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Match the items in column A with those in column B.

Tea: Tea is the odd one out as it is a beverage plant while the rest three are the fibre yielding plants (coconut provides coir).

Rainy season.

1. Cereals: wheat, rice, maize, barley.

2. Vegetables: onion, potato, carrot, tomato.

3. Pulses: peas, beans, groundnut, alfa-alfa.

4. Fruits: apple, mango, banana, grapes.

5. Spices: pepper, ginger, turmeric, coriander.

6. Timber plants: teak, sal, pine, bamboo.

7. Medicinal plants: neem, isabgol, Cinchona, vasaka.

8. Oil-yielding plants: groundnut mustard, coconut, sunflower.

9. Ornamental plants: rose, dahlia, orchids, bougainvilleas, cacti.

Cotton: Cotton is the odd one out as it is a fibre yielding plant while the rest three are cereals.

1. Vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals.

2. Quinine is obtained from Cinchona.

3. Cotton is a fibre yielding plant.

4. Fruits are a rich source of vitamins and minerals.

5. Cotton fibre is rich in cellulose.

6. The plant used for treating dysentery is called isabgol.

7. Vasaka is used for treating bronchitis.

1. True

2. False. Sunflower is an oil yielding plant.

3. True.

4. False. Sugar is chiefly obtained from sugarcane.

5. True.

Nitrogen (20%), Phosphorus (5%), Potash (10%)

Mutation : Sudden inheritable change in the characters of an organism due to change in the sequence of bases in the gene(s). 

Mutation results in a new character or trait, not found in the parental type 

It can also be induced by using mutagens like gamma radiations. 

Such plant materials are used as such or used for breeding new variaties. 

Mung bean resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew.

The main steps in breeding a new genetic variety of a crop are : 

(a) Collection of variability : It forms the raw material for breeding experiments. It includes the genomes of the domesticated varieties in use, domesticated varieties not in use presently,wild varieties of the same species, wild relatives, all the hybrids available. 

(b) Evaluation and selection of parents. 

(i) Identification of the parental plants with desired characters 

(ii) Selected plants are multiplied. 

(c) Cross hybridisation of selected parents. 

(d) Selected and testing of superior recombinants. 

(e) Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars.

Outbreeding is the best professional approach that can help the farmer to improve milk yield of low milk producing cows.

Jersey / Hisardale - a new breed by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Miranio rams (cattle), and white Leghorn (poultry).

Inbreeding : Inbreeding refers to the mating between closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. 

Outbreeding : It refurs to the breeding of unrelated animals either of the same breed but do not have common ancestor or of different breeds. 

Advantage : Inbreeding brings the homozygosity in the population and helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable or harmful genes. Outbreeding is the best method of breeding for animals that have average productivity and growth. 

Disadvantage : Continued inbreeding causes. inbreeding depression i e., reducing productivity and fertility. Outbreeding leads to loss of recessive characters.

Explant is a part of a plant used in tissue culture. For developing the somaclones the explants is grown in nutrient medium under aseptic conditions. This results in the formation of an undifferentiated mass of tissue called callus from which a large number of plantlets are produced by micropropagation. 

These plants so produced by tissue culture are called somaclones because they are genetically identical to the original plant from which the explant is taken. 

The process of breeding crops for higher level of vitamins and minerals, higher proteins, healthier fats, to improve public health is known as biofortification.

It helps to improve : 

(i) Protein content and quality; 

(ii) Oil content and quality; 

(iii) Vitamin content; and 

(iv) Micronutrient and mineral content.

IARI has released several vegetable crops that are rich in vitamins and minerals. e.g. Vitamin A enriched carrots, spinach, pumpkin, vitamin C enriched bitter gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato, iron and calcium enriched spinach and bathua, Protein enriched beans-lablab, broad, French and garden pea.

1. False Catla is a fresh water fish.

2. False. Poultry products are rich sources of proteins.

3. True.

4.True.

5. False. Popular indigenous Indian breed is Aseel.

The success rate of fertilization during artificial insemination in animal husbandry programme can be improved by applying MOET (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer) technique. In this technique the cow is made to produce 6-8 eggs instead of one per cycle under the influence of hormone with FSH like activity and then the artificial insemination is carried out which improves the success rate of fertilization.

(a) Meristem (apical, axillary) or shoot tip or nodal segment.

(b) Procedure, the scientists followed to recover healthy plants is :

Explant / Virus free meristem is grown in nutrient medium, under aseptic conditions, tissue proliferates to form undifferentiated mass called callus, transferred to a medium containing auxins and cytokinins, regeneration of plants from callus, Hardening of plant lets, transfer of regenerated plant lets to field conditions. 

(c) Tissue culture / micropropagation.

(a) Bees help in increasing pollination efficiency, leading to improved yield.

(b) Annual : Sunflower/Brassica or any other correct example 

Perennial : Apple/pear or any other correct example.

Pure line: 

(a) A pure line animal is raised through inbreeding. It is a progeny of single, self-fertilized homozygous individuals.

(b) A similar strategy is used for developing pure lines in cattle as was used in case of peas. Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Thus, inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. 

(c) It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. The selection at step increases the productivity of inbred population.

To increase pollination efficiency, increase crop yield / honey yield.

Biofortified maize is considered nutritionally improved because it is quite rich in amino acid. It has twice the amount of lysine and tryptophan as compared to existing maize hybrids. Similarly biofortified wheat is quite rich in protein contents. 

The biofortified crops released by IARI are : 

(i) Carrots enriched with Vitamin A. 

(ii) Bittergourd-rich with Vitamin C 

(iii) Spinach enriched and calcium and iron.

Biofortified maize and rice are quite rich in amino acids and proteins. Biofortified maize contains twice the amount of amino acids like lysine and tryptophan as compared to existing varieties and biofortified wheat has quite increased amount of protein.

Continuous inbreeding among cattle causes inbreeding depression. It decreases the fertility and, even, productivity of an animal. It can be overcome by applying outbreeding, in which mating is done between different breeds or individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors. Outbreeding includes out-crossing, cross-breeding and interspecific hybridisation.

4. Mehsana is the common breed of buffalo found in Gujarat.