Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(a) Kalyan Sona / Sonalika .

(b) Mule / Hinny /Liger /Tigon.

Inbreeding increases homozyosity.

By crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams, the new breed Hisardale was developed.

 Sonalika and Kalyan-Sona are the high yielding and disease resistant varieties of wheat.

Useful products obtained from animals are:

1. Milk – From daily animals like cow, goat, etc.

2. Flesh – From goat, sheep, poultry, pig.

3. Fibre – From sheep, goat.

4. Honey – From honeybees.

5. Silk – From silkworm.

6. Eggs – From chicken, duck, turkey, etc.

7. Fuel as gobar gas or cowdung 

cake – From animal excreta.

8. Hide – From sheep and goat.

9. Ivory – From elephant teeth.

10. Pearls – From oyster shell.

11. Lac – From lac insect.

Brown rust of wheat, Smut of wheat, red rot of Sugar cane, Late blight of potato.

Fowl cholera, salmonellosis, coryze are bacterial diseases

1. Leaf and stripe rust.

2. Hill bunt.

(i) Leaf and stripe rust.

(ii) Hill bunt

1. Foot and mouth disease.

2. Anthrax.

Animals can be protected from diseases by ensuring:

1. Proper well-ventilated shelters for animals.

2. Animal hygiene (frequent bathing).

3. Regular vaccination.

4. Curative measures

1. Naturally food produce can be damaged by fungi, pests, rats and bacteria. 

2. If moisture is also there in the grains, it helps to develop moulds (fungi).

3. Such grains neither germinates nor suitable to eat. 

4. To overcome this problem farmers dry the grains for 2-3 days in sun. 

5. After drying they keep the grains in jute bags and preserve them in godowns.

Eaten by grasshoppers.

Yes, all the leaves of plant have spots.

Yes, the scars on the stems is same as spots on leaves.

Dangi and Tharparkar are dual purpose breeds of cattle.

The bacterial action is involved in the following industrial processes.

1. In the manufacture of vinegar, butter and cheese.

2. The process of tanning hides in leather making and preparing sponges.

3. The separation of flax and hemp fibres which are used for making linen cloth and ropes.

4. Fermentation of green plants for the production of ensilage for animal food.

5. Bacteria are used for forming lactic acid, vinegar, citric acid, and vitamins.

6. For formation of antibiotics, serums and vaccines, vitamin B complex.

Cow pox, foot and mouth disease.

The two breeds of cattle are : 

(i) Karan swiss obtained from following cross. Sahiwal cows x Brown swiss bull. 

(ii) Karan fries obtained from a cross- Tharparkar x Holstein Friesian.

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporous) and paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella) the two varieties of edible mushrooms. 

Five major steps in cultivation of the common edible mushroom are as below: 

1. Composting: The compost is prepared by mixing the following in certain proportions. 

• Wheat or paddy straw,

• Chicken manure 

• Some organic and inorganic fertilizer This compost is kept at about 50°C for a week. 

2. Spawning: “mushroom seed” consisting of mycelium of the selected type of mushroom is introduced into the compost, and allowed to spread for a couple of days. 

3. Casting: A thin layer of soil is spread over the compost to give support to the mushroom and provide humidity. It also prevents quick drying of the compost and helps to regulate temperature.

4. Cropping and Harvesting: The growth occurs in three stages: 

(a) Mycelium (a network of fibrous mass) grows within 2 to 6 weeks. 

(b) Tiny pin heads. 

(c) Button stage which grows bigger attaining marketable size. The full grown mushrooms are taken out. 

5. Preservation: Mushrooms are highly perishable. Their shelf life is increased by a variety of processes 

(a) Vacuum cooling 

(b) Giving gamma radiation and storing at 15°C 

(c) Freeze drying in a solution of citric acid, ascorbic acid and brine, etc.

Murrah, surti, mehsana are breeds of buffaloes.

Differences:

Food crops

1. These are crops which are grown for food such as cereals: wheat, rice, maize,pulses, oil seeds.

2. These grow in the plains generally.

3. These are annuals and complete their cycle in one season as in case of wheat, rice maize, gram, beans, peas.

Cash crops

1. These are crops which are cultivated for commercial purposes such as tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, spices.

2. These grow in the hilly areas on the slopes as water of rain should not stand in the roots as in case of tea.

3. These plants are perennials. These plants live for more than two years. Tea, coffee require pruning before winter.

Eel, Hilsa, Salmon, Sardine, Pomphret are edible fishes.

1. Animal shelter should be very clean, well ventilated and well-lit.

2. Cattle should have proper sheds, so that animals are safe from rain, cold and heat.

3. The floor should have a proper sloping so that urine and excreta can be disposed of easily.

4. Animals should have proper feeding and drinking tubs.

5. Animal shelter should be spacious and there should not be over crowding.

6. It should have arrangements for clean fresh drinking water.

7. The shelter should give protection from predators.

8. Shelter should be located away from the residential areas and waste disposal sites.

The term “aquaculture” is used for production or farming of useful aquatic animals in various types of water bodies. The animals which can be cultured by this method are: fish, prawns, lobsters, molluscous, etc.

Gir, Sahiwal, Red sindhi are high yielding breeds of cow.

Milk-producing animals are known as “milch animals” e.g. cows, buffaloes, goats and camels. The milk from goats is nutritious and is sometimes preferred to cow milk. But the production of goat milk is much less than that of cows and buffaloes. Cow milk is quite nourishing and easy to digest, but as compared to buffaloes, cows produce less quantity of milk. Buffaloes are the major source of milk in our country. Exotic (Foreign) breeds. For example. Jersey, Holstein- Friesian, and Brown Swiss.

a) Fish production 

b) milk production 

c) food production

a) Raghavan was bold, having love for animals. He had ethics and prudence.

b) Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology 

c) The cow is administered hormones, with FSH-like activity, to induce Follicular maturation and super ovulation (instead of one egg, which they normally yield per cycle, they produce 6-8 eggs). 

The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated. The fertilised eggs at 8–32 cells stages, are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers. 

The genetic mother is available for another round of super ovulation. 

This technology has been demonstrated for cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares, etc. High milk-yielding breeds of females and high quality (lean meat with less lipid) meatyield.

(i) MOET = (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer) technology. 

(ii) Process of MOET- It has following steps : 

(a) The selected cow is given hormone with FSH like activity to induce super ovulations as a result 6-8 eggs instead of one per cycle are produced. 

(b) The cow is subjected to mating or artificial insemination. 

(c) The eggs 8-32 cell stage are removed and transferred to surrogate mother for further development. 

(iii) Mahesh - a friend of Suresh is bold and ethical and shows love and care for animals.

Natural manure: 

A manure made by the decomposition of plants and animal (organic) wastes is called natural manure or natural fertilizer or Bio Fertilizer.

Preparation:

1. These fertilizers are formed by decomposing plant and animal wastes. 

2. In rural areas farmers keep these plant and animal wastes outside the village in open space. 

3. Some bacteria like Azatobacter, Nitrobacter decompose and it becomes manure which contain nutrients. 

4. Wherever the manure is added to the soil, there it provides nutrients to the plants. 

Examples : 

Vermi compost, Dung fertilizer.

Following efforts must be put in mainly to improve health,. hygiene and milk yield of cattle in dairy farm. 

(i) The cattle should be housed well in well ventilated sheds with adequate water supply. 

(ii) There must be cleanliness and hygiene of both the cattle as well as the handlers while milking and transport.

(iii) Regular visit by veterinary doctors must be ascertained so as to keep the cattle healthy and disease free. 

(iv) Feeding should be carried out in a most scientific manner with special emphasis on quality and quantity of fodder and the hygienic conditions. 

(v) Breeding is necessary for improving the milk yield. 

(vi) Selection of high yielding and disease resistant breed should be arranged. 

(vii) Regular inspection and keeping updated record of all the activities of dairy is necessary.

They used to add nutrients to the soil.

No. Irrigation should be done according to nature of the soil and the type of crop to be grown.

Summer season is the hottest climate so the crops which grow in summer requires high quantity of water.

(a) To improve the nutritional quality, in order to improve public health/to prevent malnutrition.

(b) Fresh water : Catla, Marine Fish : Mackerel

(a) With the ever increasing population of the world the enhancement of food production by fortification of crops has become a major necessity. Further, keeping in view the present public health and hygiene and also the problem of malnutrition it is necessary to improve the nutritional quality which can be achieved by fortification of crops. Therefore the fortification of crop is the need of the hour. 

(b) Fresh water fish is- Catla, Marine fish-Mackerel.

Apis indica is a common species of honey bee used in apiculture. It is also useful in agriculture yield/honey/bee was/pollination.

The protein rich food produced by microbes is called as single called protein (SCP) Spirulina is a microorganisms which has more protein. It is a quick method of protein production because the growth rate of microbes is enormous. Hence, it provides a protein rich diet for human beings.

The MOET (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer), is the programme used to enhance the herd size in a short time. In this programme the genetic mother is administrated hormones, with FSH like activity, to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation. As a result 6-8 eggs are produced instead of one per cycle. After fertilisation, the eggs are transferred to surrogate mothers at 8-32 cell stage for further development. The genetic mother can be then used for another round of super ovulation.

Biofortification involves the breeding of crops to increase their nutritional value. The objective for biofortification are as follows : 

(a) To improve protein content and quality. 

(b) To improve oil content and quality. 

(c) To improve vitamin content. 

(d) To improve micronutrients and mineral contents. 

1. Animal husbandry: The branch of Biology which deals with feeding, shelter,caring and breeding of domesticated animals is called animal husbandry.

2. Sericulture: Artificial rearing of silk worm and getting of silk from the silk worms is called sericulture.

3. Aquaculture: The production and farming of aquatic animals as fishes, prawns, shrimps, molluscs, lobsters etc. is called aquaculture.

4. Hatcheries: We raise small nurseries where water is stored in small pits where we put fish seeds (fish eggs). From these fish eggs very small fish come out after hatching. Then these small fish are transferred to big ponds. These small nurseries where eggs hatch to give small fish are called hatcheries.

5. Pisciculture: It deals with production and management of fishes. It is a scientific,systematic way of raising of fishes, their multiplication, their production and management. So it is used as food in a sensible way.

Increases the yield of animal and improving the desirable qualities of the product.

Importance : 

(i) increases homozygosity which is necessary to evolve pure line in any organsim. 

(ii) helps to evolve pure line 

(iii) helps to expose harmful recessive genes 

(iv) helps in accumulation of superior genes 

Limitation : 

It reduces the fertility and also the productivity of an animal. 

Continuous inbreeding among cattle causes inbreeding depression. It decreases the fertility and, even, productivity of an animal. It can be overcome by applying outbreeding, in which mating is done between different breeds or individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors. Outbreeding includes out-crossing, cross-breeding and interspecific hybridisation.

Spirulina is a very good source of protein and also has fats carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins for undernourished humans and animal population, and its cultivation reduces environmental pollution. It can be grown in waste water/molasses/straw/animal manure. It is easy to cultivate.

The pollen grains can be preserved at low temperature preferably in liquid nitrogen (temperature-195°C). Such stored pollen remain viable for years together and therefore can be used in breeding programmes .

Single cell protein / Spirulina.

Coir is obtained from the surface of the fruit of coconut plant.

Microbes include bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. Bacteria is used in making curd, cheese, vinegar, antibiotics, vaccines, biogas. They also fix atmospheric nitrogen and help in recycling of nutrients in nature. Fungi is used as food (mushroom), in making alcohol, wine, beer, antibiotics, bread and recycling of nutrients. Algae is a source of iodine, food, fertili crs, agar and constitutes the first link in the food chain. Protozoa form a link in the food chain and help in adding nutrients to the soil.

(a) Cotton: Cotton is a fibre yielding plant and is used to make clothes, bedsheets, curtains, etc. 

(b) Deodar: Deodar is a timber plant which provides us wood to make paper, furniture, fuel, ships, etc. 

(c) Neem: Neem is a medicinal plant whose leaves are used as an antiseptic. It is used in soaps and creams for treating skin diseases. 

(d) Groundnut: Groundnut is an oil-yielding plant. Edible groundnut oil is used in cooking