

Tenali Raman looked displeased because there was no completeness in the artist’s painting. The other side of the men in the painting and the face of the cow in the painting were not seen. He thought that it was not a good painting.

1. I am going to learn about the painting of a horse, painted by Tenali Raman.

2. He is Krishnadevaraya, the King of Vijayanagara.

3. He is King Krishnadevaraya.

4. As per the title, I think Tenali Raman will make painting of a horse, show it to the king and say something about it.

5. Yes, I can’ tell a story

1. jester 

2. pleased 

3. penalty

4. covered 

5. imagination

Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.

The importance of globalization is as follows : 

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Meaning : Privatization is the transfer of control of ownership from the public sector to private sector. It refers to full shifting of property rights from the state or collective ow ners to private owners.

Importance : 

The importance of privatization is as follows :

(a) Performance: Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Political implications: 

The political implications of Privatization are as follows:

(a) Concentration of wealth: Privatization encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

(b) More profits: Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meager percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion share out of share holders investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor is widened.

(c) Bane to local industries: Cocal people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidized rates of interest to start the industry. Multi National Companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss. Whereas, this is not the case with local industries.

(d) Threat to national interest: Key areas like national defence, space, science and technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

(e) Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good serice conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

(f) No job security : Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. So there is no job security for employees in private sectors.

Importance of liberalization is as follows :

(a) Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence-raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.

(b) Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.

(c) As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.

(d) Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefited in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.

(e) Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.

(f) Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

India adhered to the mixed economy of capitalist and socialist policies after independence. A’major attempt was made in 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi towards new economic system. In 1991. India met with an economic crisis relating to its external debt. It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland ND 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund. India approached the World Bank and IMF and received $7 billion as loan. In addition, the IMF asked India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms. All these situations made the Indian government to introduce a new set of economic policies.

The Union government headed by Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh implemented wide range of economic reforms that IMF imposed. The Neo-liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatization, tax reforms and measures of controlling inflation. Thus liberalization emerge in India.

Liberalization extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

(a) Promotes world business class. 

(b) Promotes technological advancement.

According to Oxford Dictionary, ‘’Liberalization is the willingness to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s own open to new ideas”.

The importance of privatization is as follows :

(a) Performance: Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Liberty and equality is one of the democratic principles.

The nature of Crony capitalism is as follows :

(a) Favours political authorities: Crony capitalism is a system in which close associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic value.

(b) Cronies get capital and reward: Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market. Funneled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

(c) Protection of assets: Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will he protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

(d) Share in the rents generated by the asset holders: The members of the government share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments eleven transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

(e) Concentration of economic power: A few business groups which are cronies influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism.

The political implications of liberalization are as follows : 

(a) In the name of liberalized policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such brain drain. 

(b) As the process itself is capital intensive. it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs. 

(c) The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation. 

(d) The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations. 

(e) It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.

(f) Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Meaning and Importance: Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment. 

The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of one as among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Political implications :

The political implications of globalization are as follows: 

(a) Power subjugation: The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects sovereignty: As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(c) Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle: Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior’, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

(e) Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

(f) Political instability: The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

(a) Taliban 

(b) Al-Qaeda.

Rongthong Kunley Dorji lead significant role in the democratic movement of Bhutan.

Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

The success in modern economy depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms. In this system, the government policies are always in favour of the business class and trying to protect their interests to get reward and other means Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

Here the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review’ and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. Hence the crony capitalism plays an important role in the modern economy.

The main provisions of Nepalese Magna Carta are as follows: 

(a) Imposing tax on the royal family and its asses. 

(b) finding the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council. 

(c) Eliminating Royal references from army and government titles. 

(d) Declaring Nepal a secular country not a Hindu kingdom. 

(e) Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.

(f) Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

The success in modern economy depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms. In this system, the government policies are always in favour of the business class and trying to protect their interests to get reward and other means Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

Here the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review’ and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. Hence the crony capitalism plays an important role in the modern economy.

General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi and Mohammad Morsi.

PDPA plays a predominant role in Afghanistan politics. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by the leaders of PDPA namely Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the President, Prime Minister and General Secretary of PDPA in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Afghanistan is a landlocked country-‘ in the mountains of South Central Asia, sharing borders . with Pakistan to the south east and Iran to the west. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan lie across northern frontier and China to the north east.

Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 2001. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The Crown prince massacred king Birendra and the royal family, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with an assurance of permanent peace and the multi party democracy. The king called upon the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girijaa Prasad Koirala, the.new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

The popular government assumed office in Nepal on 18^th May 2006.

Ending the rule of kind and restoring democracy was the aim of popular movement of 2006 in Nepal.

Baath party won the larger victory in May 2012 elections in Syria.

Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 200!. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The Crown prince massacred king Birendra and the royal family, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with an assurance of permanent peace and the multi party democracy. The king called upon the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girijaa Prasad Koirala, the.new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

Dr. Mohamed Ashraff Ghani. the President of Afghanistan elected in April 2014.

On 1 Lh September 2001 attack on WTC by Taliban’s led by AlQueda leader Osama Bin Laden. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

After the attack of 11^th September 2001. NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan and suppress the Taliban is. The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held. In 2005. election was held to Parliament and Provinces. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

Afghanistan was a small Islamic country which, is near to Pakistan. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president. Prime Minister and General Secretary of Peoples’ Democratic Party of Afghanistan in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Later on Dr. Najibullah appointed to PDPA secretariat and then became General Secretary. The Democratic Republic of Aghanistan became Islamic State of Afghanistan and an interim government was setup for the purpose of transition. In the meanwhile, Talian’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood.

The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government.

On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Taliban is with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Taliban is regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held in 2005. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al-Queda and Taliban is to strengthen the democratic system in Afghanistan.

The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will write Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum.

King Idris headed the constitutional and hereditary monarchy in 1951.

Mohammed Morsi became the President of Egypt in 2012 elections.

In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a People’s Republic.

Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west. Sudan to the South and by the Baza strip and Israel to the East.