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Temples were also centres of knowledge. For maintaining the temples, the King and others gave land gifts. As a result, the temples grew into religious, cultural and economic centres. Kings believed that constructing temples, maintaining them and protecting them would increase people’s faith in them. It was a way to get public recognition of the wealth, authority and generosity of the kings.

The main reason for choosing Vijayanagar as the capital was the presence of the Virupaksha Temple and the Shrine of Pampa devi. The Vijayanagara kings claimed that they were ruling the country in the name of Virupaksha Devan. All royal edicts in Kannada were signed “Sri Virupaksha Deva’. By receiving the title ‘Hindu Suratrana’ the kings tried to establish their close relation with gods. Suratrana is the Sanskrit equivalent of the Arabic Sultan. So Hindu Suratrana means Hindu Sultan.

The kings of Vijayanagar continued with the old temple traditions and they expanded them. They also started new things. The statues of the kings were exhibited in the temples. The visit of the King to the temple was considered a big official event. At this time the major Nayakas of the country accompanied the king.

1. The main protectors of these industries were local rulers, their family members, and officials.
2. When the British started conquering local kingdoms, then cottage industries were bound to decline.
3. People of new classes didn’t like the goods made in cottage industries of India.
4. They were under the impact of the British. That’s why they liked the goods made in Europe instead of goods made in India.

Correct option is (b) Sarampur

Correct option is (a) 1853 A.D.

Goods made by cottage industries of India were more expensive because more labour was required to manufacture these goods.

Economic and Social life of India was greatly affected by the development of modern industries in India. It led to the emergence of two classes i.e. capitalists and labourers. Capitalists started to exploit the labourers. They gave less wages by taking more work from the labourers. So government passed the Factory Acts to improve condition of labourers. Many new cities came into being with industrial development. These cities became centres of modern life and culture.

Correct option is (d) All of these

One of the most beautiful buildings in the Royal Centre is the “Lotus Mahal”. This name was given by the British travellers who came here in the 19th century. Historians are not very sure for what purpose this structure was used. Mackenzie feels that this was a Council Chamber in which the King met his advisors. There are many temples in the Royal Centre. Most of the temples of Vijayanagara are seen in the Holy centre. But the Royal Centre is also rich in temples. One of the important temples in the Royal Centre is Hazara Rama Temple. It was built by Ramayan . It is believed that only the king and his family members used this temple.

The important idols of the Hazara Rama swami Temple are not yet found. But the inscriptions and sculptures on the walls are still seen there. There are scenes from the Ramayana. They have been inscribed on the inner walls of the temple. When Vijayanagara was destroyed most of the constructions there also were destroyed. Still the tradition of building palatial structures was continued by the Nayaks. Many of the buildings made by them are still standing.

Akshara : Empowering Women and Girls. Akshara is a society helping women live a violent free dignified life without discrimination. It focuses on empowering women and girls through education, productive works and resistance to violence in their lives, so they can be strong and independent contributing members to society.

Akshara has a three-dimensional vision for change:

1. Changing hearts and minds of young women and men. 

2. Transforming public attitudes

3. Reforming systems that deny gender justice

Work – (a) Akshara provides scholarships for education, training in life and technical skills and job placements for socially, economically disadvantaged young women. 

(b) Akshara trains young men to become support gender equality and take up personal and social action. 

(c) Akshara caters gender oriented educational stuff, online a training material videos and documentaries. 

(d) Akshara lobbies with the state.

Vision – To establish a gender equality and violence free society 

Goods – (a) Enhance societal consciousness on gender inequality. 

(b) Employment of women and youth. 

(c) Prevent violence towards women.

Correct option is (c) 1840 A.D.

Correct option is (b) 1834 A.D.

Correct option is (c) A measurement of land

Villages were self-dependent from economic point of view before the establishment of the British rule.

Because they were under the impact of western culture.

Goods made by Indian artisans were unable to compete with machine made goods because machine made goods were not only cheap but they were of good quality as well.

Celebrations like Mahanavami are connected to Mahanavami Dibba. Mahanavami means the Great Ninth Day. Mahanavami is a Hindu festival that lasts 10 days. This festival is in the months of September or October in the Autumn season. This feast is known by different names in different regions. In North India it is ‘Dussehra’, in Bengal it is ‘Durga Pooja’ and in South India it is ‘Navaratri’. The Vijayanagara kings exhibited their glory and authority during this festival. Mahanavami is celebrated with many rituals. Idol worship, veneration to the royal horse, animal sacrifice etc. were part of the rituals. The celebrations are made more enjoyable through dance performances, wrestling, processions with adorned horses, elephants, chariots and soldiers. Nayakas and regional chiefs owing loyalty to the main King come with gifts for their king and his guests. All these rituals had their symbolic meanings.

On the last day of the festival, a huge function was conducted in an open place. In that the King examines his army and also those of the Nayaks. On this occasion, the nayaks give tribute to the king. Along with the tribute, the nayaks also gave the king plenty of expensive gifts.

Daya Ram Khatri.

The story is set somewhere in Uttar Pradesh near Lucknow. We can say so because the story mentions, that there is a railway station for Express train to Lucknow. The presence of sweet shops and bazaars also indicate it to be a decent-sized town. No, the characters in the story do not speak to each other in English but probably in Hindi.

No, I haven’t met anyone like Hari Singh but the existence of such people is certain. A fifteen-year-old boy can be forced by circumstances to become a thief. It may be the need to feed the stomach, to satisfy illegal addiction, to maintain health, to fulfil luxurious demands, etc.

He was “a fairly successful hand” at stealing and robbing people.

When Hari asked Anil if he could work for him, Anil said that he could not pay him. Finally, the agreement was that if he would cook, then Anil would feed him. However, Anil soon found out that he did not know how to cook. Therefore, he taught him how to cook and later, how to write his name. He promised he would teach him how to write whole sentences and how to add numbers. Apart from this, when Hari went out to buy the day’s supplies, he would make a profit of a rupee a day.

In his short career as a thief, he had made a study of men’s faces when they lost their goods. He said that the greedy men showed fear; the rich men showed anger and the poor men showed acceptance.

The thief thought that on discovering the theft, Anil’s face would show a touch of sadness. The sadness- would not be for the loss of money, but for the loss of trust.

For over 80 years after the discovery of Tut’s tomb in 1922, surprisingly all its contents were complete. They remain the richest royal collection ever found till 2005. They have now become part of the Pharaoh’s legend.

King Tut’s mummy was the first one to be X-rayed by an anatomy professor in 1968. On 5 January, 2005 CT scan created virtual reality and produced life-like images. King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned. Thus, in death as well as in life Tut moved regally ahead of his countrymen.

The mummy of King Tut has earned worldwide fame for the riches it was buried with. Further there arose a great controversy about the manner of his death and his age at the time of death. Keeping in the view this controversy, King Tut’s body was ordered to be scanned to examine the delayed medical mysteries about his life and death.

In order to remove the mystery over the death of King Tut, a portable CT scanner was taken in a trailer to the sandy area near Tut’s tomb. His body was carried there from his tomb in a box. The CT machine scanned the mummy from head to toe, creating 1700 digital X-ray images in cross section. His entire body was scanned in 0.62 millimetre slices.

Carter in his defence wrote later that if he hadn’t cut the mummy free, thieves would have avoided the guards and ripped it apart to remove all the gold. The mummy had been kept with a lot of wealth, in the form of gold ornaments, etc.

1. B. Howard Carter had treated it very badly.

2. C. a British archaeologist.

3. B. The contents of the Tut’s tomb.

4. D. All of these three

The results of the CT scan were quite encouraging. 1700 digital X-ray images in cross¬section were created. A grey head appeared on screen. Neck vertebrae were quite clear. The images of hand, ribcage and skull were equally bright. These revealed that nothing had gone seriously wrong with Tut’s body.

Tutankhamun means ‘Living image of Amun’. He was a major god in ancient Egypt. King Amenhotep smashed the images of Amun and closed his temples. Tut oversaw a restoration of the old ways. He also changed his name to express his belief on Amun.

The mummy of Tut was decorated with precious collars, inlaid necklaces, rings, bracelets, amulets and a ceremonial apron. There were sandals, sheaths for fingers and toes and the inner golden coffin and mask. All of them were made of pure gold. According to the beliefs it was thought that they could take their riches with them to the great beyond.

1. C. Smenkhkare

2. D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

3. A. How he died ?

4. D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

Akhenaten means the servant of the Aten i.e., the sun-disk. He moved the religious capital from the old city of the Thebes to the new city of Akhetaten, known now as Amarna. He smashed the images of Amun, a major God and closed his temples. These deeds led Ray Johnson to describe Akhenaten as ‘wacky’.

Correct option is (A) the electric field only.

Correct option is (C) decreases as wavelength increases.

Correct option is (B) Polarisation

Principle of moments states that if a rigid body is in equilibrium on the action of a number of like (or) unlike parallel forces then the algebraic sum of the moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments in the anticlockwise direction.

When two equal and unlike parallel forces applied simultaneously at two distinct points constitute a couple. A couple results in causes the rotation of the body. This rotating effect of a couple is known as the moment of a couple.

Given,

Edge of cube = 3 cm

We know that,

Surface area of cube = 6 × side²

= 6 × 3²

= 6 × 9

= 54 cm²

Given: m = 0.05 kg. u = 6 m/s, v = -6 m/s

To find: Impulse (J)

Formula: J = m (v – u)

Calculation: From formula,

J = 0.05 (-6 – 6) = -0.6 kg m s^-1

Impulse received by each ball is -0.6 kg m s^-1.

Bail is a right of the accused.

Correct option is (d) Communication with the self.

Correct option is (a) Loneliness

Correct option is: (B) Least count

1. In all these cases, as the ball is at rest under the action of balanced forces i.e, there is no net force acting on it. Hence, it is in mechanical equilibrium. However, potential energy-wise, the three situations show the different states of mechanical equilibrium.

2. Stable equilibrium: In situation (a), potential energy of the system is at its local minimum. If it is disturbed slightly from its equilibrium position and released, it tends to recover its position. In this situation, the ball is most stable and is said to be in stable equilibrium.

3. Unstable equilibrium: In situation (b), potential energy of the system is at its local maximum. If it is slightly disturbed from its equilibrium position, it moves farther from that position. This happens because initially, if disturbed, it tries to achieve the configuration of minimum potential energy. In this situation, the ball is said to be in unstable equilibrium.

4. Neutral equilibrium: in situation (e), potential energy of the system is constant over a plane and remains same at any position. Thus, even if the ball is disturbed, it still remains in equilibrium, practically at any position.

In this situation, the ball is in neutral equilibrium.

No, the boat can not be moved by a fan on the boat, this is because when the fan pushes the sail blowing air, the air pushes the fan backwards with the same force. Since there is no external force on the system – the net change in momentum is zero.

Correct option is (b) Deliberate

It is the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimum environmental conditions.