Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option is C) Handpicking

Correct option is D) iii & iv

Correct option is B) Churning

Correct option is A) increases

Correct option is B) mixture

B) Difference in densities of components

Correct option is A) Crystallization

Correct option is C) Filtration

Correct option is D) Water vapour

Correct option is C) Decantation

D) a – 2, b – 1, c – 3

Correct option is A) Handpicking

B) Both P and Q are incorrect

Correct option is B) difference in size.

Correct option is D) Centrifugation

Correct option is B) Chromatography

Correct option is D) Alum

Correct option is A) Distilled water

Correct option is C) filtration 

Correct option is A) distilled water

Correct option is C) distilled water

• The presence of differences between organisms of the same species is called variation. 
• Variation between different species is always greater than the animals within a species. 
• The uniqueness of individual is the basis of the diversity that is shown by the living organisms. 
• In our daily life, we see a variety of plants and animals in our locality. 
• But if we go to some other places such as hills, forests or sea we entirely find different types of animals and plants. 
• In fact, different parts of the world have their own typical kinds of living beings. 
• Thus-we can say that variations in organisms lead to diversity in living organisms.

Filariasis is caused by two types of parasitic worms: 

Wuchereria bancrofti and wuchereria malayi.

Symptoms : chronic inflammation of the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and gross deformities of genital organs. this disease is transmitted through the bite of female mosquito vectors, culex mosquito.

(b) passive immunity

(a) Symptoms : (i) High fever with chills and flu-like illness.

(ii) A headache fatigue, sweating, nausea and vomiting.

(b) Plasmodium enters the vector at the merozoite stage. When the female Anopheles bites and sucks the blood of an infected human host, it receives RBCs containing the parasite at different stages of the erythrocytic cycle. 

Gametogony: In the mosquito stomach, male gametes divide to form microgametes. Female gametes mature and are called macrogametes. The fertilization takes place, and the zygote is formed. The zygote embeds in the mosquito's stomach lining and multiplies to produce sporozoites, which are released and migrate to the salivary gland. When the mosquito bites a healthy human, sporozoites present in the salivary gland of the mosquito are injected into the blood of the man.

Hyaluronidase is the enzyme, present in the acrosome of sperm, which helps the sperm to enter the ovum during fertilization.

Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates the uterine contraction.

This test consist of 6 test items. It is commonly known by the name Kraus-weber. There tests are supported to measure minimum muscular fitness for an individual. They measure the strength and flexibility of certain big muscle group below which the functioning of whole body as a healthy Individual seems to be endangered. The movement of each test is scored from 0-10. and graded on pass fail basis.

30 seconds chair-stand test (1999)

Chair height 77" (43 cm), placed against wall for stability. 

Starting position: Sitting in the middle of the chair, back straight, arms crossed over chest, feet flat on floor. 

(a) Take resting vital signs. 

(b) Demonstrate the movement first slowly, then quickly.

(c) Practise one or more repetition before actual start of test to check balance. 

(d) On the signal 'go' the candidate comes to a full stand, then returns to fully seated position, as many times as possible in 30 seconds. 

(e) If a person is more than half way up at the end of 30 seconds count it as full stand. 

Scoring: The number of stand-ups in 30 seconds. Scores less than 8 stand-ups were associated with lower levels of functional ability. Pushing off with the arms is not allowed.

(a) Chair stand test for lower body strength. 

(b) Arm curl test for upper body strength. 

(c) Eight foot up and go test for agility. 

(d) Six minute walk test for aerobic endurance.

Up till now, most physical fitness tests have been geared to younger audiences. The senior citizen fitness test is an answer to the need for a simple, easy to use battery of test items that assess the functional fitness of older adults. Actual norms are based between the ages of 60 and 94 for men and women. Older adults require adequate strength, flexibility and endurance to accomplish even ordinary, everyday tasks. Dr. Roberta E. Rikli has done extensive work in physical performance assessment with a particular focus on senior citizen fitness. 

C. Jessie Jones is internationally known for her research, program designs, curriculum development and instructor training in the field of science and aging. This is the reason this test is named as Rikli and Jones-senior Citizen Fitness Test. This test was developed as part of life span wellness program at California State University, Fullerton.

Harvard Step Test Administration

Purpose: To measure the general capacity of the heart and circulatory system for measurement of cardio-vascular efficiency. 

Age level and sex: It is designed for college man by Brouha at Harvard University Laboratory. It is also modified to suit both sexes from Elementary school to college levei. 

Time Allotment: 5 minutes Facilities and Equipment: A stop watch, 20" height bench, partners, stethoscope, metronome. score sheet. 

Procedure: Stand facing the step-up bench. On the word 'ready go' count your steps for 5 minutes. Count as follow: left foot up, right foot up, left foot down, right foot down. (straightened the knees completely on top of the bench). At the end of the fifth minute give command 'stop' and ask the subject to sit down. Take the pulse rate at the wrist, exactly one minute later record the pulse rate for 30 seconds. 

Exactly 30 seconds later, again take and record the pulse rate for another 30 seconds. Again exactly 30 seconds later take the third recovery pulse rate for 30 seconds and record. So the recovery pulse count from 1 to 1 1/2, 2 to 2 1/2, 3 to 3 1/2. minutes alter exercise is completed.

Scoring: His fitness index is calculated by

PEI = Duration of exercise in second x 100/ 2 x sum of three pulse count

It is important to assess the fitness of senior citizens for understanding the physical attributes needed for mobility task in later years. We can also target for individualized programming. The senior citizen fitness tests the daily movement as a bending, lifting, reaching and walking. Most of the older adults are at risk of mobility problems and falls. Early identification of physical decline can help to prevent functional impairments.

There are two ways to measure heart rate-one of them is manual method. After immediate exercise, by using radial pulse method, the heart beat is measured by placing index and middle fingers together on the opposite wrist for 15 seconds and then multiply that number by 4. The other method is the monitor method. In the monitor method, electro-cardiogram can be used to measure the heart rate more accurately.

Sit and reach test: It is a common measure of flexibility, and specifically measures the flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles. 

Equipment required: Sit and reach box. 

Procedure: Sit on the floor with straight legs. Shoes should be removed. The sole of the feet is placed flat against the box. Knees should be straight. With palms facing downwards, and the hands on top of each other, the subject reaches forward along the measuring line as far as possible. Ensure that hands remain at the same level, not one reaching further forward than the other. Hold there for two seconds while the distance is recorded. Jerky movement is not allowed. 

Scoring: The score is recorded to the nearest centimetres or half inch as the distance reached by the hands. The level of the feet is zero marks. There are norms for sit and reach test. The athlete's flexibility is measured accordingly.

Note: The best result will be achieved after a warm-up session.

Advantages:

(a) Sit and reach flexibility test requires one specialised box only. 

(b) It is easy and quick to perform. 

(c) Need less space to administer the test.

Disadvantages:

(a) Every individual has different arm length and can vary the result of flexibility. 

(b ) This test is only restricted to muscles and joints of lower back only and does not measure flexibility of other parts of the body.

Six minute walk test is the test for aerobic endurance. It is performed on 400 metre track. On the signal 'ready go' the subject starts walking fast for 6 minute duration. After walking for 6 minutes their distance is measured. The subject sits down at his place and the heart rate is measured immediately for 15 seconds. The heart rate is determined by multiplying that number by 4. The distance covered within 6 minutes will be the score of an individual. When checked with norms we can know whether the aerobic endurance was poor, good, average, very good or excellent. Likewise, each player is tested.

Physiological factors determining endurance are as follows. 

(a) Maximum oxygen uptake 

(b) Pulmonary diffusion 

(c) Cardiac output 

(d) Blood volume 

(e) Slow twitch muscle fibres 

(f) Lactate threshold

Various benefits of respiratory systems are as follows. 

(a) Exchange of oxygen and CO, between the air and blood. 

(b) Regulate blood pH (acid-base balance). 

(c) Move air over the sensory receptors that detect smell.

(a) Lung volume increases as a.result of vital capacity. 

(b) Breathing frequency is decreased in trained individuals. 

(c) Tidal volume is also increased. 

(d) Gas exchange capacity is increased. 

(e) Faster recovery rate. 

(f) Improved max. vo₂.

Physical exercise/training causes changes in the following parameters of circulatory system, such as: 

(a) Size of the heart 

(b) Heart rate

(c) Stroke volume

(d) Cardiac output

(e) Blood volume

(a) Size of the heart: The blood is supplied to the whole body by heart. The size of heart gets changed as a result of endurance training. Endurance training of more than 12 weeks increases the heart's weight and volume, which further increases the thickness of the left ventricle's wall and chambers' size. Then. contraction ability of the heart also increases. 

(b) Heart rate: It is the number of times the heart beats per minute. Heart rate is decreased as a result of exercise and training. This decreasing heart rate trend shows the improvement of your cardiovascular fitness. 

(c) Stroke volume: It is the amount of blood pumped by the left or right ventricle of the heart per beat. As a result of endurance training the stroke volume increases. Stroke volume for untrained individual at rest is about 55-75 ml. Whereas stroke volume of trained athletes at rest is 80 - 90 ml. In trained athletes the amount of blood pumped is more in one beat as compared to untrained. 

(d) Cardiac output: The cardiac output at rest remains unchanged but at maximum level of exercise it increases considerably. This increase results mainly, from the increase in maximal stroke volume. Maximum cardiac output ranges from 14-20 litres/min. and in trained individuals 25-35 litres/min. or more in highly trained athletes engaged in endurance sports.

(e) Blood volume: Exercise/training results in increase in blood volume which is mainly due to increase in blood plasma volume (liquid portion of blood). The number of red blood cells also increases. Increased blood plasma volume decreases blood thickness that can improve circulation of blood and oxygen availability. Highly trained male athletes may have more than 7 litres of total blood volume as compared to untrained having less than 5.6 litres of total blood volume.

Anaerobic: The term 'anaerobic' means "without oxygen'" or ability of an organism to perform an activity in the absence of oxygen. It refers to the energy exchange in your muscles that is dependent on oxygen. Anaerobic exercise is a high intensity activity for a short period of time. Anaerobic exercise relies on energy sources that are stored in the muscles, because the demand for oxygen from the exercise exceeds the oxygen supply. 

Anaerobic activities depend upon the following factors: 

(a) Phosphogen stores 

(b) Lactic acid tolerance 

(b) Buffer capacity 

(d) Aerobic capacity.

The blood pressure is the driving force that moves blood through the circulatory system. Systolic pressure (the higher pres-sure) is reached when blood is put (ejected) into the arteries, whereas diastolic pressure (the lower pressure) is reached when the blood drains from the arteries. 

Due to physical/exercise training particularly endurance/aerobic training arterial blood pressure changes very little during maximal workout. But resting blood pressure is lowered in individuals who are having high blood pressure. This reduction takes place in both systolic (higher) and diastolic (lower) blood pressure.

Physical training changes the functions and structure of the heart. It is well-known fact that active muscles require more oxygen and nutrients. To fulfil these requirements, more blood must be supplied to these muscles during exercise. As the muscles become better trained, the circulatory system adopts to increase blood flow to them. The blood supply is increased to the muscles due to following reasons-

(a) Increased blood volume. 

(b) Increased in capillaries of trained muscles. 

(c) Better and more effective redistri-bution of blood. 

(d) Good opening of present capillaries in trained muscles.

Oxygen Intake: Oxygen is essential for all kinds of life. It is obtained from the air and drawn into the lungs by the process of respiration. It is the amount of oxygen consumed by the tissues of the body. Usually measured as oxygen uptake in the lungs. The normal value is 250 ml/min and it increases with increased metabolic rate. 

Oxygen Uptake: It is the transportation and utilization of oxygen in a person during exercise. A common physiological measure taken is VO₂ max. Which measures the maximum capacity at which the individual's body can transport and utilize oxygen. The higher the VO₂ max. The better you can use and transport oxygen. which gives you more energy during exercise. It is the most relevant measure of the cardio respiratory system.

Various physiological changes clue to ageing are as follows. 

(a) One becomes physically inactive. 

(b) A considerable loss of strength, endurance and flexibility. 

(c) Efficiency of cardiovascular system is reduced. 

(d) Weakness in muscle structure which interferes with performing everyday activities/routine. 

(e) Is reduced on speed, agility and reaction time. 

(f) Body composition also changes with inactivity. 

(g) More prone to cardiovascular problems such as asthma and heart attack

(a) Size of the muscle 

(b) Body weight 

(c) Muscle composition 

(d) Nerve impulse 

(e) Age and Gender.

(a) slow-twitch muscle fibres 

(b) Lactic Acid tolerance 

(c) Motor units

(a) With regard to world records in track and field and swimming, performances by men are better than women. 

(b) On average, women are shorter and lighter with more fatty tissues and less muscle mass than men. 

(c) Females have the same concentration of muscular ATP-PC as men but because of their lesser total muscle mass, the total body stores of these phosphogens are smaller. 

(d) The maximal aerobic power (Vo₂ max) of the female is lower than that of the male. 

(e) Women are inclined to have lower level of lactic acid in their blood following intense level of exercise than men because of females lesser muscle mass. 

(f) Females are 3-5 inches shorter in height than male. 

(g) Maturity Level Difference: Girls become mature at the age between 11 to 13 ,years where as there boys become mature at 13 to 14 years.

Various effects of training on respiratory system: 

(a) Lung volume: With endurance training lung volume and capacities increases. Vital capacity, which is maximum volume of air forcefully. expelled (expired] out) after a maximum inspiration is increased after endurance training. The vital capacity of trained athlete is 5-6 litres whereas untrained VC is of 3-4 litres. 

(b) Decrease in breathing frequency (BF): Breathing frequency is the number of -breaths per minute. After training breathing frequency is decreased. The resting breathing frequency for untrained is 12-20 breaths/minute whereas in trained athletes it is 7-8 breaths/minute, which results in greater respiratory efficiency. 

(c) Maximum minute ventilation: After training maximum minute ventilation is increased. For untrained it is 100 litres/minute and for trained it is 150-160 litres/minute. 

(d) Tidal volume: The tidal volume, which is the amount of air inspired or expired per breath. is also increased as a result of endurance training. In untrained individuals tidal volume is about 500 ml/breath. whereas in trained persons it is increased more than 600-700 ml/breath. 

(e) Increase in ventilatory efficiency: As the body is involved in regular vigorous type of endurance training as well as physical exercise so our ventilatory efficiency increases. 

(f) Pulmonary diffusion: Pulmonary diffusion is the exchange of gases taking place in the alveoli (small air sacs in our lungs). During maximum level of exercise more alveoli become active for diffusion. The size of the alveoli is also increased which provide more space to diffusion of gases such as O₂ and CO₂.