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Baroda is an important city of Gujarat State. This city is famous for Maharaja Sayaji Rao University. This university was founded by Maharaja Sayaji Rao III in 1948 A.D.

Works done by Maharaja: Maharaja Sayaji Rao himself was a great scholar. He gave a great contribution in the field of education. He also did few important works in social and economic sectors.

• He severely criticized the prevailing social evils such as casteism and untouchability.
• He opened many schools, libraries and hospitals with the help of his state.
• He opened a college at Baroda in 1881 A.D. which later on became a university. Many foreigner students also used to visit this university to take education.

Around 20 Public Schools and more than 100 Private Schools are associated with Maharaja Sayaji Rao University of Baroda. Education in this university is given only in the English medium. Around 3000 Indian and foreigner students take education in this university.

Bombay, Calcutta etc.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy said that God is one through the Vedas, Upanishads etc. he tried to prove that the principle of one God is present in the fundamental Hindu religious texts. He opposed irrelevant communal rituals and prejudices.

He believed that the Vedanta philosophy is also based on factual evidence. Raja Ram Mohan Roy said that if a philosophy or tradition did not prove correct on the basis of facts, the mankind should not refrain from renouncing it. He also criticized the superstitions prevalent in Christainity.

In religious field, Dayanand Saraswati not only made efforts to reform the faults which had got imbibed in Hindu religion along with lapse of time, but he also exposed evils prevalent in christainity and Islam. Dayanand Saraswati regarded the Vedas to be the actual basis of Hinduism. While believing in pure Vedic tradition, he gave the slogan – Back to the Vedas’.

He believed the Vedas to be inspired by God. Along with regarding the Vedas to be divinely knowledge, he said that the interpretation of Vedic mantras should be done rationally on the basis of factual evidence. He argued that the language of the Vedas is very ancient.

Dayanand and Arya Samaj did not believe in polytheism, anthropomorphism, idol worship, animal sacrifice etc. He opposed religious rituals and superitions. He regarded God as shapeless, Omnipotent and ubiquitious. Through ‘Shuddhi movement, Arya Samaj purified the converted Hindus and reunited them in their native religion.

Education of Western literature in the English language was given in new education system. That’s why new schools, colleges and universities were opened. Later on, technical education was also emphasized.

The British laid the foundation of Modern Education System in India. The English East India Company opened a school, Saint Mary Charity School, at Madras in 1715 A.D. Lord Warren Hastings established Calcutta Madrasa in 1718 A.D. Muslim students of rich families took education over here. One Sanskrit College was started at Benaras due to the efforts of Jonathan Tunckon later on. It was a centre of Hindu education. After this, the story of development of education starts in 1813 A.D.

I. Development of Education from 1813 A.D. till 1854 A.D. The British government planned to spend one lakh rupees every year on the development of education through Charter Act of 1813 A.D. But it didn’t spend this amount due to lack to any clear policy. A committee was made in 1823 A.D. to give recommendations on education policy. But there were some differences among the members of this committee. Some of its members were in favour of giving Western education through the medium of English language. On contrary to it, some members wanted to make local languages, like Sanskrit, Arabian, Persian etc., as medium of education. Lord Macaulay became the President of Education Committee in 1835 A.D. He gave his decision in favour of Western education. Raja Ram Mohan Roy also gave stress on adopting Western education.

Wood’s Despatch. A committee was constituted in 1854 A.D. under the chairmanship of Charles Wood for the spread of Modern Education in India. The recommendations of Charles Wood were known as Wood’s Despatch.

It gave the following recommendations for bringing educational reforms :

• An educational department should be established in every province of the country.
• Universities should be established in major cities such as Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, etc.
• One government school should be opened in every district.
• The arrangement should be made for training of teachers so that the level of education could be raised.
• Schools should be opened for women.

On the basis of recommendations of Charles Wood, universities were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857 A.D. Medical Colleges were also opened in these cities in the same year. Government College of Lahore was established in 1864 A.D.

II. Development of Education after 1854 A.D.

Hunter Commission: Hunter Commission was appointed in 1882 A.D. Its education-related recommendations are given below :

• Private schools should be given enough grants.
• Secondary schools should be improved.
• Special arrangements of women education should be made.
• Students should be given physical as well as moral education.
• Not much government interference should be there in schools and colleges.

Government accepted the recommendations of Hunter Commission which became the base of Modern Educational System.

Indian University Act 1904 A.D. Lord Curzon passed an Act called ‘Indian University Act’ in 1904 A.D. Government interference in universities was increased due to this Act. That’s why this act was greatly opposed by the Nationalists.

Sadller Committee: Government appointed Sadller Committee in 1917 A.D.

This committee gave following recommendations for the development of education :

• Medium of education at school level, should be Indian languages and later on it should be English language.
• The examination system should be improved.
• Government control over universities should be reduced.
• Special emphasis should be given on Technical Education.
• The vice-Chancellor should be appointed in every university.

Hurtog Committee 1928: Hurtog Committee was appointed in 1928 A.D. for spread and bringing reforms in educational sector.

This committee gave following recommendations :

• Primary education should be made compulsory.
• Salary of teachers should be increased.
• Extra expenditure on education should not be done.

Basic Education 1937 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi gave suggestions in 1937 A.D. for starting Basic Education. He was of the view that free and compulsory education should be given to the children up to the age of 14 years. They should also be given technical education.

Seargent Scheme: Seargent gave certain recommendations in 1943 A.D. for the development of education.

The following were the given recommendations :

• Education should be given in Nursery Schools before Primary education.
• Free education should be given to students of the age of 6-15 years.
• Adult education should be given.
• Limited students should be admitted in colleges.

Important recommendations were given by Chairman of Board of Control Charles Wood in 1854 A.D. for the development of education. These recommendations are known as Wood’s Despatch.

Ishwar Chander Vidyasagar wrote a book called ‘Premier Varna Parichaya’ in Bengali language.

Correct option is (a) 1943 A.D.

New educational system was started due to following objectives :

• Educated Indians were required by the British to run their administration.
• Those educated people were required who could know English and who could be able to tell them about the problems of the people.
• The British were of the view that educated Indians could be easily converted into Christians.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a supporter of western education and English education. He believed that modern education is an essential requisite for spread of modern thoughts. He established a college and a school in Calcutta and promoted english education.

He translated Vedas and Upnishads in Bangala language. He Compiled Bangla grammar. He performed commendable work in the field of journalism. That is why, he is also called “The Forerunner of Indian Journalism’.

Following were the impacts of Western Educational System :

1. Most of the people remained illiterate due to expensive educational system.
2. The British government did not give any emphasis on higher education. As a result there was no development in Indian languages with which link of Indians with higher education was broken.
3. Western-educated Indians got the opportunity to read foreign history.
4. Spread of Western Education helped in eradication of superstitions from India.
5. Western education aroused national consciousness among Indians. In the end they were able to remove the foreign rule from the country.

The idea of Basic education was given by Mahatma Gandhi in 1937 A.D.

Correct option is (d) 1854 A.D.

Swami Dayanand Sarasvati was in favour of imparting Sanskrit, vedic education along with western education.

Charles Wood.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an expert in Bengali, Persian, Sanskrit, Urdu, English and Greek languages.

The Hunter Commission was appointed in 1882 A.D. Its education related recommendations are given below :

• Private schools should be given enough grants.
• Reforms should be brought in secondary schools.
• Special arrangements of women education should be made.
• Students should be given physical and moral education.
• There should not be much government interference in schools and colleges.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy took certain steps for the development of education with the objective of eradicating prevailing social evils, wrong customs and superstitions of Indian Society.

लेखक कृष्णनाथ का जन्म उत्तर प्रदेश के वाराणसी में हुआ था।

Indian universities law was passed in 1904 A.D. by Lord Curzon with which interference of the government in universities increased.

लेखक कृष्णनाथ का जन्म सन् 1934 में हुआ था।

लेखक कृष्णनाथ जी की बौद्ध दर्शन में गहरी पैठ थी।

Correct option is (a) 1882 A.D.

‘Indian University Act, 1904’ was passed in 1904 A.D. Its defect was that it increased government control over universities.

Charles Wood was the President of Board of Control. He gave certain recommendations on education in India which are called Wood’s Dispatch.

Sadller’s Committee was appointed in 1917 A.D. This committee gave following recommendations for the development of education.

• Medium of education should be Indian language at school level and English language at higher level.
• Examination system should be improved.
• The government’s control on universities should bfe reduced.
• Special emphasis should be given on Technical education.
• Vice-Chanceller should be appointed in each university.

(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was in favour of providing Western Education to Indians. He published newspapers and wrote books on many subjects like-Geography, Astronomy, Grammar, Algebra etc. in Bengali language. He opened one English school and one Vedant College at Calcutta on his own expenses.

(b) Swami Dayanand Sarasvati: Swami Dayanand Sarasvati. Swami Dayanand Sarasvati was a supporter of not only of Sanskrit and Vedic education but also of Western education. He founded many schools, colleges and Gurukuls in different parts of the country especially Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In 1886 A.D., one Dayanand Anglo Vedic School was opened at Lahore after his death. The students were given the education of Hindu literature, Sanskrit language and Vedas. Later on D.A.V. schools, colleges were also opened at Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar and Kanpur. One Girls University was also opened at Meerut in the memory of Swami Dayanand.

(c) Swami Vivekanand: Swami Vivekanand. The Rama Krishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda. This organization opened many schools, colleges, libraries and hospitals for social welfare. Swami Ji also propagated Indian Culture in America and Europe.

(d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a famous scholar. He wrote a book in Bengali language called ‘Premier Varna Parichaya’. This book made easy the art of learning language. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a principal of Sanskrit College. He introduced a new method of learning Sanskrit. He also gave a great contribution in the field of education of girls.

लेखक कृष्णनाथ को लोहिया पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था।

Hartog Committee was appointed in 1928 A.D. to spread and reforms in education system. This committee gave the following recommendations :

• Primary education should be made compulsory.
• Salary of teachers should be increased.
• Extra expenditure on education should be reduced.

सही विकल्प है (a) वाराणसी

स्पीति ऊँचे दरों और कठिन रास्तों के कारण इतिहास में कम रहा हैं। अलंघ्य भूगोल यहाँ इतिहास का एक बड़ा कारक है। स्पीति उसके बड़े पहाड़ों की वजह से अन्य क्षेत्रों से अलग माना जाता हैं। स्पीति में अधिकतर पहाड़े ऊँचे है। स्पीति में जनसंख्या न के बराबर हैं। स्पीति के पहाड़ों की ऊँचाई 13000 से 21000 फीट तक की है। ये अत्यंत दुर्गम है। यहाँ के दरें बहुत ऊँचे व दुर्गम हैं।

स्पीति में सिर्फ दो ही ऋतुएँ होती हैं। यहाँ जादातर ठंडी का माहौल होता है। यहाँ साल में आठ-नौ महीने बर्फ जमी रहती है तथा रास्ते बंद हो जाते हैं। स्पीति पर्वतीय स्थल ज्यादा होने के कारण यहाँ ज्यादा फसलें उगाई भी नहीं जाती। यहाँ वर्षा नहीं होती तथा पेड़ व हरियाली का नामोनिशान नहीं है। स्पीति में परिवहन व संचार का कोई साधन नहीं है। यहाँ का जनजीवन कठिनाइयों से भरा होने के कारण यहाँ पर्यटक नहीं आते और यहाँ वर्षा की कमी के कारण यहाँ का वातावरण उदास रहता है।

लेखक कृष्णनाथ ने काशी हिंदू विश्व विद्यालय से अर्थशास्त्र में एम.ए. की शिक्षा प्राप्त की।

Legal permission of widow-remarriage was granted in 1856 A.D.

The First Principal of Aligarh Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College was Mr. Beck. He helped Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan in bringing Muslims and the British government closer to each other.

Correct option is (b) British

1. School

2. Sir

3. Meerut

Aligarh movement was a Muslim movement. This movement was started by Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan for arousing consciousness among Muslims. He was of the view that Muslim Society cannot develop until Muslims will not take English education. That’s why he encouraged Muslims to take English education. He founded Mohammadan Anglo- Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875 A.D. This college later on became the famous Aligarh Muslim University. This university contributed in giving modern outlook to its citizens. Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan was died in 1898 A.D. but the Aligarh University founded by him is still progressing sc lot.

Correct option is (c) 1948 A.D.

सही विकल्प है (c) कृष्णनाथ

Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan was first Muslim social reformer. He started Aligarh movement in 19th century for bringing reforms in Islamic Society and Islam religion.

Important works:

1. He explained concepts of Islam religion to eradicate prevailing social evils and wrong customs among Indian Muslims.

2. He was of the view that development of western education is necessary for bringing consciousness among Muslims. That’s why he motivated Muslims to study Western literature and to eet Western Education. , , ,

3. He founded Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875 A.D. Here Muslim students were given Western Education. Later on this college became the centre of activities of Aligarh Movement. This college became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920 A.D.

4. Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan wanted to bring Muslims closer to the British government so that Muslim interests could be protected with the help of the British government.

To achieve this objective, Mr. Beck helped him a lot who was the first Principal of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.

In 1878 A.D., Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan was made the member of Public Service Commission. He was appointed as the member of Viceroy’s Council in 1882 A.D. He was given the title of ‘Sir’ in 1898 A.D. He died in the same year.

Aligarh Movement: Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan for bringing consciousness among Muslims. It is known as Aligarh Movement because its centre was Aligarh. Leaders of this movement motivated the people to adopt concepts of ‘Quran’ and to eradicate wrong customs from their lives. They also stressed on getting Western Education by the Muslims.

Mahajan Schools were those schools where students were given the education of business and of any art.

‘स्पीति में बारिश’ यह एक यात्रा-वृत्तांत है। स्पीति हिमाचल के मध्य में स्थित है। इस यात्रा वृत्तांत के माध्यम से लेखक ने स्पीति का भौगोलिक, ऐतिहासिक एवं राजकीय स्थितियों बड़ा ही तादृश, रोचक और यथार्थपूर्ण चित्रण किया है। इस यात्रा वृत्तांत को पढ़कर हम घर बैठे ही स्पीति की यात्रा करने का रोमांच अनुभव कर सकते हैं।

स्पीति हिमाचल प्रदेश के लाहुलस्पीति ज़िले की तहसील है। ऊँचे दरों और कठिन रास्तों के कारण स्पीति इतिहास में कम रहा है। लेखक ने इस पाठ में स्पीति की भौगोलिक स्थिति, पहाड़ों की ऊँचाई, ऋतुएँ, जनजीवन और उनसे संबंधित कठिनाइयों के बारे में बताया है। स्पीति अपने पहाड़ों की अधिक से अधिक ऊँचाई के कारण सबसे अलग रहा है।

स्पीति चारों ओर से पहाड़ों से घिरा है। स्पीति में सिर्फ दो ही ऋतुएँ हैं। यहाँ आठ-नौ महिने तो ठंडी ही होती है। वर्षा ऋतु यहाँ बहुत कम कालावधि के लिये होती है। वर्षा के अभाव के कारण यहाँ वर्ष में सिर्फ एक ही फसल ली जाती है। यहाँ संचार साधन के अभाव के कारण भी जीवन कठिनाइयों से भरा है। यहाँ जादातर ठंडी रहने के कारण यहाँ का वातावरण उदास है इसलिए लेखक चाहता है कि कुछ युवा पर्यटकों का यहाँ आना स्पीति के पर्यावरण को बदल सकता है। ठंडे रेगिस्तान जैसे स्पीति के लिए उनका आना, वहाँ बूदों भरा एक सुखद संयोग बन सकता है।

स्पीति चारों ओर से पहाड़ों से घिरा है। स्पीति में जनसंख्या लाहुल से कम है, इसका कारण है यहाँ की ऋतु। स्पीति में सिर्फ दो ही ऋतुयें हैं। स्पीति में ज्यादातर शीत ऋतु होती है। आठ-नौ महीने यह क्षेत्र शेष विश्व से कटा रहता है। लेखक बताते हैं कि स्पीति में वर्षा कम होती है। इस कारण वर्षा ऋतु मन की साध पूरी नहीं करती।

वर्षा के बिना यहाँ की धरती सूखी, ठंडी व बंजर है। जब कभी यहाँ वर्षा हो जाती है तो लोग इसे अपना सुखद सौभाग्य मानते हैं। वर्षा के दिन को वे सुख का संकेत मानते हैं। वर्षा की कमी वगैरह के कारण यहाँ पेड़ नहीं होते है। इसलिए स्पीति अधिकतर वीरान है और यहाँ ज्यादा फसल नहीं होती। लेखक खुशनसीब थे कि उनके आने के बाद यहाँ वर्षा हुई। लोगों ने उन्हें बताया कि वर्षा होने के कारण आपकी यात्रा सुखद होगी।

लेखक दुनिया के मैदानों व पहाड़ों से युवक-युवतियों को बुलाना चाहता है।

लेखक ने जब स्पीति की यात्रा कि तब उन्हें ये मालूम पड़ा कि स्पीति के लोग कितनी कठिनाईयों में अपना जीवन व्यतीत कर रहे हैं। स्पीति में ज्यादा तर ऊँचे ऊँचे पहाड़ है इसी कारण स्पीति बाकी विश्व से कटा हुआ है। स्पीति का जीवन बहुत कठोर है, यहाँ जनसंख्या ना के बराबर है। यहाँ के पहाड़ों की श्रेणियाँ माने के मंत्र से उदास हो गई है।

लेखक का मानना है कि देश और दुनिया के मैदानों से और पहाड़ों से युवक-युवतियाँ स्पीति में आएँ और पहले वे स्वयं का अहंकार गलाएँ फिर इन पहाड़ों की चोटियों का अहंकार चूर करें। लेखक चाहता है कि युवक-युवतियाँ यहाँ आकर आनंद का अनुभव करें जो साहस और कूवत से प्राप्त होता है। युवक-युवतियाँ यहाँ आकर क्रीड़ा-कौतुक करें, प्रेम के खेल खेलें, जिससे यहाँ के वातावरण में ताजगी व उत्साह का संचार हों।

चोटियों पर चढ़ने से जीवन अंगड़ाई लेने लगेगा। युवाओं के अट्टहास से चोटियों पर जमा आर्तनाद पिघलेगा। लेखक ने स्पीति के पहाड़ों में एक उदासीनता, वीरानी अनुभव की है इसलिए वह युवा-युवतियों को यहाँ आने का आह्वान करता है।

ऊँचे दरों व कठिन रास्तों के कारण स्पीति इतिहास में कम रहा है।

Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Keshav Chandra Sen.

Correct option is (d) Tarabai Shinde

Correct option is (b) Both a + c