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1. Dual executive:

In parliamentary form of government, executive is dual. One is nominal executive and the second is real executive. Nominal executive in the form of President and real executive in the form of Prime Minister as head of governance is accepted in this system.

2. Close relation between legislature and executive: 

In this system, legislature and executive have close relations. Executive is responsible towards legislature for its actions and policies.

3. Political uniformity:

Political uniformity implies that all the members of cabinet should be from same political party, and should have the same principles or ideology. Because of unity of political views, there remains unity in policies, programme and principles of the cabinet.

Features of parliamentary form of government: 

Following are the main features of parliamentary form of government : 

1. Dual executive: 

In parliamentary government, dual executive works. In this system, the President is the constitutional head (nominal executive). Head of governance (real executive) is the Prime Minister, who is responsible for governance-related works.

2. Close rapport between Executive and Legislature: 

In parliamentary government, the executive and legislature have close relations. Real executive and council of ministers is appointed from the legislature, and these are is responsible towards the legislature for their actions and policies. 

3. Collective Responsibility: 

Main feature of parliamentary government is ‘collective responsibility. It means that, for any work of a minister, he only is not answerable, instead, whole ‘cabinet’ is answerable to the legislature. 

4. Leadership of Prime Minister: 

In parliamentary government, the Prime Minister is the head (leader) of the government. The decision of cabinet is ultimately dependent upon him. 

5. Political uniformity: 

Political uniformity means that all the members of the cabinet belong to the same political party and are having same principles / outlook. Because of unity of political views, there is unity in policies, programmes and principles of the cabinet. 

6. Confidentiality: 

In this system of governance, all the activities of the cabinet are kept secret / confidential.

• Dual executive
• Collective responsibility.

Positive aspects of parliamentary form of government: 

Following are the positive aspects of parliamentary form of government: 

1. In parliamentary government, the executive is completely answerable towards the legislature. In direct form, ministers are answerable to the parliament and indirectly to the people. Therefore, the executive has to plan and implement policies and programms in accordance with people’s desire. 

2. In parliamentary government, the legislature and the executive have mutual cooperation, because of which, best laws are formed. 

3. In parliamentary system of governance, government can never become autocratic. In parliament and outside, opposition parties, always keep a watch/look over government’s actions. 

4. In parliamentary government, the control of administration is in the hands of able and experienced persons. 

5. In parliamentary governance, the importance of opposition is always sustained. By way of criticizing government’s policies and wrong-doings, opposition parties keep a control on governance. 

6. Parliamentary government has the flexibility to change in accordance with time and shunning. In emergency times, all political parties can form an all-party cabinet, brushing aside their differences. 

7. In this government, a good opportunity is there to provide political education to the people. 

8. In this system of governance, the head of the state is kept away from party politics, because he is a symbol of unity of the nation. He renders appropriate advice and guidance at the time of emergency.

A) Washington march – 28th Aug. 1964

Demerits / criticism of parliamentary government:

The following are the main demerits criticism of parliamentary government:

1. Against the principle of separation of powers: 

According to the principle of separation of powers, there is a classification of three organs of the governance—legislature, executive and judiciary, so that all these three organs function independently and impartially in their respective fields. As, in this form of government, executive and legislature have very close relations, the system may go free-willing under this condition, and simultaneously, there can originate a threat to the liberty of citizens.

2. Advent of autocracy:

In this form of government, there is a possibility of danger of double autocracy because of close rapport between executive and legislature.

3. Weak governance: 

This form of government is weak. As the tenure of executive is dependent on the ‘will’ of legislature, there becomes possibility of dual danger. In an environment of uncertainty, council of ministers cannot implement influential and long – term plans. By way of deriving advantage out of weak council of ministers, legislature starts interfering unnecessarily in the works of government.

4. Intensity in political factionalism:

Political parties give more importance to their party interests and less to national interests, causing harm to national interests. The object of the ruling party in – power is to remain in the power of governance, where the object of opposition parties is to acquire power by criticizing every work of the ruling party. This leads to the formation of an atmosphere of constant conflict and differences.

5. Unstable system of governance: 

This is one main defect of parliamentary form of government. Many a time,when one single political party does not get majority, then a coalition government is formed. In such a government, at the time of eruption of mutual differences, there develops a situation of the collapse of the government.

6. Governance of incompetent persons:

In such a form of government, the election of ministers is not done on the basis of their eligibility and administrative experience, instead, it is done on the basis of their popularity and political influence in the political party. In council of ministers, many illiterate, less educated and inexperienced persons are included, which is not in the nation’s interest.

7. Unsuitable form of government in emergency time or at the time of war: 

This form of government is not suitable for emergency situations or at the time of war, because there is a need for taking quick decisions in these circumstances, where as it takes a great deal of time in arriving at any final decision in this form of government.

8. Neglect of administrative works:

In this form of government, the members of council of ministers always remain in touch with the voters, and as a result, they do not pay much attention towards governance-related works.

9. Fear of dictatorship of majority party:

In this form of government, the ruling party may neglect public interests and initiate arbitrariness in its approach due to its majority, which is a dangerous tendency.

Main merits of parliamentary government: 

The following are the main merits of parliamentary government.

1. Responsible government towards legislature and people:

Parliamentary form of government is the only such government, wherein the executive is squarely answerable to the legislature.

2. Mutual cooperation between legislature and executive: 

The main quality of this type form of government is that there is no conflict of any type between legislature and executive; because executive is formed from parliament itself and it is answerable towards it only.

3. Discourages autocracy of governance:

In parliamentary form of government, government can never go autocratic. In and outside the parliament, opposition parties always keep a watch on the – works of the government and they keep control on the cabinet by way of bringing in adjournment motion, censure motion and cut – motion, etc.

4. Importance of opposition parties: 

In parliamentary government, there is a great importance of opposition parties. On one side, opposition keeps the government cautious and alert by criticizing the policies and shortcomings of the government, and simultaneously, it keeps itself in ready mode to take on the responsibility of governance in case of the collapse of the incumbent government.

5. Governance of efficient and experienced persons:

Parliamentary form of government is a governance of capable and experienced persons. Only laborious, honest and most popular persons do reach the podium of governance. In parliamentary system, only such a person can reach on high administrative post, who is popular and has received sufficient political training.

6. Change possible in accordance with time and necessity:

One main quality of parliamentary form of government is its flexibility and changeability in accordance with the time and necessity. According to Bezhot, a prominent political thinker, “In emergency circumstances, government can choose such a ruler, who can provide effective leadership at venerable time.” For example – During the second World War, Churchill was made Prime Minister in place of Chamberlain in England. In India, after V. P Singh submitted his resignation, the formation of government under Chandrasekhar is an example of this sort.

7. Head of State (President) in the form of impartial adviser:

In this form of government,head of state (King or President) is a symbol of unity of the nation and he provides stability to national life. Once he is chosen President of the state, he will not have any relation with any political party, that is to say, that his affiliation with all political parties ends. If he has been elected on the basis of a party, then too, it is expected of him to work in impartial and neutral way, above any party politics, in national interest.

8. Political awareness and education:

In this form of government, people get suitable opportunity for obtaining political education. By the works of government and role of opposition parties, the people keep getting knowledge and education about the system of governance continuously.

Meaning and Definition of Parliamentary system of government: 

Parliamentary government is such a system of governance, wherein executive is responsible towards legislature and the formation of executive is also done from legislature. In this form of government, a close rapport is found between executive and legislature. Executive remains ‘in power’ till the legislature has confidence in it.

Features of Parliamentary form of government: 

1. Dual Executive: 

In parliamentary form of government, dual executive functions. In this system, president is the constitutional head of the state. In principle, all powers of governance are with head of state (King or President) and all works of governance are done in his name, but practically, he is only a nominal head of the state. He is head of state, not of governance. In parliamentary form of government, the actual head of governance is Prime Minister and he is responsible for governance – related works: 

2. Close rapport between executive and legislature: 

In parliamentary form of government, executive and legislature are closely interrelated. Real executive or council of ministers is appointed from legislature and it is responsible towards legislature for its works and policies.

3. The principle of collective responsibility: 

Parliamentary form of government works on the principle of collective responsibility. It implies that only a minister is not responsible for his work, instead, the cabinet is collectively answerable to the legislature. 

4. Leadership of Prime Minister: 

In parliamentary form of government, Prime Minister is the leader of executive. He is also leader of government and council of ministers. All ministers are under his control and can remain in office at hiz ‘seat’. With the resignation of Prime Minister, entire cabinet stands ‘ousted.’ 

5. Confidentiality: 

In parliamentary form of government, entire proceeding of the cabinet are kept ‘secret’. All ministers, while taking up their portfolios, take an oath to remain loyal towards constitution and to maintain confidentiality and sanctity of the post. 

6. Political uniformity: 

In parliamentary form of government, due to unity of political thoughts, there remains unity in policies, programmes and principles of the cabinet. In the event of no single political party gaining majority, a coalition government is constituted, which works on the basis of minimum common programme.

B) People should be respected by character

B) Lincoln Memorial

B) King wished a separate nation for blacks .

Correct option is B) Gandhi

Correct option is B) USA

A) Armed Forces Special Powers Act

During the last phase of the USSR, a major accident took place in its nuclear plant in Chernobyl which caused the death of a large number of its workers.

Greenpeace has taken up the impact of climate change across many countries.

Answer is C. Speaker 

(1 – 5), (2 – 6), (3 – 1), (4 – 3), (5 – 2).

The two houses of the Parliament are :

the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

Causes of the Clash: Many European companies came to India for trade. The traders of these companies were very greedy, selfish and ambitious. All the companies wanted to establish their complete control over the trade in India. So, this clash of interests was the main cause of conflict among the trading companies.

Results of the Conflicts: First of all, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese and took over the control of whole trade in their hands. In between, the English increased their activities. They defeated the Dutch and drove them away from India. So only the English and the French were left in India. A long struggle for supremacy in India began between these two powers. The English were the winners in this conflict and they established full control over trade in India. Gradually, they also established their political power in India.

C) Montgomery

Correct option is C) Chernobyl

In 1984 the worst industrial disaster happen in the world.

In Bhopal the worst industrial disaster happen in the world.

The functions of the Lok Sabha are :

• The Lok Sabha makes laws on the subjects included in the Union and Concurrent Lists.
• It makes necessary changes in present laws and cancels unnecessary laws.
• The power of the Lok Sabha is greater than the Rajya Sabha in the matter of financial bill including budget.
• The members of the Lok Sabha get necessary information related to state administration by asking1 questions to the Ministers. They observe their work minutely and control them.
• The Lok Sabha discusses various questions about the country and draws government’s attention to those questions.
• It gets assurance from the Ministers to solve the problems of the people. The Ministers have to fulfill all assurances given in the Lok Sabha.
• The Central cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha. If the members of the Lok Sabha are not satisfied with the duties of the Cabinet, they pass the petition of* no-confidence motion against the Cabinet and force it to resign.
• The government cannot spend even a rupee without the permission of the Lok Sabha neither can it enforce new taxes.

The ‘Like-minded Parties’ who won in the elections formed as a Front ‘UNITED PROGRESSIVE ALLIANCE’. This front formed the government. In this Front INC has a majority.

(d) The Danish

Correct option is C) Bhopal

Movements of Women: Movements taken up by women against unequal treatment for equal rights and opportunities, personal safety, and Justice.

D) West Bengal

C) USA and USSR

He presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha.

B) Hydro electric projects in Narmada river basin

D) absence of crickets

Correct option is C) 1985

D) National park

Khudiram Bose used to dive in the Ganga River and topple boats carrying salt. In this way he used to break the unjust salt laws.

Correct option is B) Kerala

Chandra Shekhar was born on 23^rd July 1906 in Bhavra village of Alirapur district in Madhya Pradesh.

Khudiram Bose was born on 3rd December 1889 in Habibpur village of Midnapur district in Bengal.

Legislative council.

Madam Cama was born on 24^th September 1861, in Mumbai.

He took a vow of not applying ‘tilak’ on his forehead and not cutting his hair until he had freed India from the clutches of the British.

B. Ashfaq Ullah Khan

Vasudev Fadke formed a secret group of armed revolutionaries called ‘Ramoshi’ to fight against the British.

Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar (Vir Sawarkar) was born on 28th May 1883 at Bhagur village of Nasik district in Maharashtra.

1. False

2. False

3. True.

4. False

5. False

6. True

7. False

8. False

A revolutionary named Ashfaq Ullah Khan set an example of Hindu-Muslim unity.

A. Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar