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int Countalpha()

ifstream ifile ("BOOK.txt");

char ch;

int count =0

while (! ifile.eof()

{

ifile.get(ch);

Ifele.get(ch)

if(isfower(ch))

count ++;

}

ifile.close();

return (count)

} 

def COUNTLINES():

file=open('STORY.TXT','r')

lines = file.readlines()

count=0

for w in lines:

if w[0]=="A" or w[0]=="a":

count=count+1

print(“Total lines “,count)

file.close()

In a ring girdled plant, the root dies first. A ring of bark is cut from the stem. It also removes phloem. Nutrients collect above the ring where the bark also swells up and may give rise to adventitious roots. Growth is vigorous above the root. The tissues below the ring not only show stoppage of growth but also begin to shrivel (contract). Roots begin to starve first if the ring is not healed, after sometime roots will die, which will kill the whole plant.

Democracies accommodate social diversities when it is well understood that democracy is not just the rule of the majority, and that the rule of the majority is not just the rule of a single religious or a single community.

Democracy does not believe in any kind of discrimination among citizens on grounds of caste, religion, colour, sex, race, etc. It accommodates all social diversities.  

Independent India gave Political equality to everyone-which will not necessarily lead to Economic Equality. For this to happen Equal opportunities in terms of primary education and suitable work opportunities must be provided to lowers castes and scheduled tribes. 

This equal opportunity will lead to improvements in literacy rates and the ability for lowers castes to move out to new occupations, thereby breaking the cycle of poverty.

This gene codes for a toxin that becomes active when ingested by the insect. The activated toxin binds to the surface of mid-gut epithelial cells thus creating pores which causes cell swelling and lysis, further leading to death of the insects.

cryIAc gene codes for a toxic insecticidal protein that controls the cotton bollworms.

Important points I will keep in mind for (maintaining hygiene in my kitchen are as follows 

1. Keep the wire mesh windows closed. 

2. Fit cockroach traps on drains. 

3. Spray insecticides periodically. 

4. Use insect/ fly trap. 

5. Do not leave dirty utensils at night in the sink. 

6. Store ingredients in airtight boxes. 

7. Keep food covered at all locations. 

8. Cover and line dustbins

Four points of workmanship in a school blazer are as follow: 

1. Lining used in material should be of good quality. 

2. Material of the blazer should be durable. 

3. Matching thread, even stitching with strong thread. 

4. Good quality fasteners. 

5. Alignments of sleeves & collar.

Elements of family income are as follows: 

1. Money Income: is the inflow of money in the form of cash, gifts, vouchers etc. available to the family. 

2. Real Income: is the inflow of goods & survives available to a family with or without the use of money. example- car, community park, services of dinner etc. 

3. Psychic Income: it is the satisfaction which is derived after utilizing money income and Real Income by the family. 

Ways to increase family income: 

1. Part time jobs 

2. Growing vegetables in kitchen garden 

3. Taking tuitions 

4. Investments in small saving schemes 

5. Using community facilities

Personal hygiene: 

1. Wash your hand before handling food. 

2. Take bath regularly. 

3. Change undergarments regularly. 

4. Brush your teeth. 

5. Comb your hairs and wear head cover while working in kitchen. 

6. Nails should be cut and jewelry should be avoided while working in kitchen. 

Four hygiene practices while working in kitchen: 

1. Wash your hands properly. 

2. Use clean and fresh water to wash and cook food. 

3. Use separate chopping boards for meats and other foods.

4. Wear clean clothes. 

5. Wash all utensils, chopping boards and knives after use.

(1) Technological environment is the component of business environment highlighted in the given para. 

Technological environment – Technology is an important resource used by the business enterprises. Technology consists of those processes by which the organisation transforms inputs (raw materials, energy, capital etc.) into output (goods and services). Thus, the technological environment includes those scientific and technological advancements that affect organisation’s transformation process. Technological environment facilitates the organisation’s efficiency and effectiveness. 

 Following are examples of technological environment: 

(i). Use of robots in production process. 

(ii). Use of computer controlled machines and equipments. 

(iii). Computerised information technology.

 The change in technology has greater impact on many well-established practices of management. 

(2) Following are the features of business environment: 

• Dynamic nature – Business environment is dynamic in the sense that it keeps on changing very fast. For example, entry of new competitors in the market, change in the tastes and preferences of the consumers, improvement in technology etc. are ever changing. 
• Specific and general forces – Business environment includes both specific forces (such as investors, customers, competitors, suppliers) and general forces (such as social, political and technological conditions). 

(3) (a) Warning signal – A change in environment may be the source of many threats to a firm. A firm can anticipate the impact of such a change and prepare itself to meet such threat by adopting various measures. For example, if a firm finds that a new firm is entering into the market, it can meet such a threat by improving the quality of the product or engaging in aggressive advertising. 

(b) Planning and policy formulation – The knowledge of change in the environment helps in the formulation of plans and policies. Understanding the environment helps the management to identify opportunities and threats affecting the business

(i) Rebate 

(ii) Refund 

(iii) Product – combination 

(iv) Quality gift 

(v) Instant draws and assigned gift 

(vi) Lucky Draw.

Through its budget government uses fiscal instruments of taxation and subsidies with a view of improving the distribution of income and wealth in the economy.

A government reduces the inequality in the distribution of income and wealth by imposing taxes on the rich and giving subsidies to the poor and spending more on the welfare of the poor.

It will reduce income of the rich and raises the living standard of the poor. Thus, it leads to equitable distribution of income.

Expenditure on special anti poverty and employment schemes and public distribution system may increase the living standard of the poor.

Process highlighted in the statement is 'Management'.

Government budget is used to prevent business fluctuations of inflation and deflation to achieve the objective of economic stability i.e. high level of employment and price stability. The government aims to control the different phases of business cycle i.e. recession, depression, recovery and boom. Policies of surplus budget during inflation and deficit budget during deflation helps to maintain stability of prices in the economy.

Economic stability leads to more investment and increases the growth rate and development. 

Tax which is collected from the person on whom it is imposed is called as direct tax. Example Income tax, corporate tax.

Maslow‟s Need Hierarchy theory is based on human needs; which are as follows: 

1. Basic Physiological Needs 

2. Safety / Security Needs 

3. Affiliation/ Belonging Needs 

4. Esteem Needs 

5. Self Actualisation Needs

It is excess of the government total expenditure over the government total receipts net of the borrowings during a fiscal year.

Fiscal deficit = fiscal government total expenditure – fiscal government total receipts (net of the borrowing). Fiscal deficit indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government. Borrowing not only involves repayment of loan but also require payment of interest. If government borrows from RBI prints new currency it increases the money supply and creates inflationary pressures. If government borrows from rest of the world its raises it dependence on other countries.

Fiscal deficit may be defined as a position where total expenditure of the government is more than its sum total of revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts. Thus, 

Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – Total revenue receipts – Non-debt capital receipts 

Fiscal deficit within a limit does not create any problem. But, if fiscal deficit is high, it would create a large number of problems. High fiscal deficit encourages wasteful and unnecessary expenditure on the part of the government. Further, a high fiscal deficit leads to financial instability because high fiscal deficit encourages borrowings on the part of the government. This creates a large burden of interest payment and repayment of loans in the future. A country has to face the problem of debt-trap. Further, a large fiscal deficit may be inflationary.

(a) Estimation of manpower requirement. It involves determining the number and type of employees required. It would necessitate workload analysis and workforce analysis 

(b) 

(1) Recruitment- Process of searching for perspective employees and stimulating them to apply for the job. 

(2) Selection- Process of choosing the most suitable candidate and rejecting the unsuitable ones. 

In economics, the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the amount of a good that a consumer is willing to give up for another good, as long as the new good is equally satisfying. It's used in indifference theory to analyze consumer behavior. The marginal rate of substitution is calculated between two goods placed on an indifference curve, displaying a frontier of equal utility for each combination of "good A" and "good B."

Government has progressive system of taxation in which tax rates increase as income increases. 

The economic value it reflects are: 

(i) Reducing inequality of income- reducing gap between rich & poor. 

(ii) To reduce concentration of economic power in few hands. 

(iii) Using this extra money from the rich & helping poor.

(i) Reducing inequality – Government has progressive system of direct taxes in which tax rates increases as the income increases. This reduces inequality of income. It brings equality among people of the country. 

(ii) Helps in establishing- Socialistic Pattern of society in the country as it is the main objective described in the constitution of India.

1. Borrowing from abroad is a part of Capital Account. 

2. Borrowing from abroad can be private transactions or official transactions. 

3. For example, 

(a) All transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by private sector are recorded on the positive (credit) side as it is inflow of foreign currency. 

(b) Similarly, transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by government sector are recorded on the positive (credit) side as it is inflow of foreign currency.

 (b) 4800 crore

Central Bank is an institution which acts as custodian of nation’s foreign exchange reserves.

(a) Name of device

One cause for power dissipation

(b) Reduction of power loss in long distance transmission 

(c) Two values each displayed by teacher and Geeta

(a) Transformer

Cause of power dissipation

(i) Joule heating in the windings.

(ii) Leakage of magnetic flux between the coils.

(iii) Production of eddy currents in the core.

(iv) Energy loss due to hysteresis

(b) ac voltage can be stepped up to high value, which reduces the current in the line during transmission, hence the power loss (I²R) is reduced considerably while such stepping up is not possible for direct current.

[Also accept if the student explains this through a relevant example.]

(c) Teacher : Concerned, caring, ready to share knowledge .

Geeta : Inquisitive, scientific temper, Good listener, keen learner (any other two values for the teacher and Geeta)

Detailed Answer :

(a) The device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value is step up and step down transformer. In a transformer we use two coils one is called primary coil and other is called secondary coil. We know the relation for transformer

 E₁/E₂ = N₁/N₂

where E₁ and N₁ are voltage and number of turns in primary coil and E₂ and N₂ are voltage and number of turns in secondary coil.

The one cause of power dissipation in transformer is due to heat loss by eddy current.

(b) When electrical energy is transmitted over a long distance as an alternating current then power loss occurs due to the heat produced by the a.c. current.

Therefore, to reduce the power loss by heat, we reduced the current by increasing the ac voltage with the help of step up transformer and at the end again sufficient A.C. current is received by converting high voltage to low voltage current with step down transformer as

N₁/N₂ = E₁/E₂ = I₂/I₂

In this case A.C. power (P_ac = V.I. = const.)

But in direct current (dc) we cannot use the step up or step down transformer, therefore power loss cannot be reduced.

(c) Teacher : Concerned and ready to share knowledge .

Geeta : Good listener, keen learner.

b) that there is an optimum capital structure.

c) that k_o remains constant regardless of changes in leverage.

In Net income approach, the capital structure decision is relevant to the valuation of the firm. 

E₀ = peak value of emf 

(i) rms value [E_rms]  = E₀/√2 

(ii) average value [E_av] = zero

The function of transmitter is to convert the message signal produced by the source of information into a form suitable for transmission through the channel.

Change on each = (q_A -3q_A)/2 = - q_A

The charge on both spheres would be = (q_A + q_B)/2.

In case of two spheres of identical size, the total charge will try to distribute itself evenly between them.The positive charges(and negative charge) are repelled by one another and try to get as far apart as possible.  

For the whole we have (q_A + q_B)

For each sphere the new charges will be \(\frac{(q_A + q_B)}{2}\)

New charge on A is q_A/2 and New charge on B is = (q_A + 2q_B)/4

Regular six-sided polygon's perimeter is 8cm × 6 = 48 cm

So a side of another polygon is 60cm/6 = 10 cm

length of a side = 10 cm

(i) LAN (ii) Satellite

(i) LAN

(ii) Optical fiber cable

Six factors responsible for the disintegration of USSR are: 

1. The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions failed to meet the aspirations of the people.

2. Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system and to do so openly.

3. The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political sense as well. The Communist Party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years was not accountable to the people. Ordinary people were alienated by slow and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the system to correct mistakes it had made, the unwillingness to allow more openness in government and the centralisation of authority in a vast land.

4. The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet system. This led a huge economic burden that the system could not cope with,

5. When Gorbachev became the President, he carried out reforms and loosened the system. He set in motion forces and expectations that few could have predicted and became virtually impossible to control. There were sections of Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed and impatient with his methods. Others, especially members of the Communist Party and those who were served by the system, took exactly the opposite view. In this tug of war, Gorbachev lost support on all sides.

6. The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republics, Ukraine, Georgia, and others proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the disintegration of the USSR.

Clothing is a general term referring to actual objects related to the human body.

a. Upper part

b. Under part (Along with relevant figure)

Grain line always parallel to the selvage of the fabric.

Acid

For example HCl is acid and when it dissolved in water gives hydronium ion (H₃​O⁺)

HCl + H₂​O → H₃​O⁺ + Cl⁻

Any five of the following:

a. Dresses

b. Blouses

c. Skirts

d. Pants

e. Kurta and salwar

f. Sari blouse

(a) Draped costume- wrapping of skin or material length. Example- Egyptian schenti/Greek himation/Tahitian pareo.

(b) Slip-on costume-made from a piece of skin or material length with a hole for head to pass through. Example- Roman paenula/ Medievel huque/South American poncho.

(c) Close stitch costume-Fabric is worn around the body with armholes for sleeves to be attached. Example- Greek chiton/Roman tunic/Medieval Chemise.

(a) Trace the neckline of bodice block.

(b) Mark the points AB.

(c) Square out 1” or as desired from C to D.

(d) Join BD and DC with a straight line.

(a) Dresses- long continuous garments. 

(b) Blouses- covers upper half of the body.

(c) Skirt- cover lower half of the body.

(d) Pants- bifurcated garment for lower half.

(e) Kurta & Salwar- Kalidar, A-line, Churidar, Patiala salwar etc.

(f) Sari Blouse- stitched tops worn with draped saris.