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of a solution can be determined with the concentration of H+, mixing two solutions the pH is not ADDED, rather the moles of H+ is ADDITIVE, for equal volumes in the GIVEN question we need to find the moles of H+ and solution and solution B and add them and then CALCULATE the final PH .

unt of heat required to raise the TEMPERATURE of 60 grams of aluminium from 35-degree Celsius to 45-degree Celsius can be determined. The calculation is carried out by multiplying the GIVEN mass of aluminium with the difference in temperature and the SPECIFIC heat capacity of aluminium and it is calculated as followsHeat required is given by Q and it can be expressed as,ΔT=1600 J=1.6 KJ

ulate the mass of the individual elements present in SODIUM sulphate , ONE mole of sodium sulphate is taken. Sodium sulphate contains two moles of sodium, one mole of sulphur, and 4 moles of oxygen. The mass percentage of the elements are as follows Molecular weight of sodium sulphate = 142 grams  2 moles of sodium (Na) = 2 X 23 grams = 46 grams  One mole of sulphur (S) = 32 grams 4 moles of oxygen (O) = 4 x 16 grams = 64 grams Mass Percentage, Sodium = = 32.39% Sulphur = = 22.53% Oxygen = = 45.06%

e given,WATT of bulb = 25 wattWavelength of light = 600 nmPower of the bulb = 25 wattEnergy of one photon Number of PHOTONS emitted per SECOND

mic molecules like have zero OXIDATION state. · The "oxidation number" of a "mono atomic" ion is EQUAL to the "ion's charge". · The "sum" of all "oxidation numbers" in a "neutral compound" is zero. · Alkaline METAL have +1 oxidation number and "alkaline earth metals" have +2 oxidation number. · Oxygen have  -2 oxidation state But the oxidation number of oxygen in peroxide form is -1.  · Oxidation number is Hydrogen is -1 but in binary metal HYDRIDE oxidation number of hydrogen is +1. · Oxidation number of halide are always -1, unless they are in combination with an oxygen or fluorine. Let the oxidation state of S be x. The oxidation state of oxygen is -2 Therefore, Therefore, the "oxidation state" of "sulphur" is +6

mpound "ACCEPTS" a electrons pair from donor called Lewis acid. Due to electron deficient nature of , it accepts a electrons from "electron rich" species compound LIKE ammonia. The central atom of boron trichloride is boron as it is an electron deficient and it accepts a "electrons pairs" and ACT as Lewis acid. ii) "BORIC acid" is often referred to as orthoboric acid. Although, Boric acid contains three OH groups, it can still act as a monobasic acid instead of a tri-basic acid. "Boric acid" does not act as a protons donor, but rather accepts a "lone pair" of electrons from "OH ions". THEREFORE, it can be act as monobasic Lewis acid.

ction between and HCL is as follows MOLAR MASS of HCl = 36.5 The VOLUME of

ctron deficient hydrides won’t have sufficient number of electrons to form COVALENT bond. The structure of these hydrides are trigonal planar. The best example of electron deficient hydrides is BF3  which is shown in first diagram.The hydrides acts as Lewis acids, i.e., pair of electron acceptor as shown in second diagram .To compensate the electron DEFICIENCY these hydrides exist in POLYMERIC forms.Example are and    etc.,We know that hydrides with electron deficiency are very REACTIVE. These hydrides react with “metals and non-metals” to form compounds readily.

um DICHROMATE | K2CR2O7 or Cr2K2O7 | CID 24502 - structure, chemical 10 to 50 mg/mL at 68° F (NTP, 1992) Mixtures, Components, and Neutralized FORMS, 2 records.I hope this will help youIf not then COMMENT me

ime prepared on a commercial scale by HEATING lime STONE CaCo3 . HEAT remove the carbon dioxide from lime stone and give CaO (quick lime) .when quick lime is ADDED to water it form slaked lime

rue that Diamonds and Charcoal both are FORMED from Carbon.However, diamond is formed at much DEEPER levels in the Earth that charcoal. Diamond is formed under very high temperature and PRESSURE, where the carbon atoms FUSE TOGETHER to create a crystalline structure.This is why diamonds are much more expensive than carbon, because the process that forms them is very difficult and requires a lot of time. This is why it's such a rare gem.

on dioxide absorbs infrared radiation. ii) The sun continuously pushes enormous amounts of ENERGY on earth and other planets in the FORM of light. iii) The energy absorbed by the earth is released in the form of heat. WITHOUT absorbing the heat, the earth throws away all the heat in to the space. So most of the heat absorption occurs in the form of IR radiation iv) We know that absorbs infrared radiation in the earth and releases excess of heat to the space. This MEANS earth is emitting slightly less energy than it RECEIVES from the sun. However, the earth heats up.

Usually peroxy COMPOUNDS tend to be highly UNSTABLE and reactive. Similarly, Hydrogen peroxide is a peroxy compound and also unstable, and it SLOWLY decomposes into water and oxygen. The reaction as follows,                 ii)        The decomposition is faster in alkaline medium, and also in the presence of substances like manganese dioxide.  iii)        It decomposes when SUNLIGHT falls on it or when subjected to heat or even exposed to open air.

mers which have different spaced ARRAY of group’s(SPATIAL arrangement) SURROUNDING the compound are called as geometrical isomerism.     The MINIMUM requirement for a compound to show geometrical isomerism is that the molecule should be rigid towards its rotation because of this rotation it forms “cis and trans isomers”. So rigidity among the molecules along the axis is MAINLY required for a compound to show geometrical isomerism.

tion:Nitric acid forms a CONSTANT boiling mixture with water CONTAINING 68 acid. This mixture boils constantly at constant boiling point without any change in its composition. At this temperature, the gas and the water vapour escape together. HENCE the composition of the solution remains unchanged. So nitric acid cannot be concentrated beyond 68 by distillation of dilute solution of HNO3.

ARY POLLUTANTS: Primary pollutants are the pollutants in which the emission is directly from the source and AFFECTS the ATMOSPHERE or air. The sources may volcanic eruptions and SANDSTORMS ETC.,        Primary pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and oxides of NITROGEN.2.  SECONDARY POLLUTANTS:        Secondary pollutants do not directly attack the air or atmosphere. The secondary pollutants are formed from the reaction between the pollutants of primary which attacks the atmosphere.        Secondary pollutants are photochemical oxidants like ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur trioxide.

one intrested and free delivery is called rumination the ratio of the first quantity to be in the world and i have to second quantity of the ratio of a mini break down PLANT matter of time before they can I pregnant with each of these areas and their links to MAKE a cotton wool and their FAMILIES and friends to make Barbie videos of the ratio of the first quantity is called STICKY ends up being a cotton wool and their families in hindi film festival is not the first time that means you are talking with each other pls BHAI to second place in the world I like it so that it was

as no of shell increases NUCLEAR force decreases therefore ELECTRONS can be easily REMOVED from the ATOMS.

Cu both are metals as they readily REACT with any other organic compounds. But the REACTIVITY with steam of these are different. Reason: Fe is more reactive than water and Cu is LESS reactive than water, so that COPPER cannot displace HYDROGEN from its compounds to form hydrogen gas, such as water and acids while iron can displace hydrogen and Fe decomposes in steam and Cu does not decompose with steam.

nsity always RELATES to AMPLITUDE and is not related to wavelength of the spectral line. ii) Emission spectrum is a result of large number of light emitters in a given material, each radiating at a specific frequency. iii)  NET amplitude as a function of frequency will depend on statistical distribution of the emitters. iv) For simplification, it can be SAID that intensity is BRIGHTNESS of the spectral line whereas the wavelength is the color of the spectral line. Such that they cannot be directly related.

omic molecules like have zero oxidation state. 2) The "oxidation number" of a "mono atomic" ion is equal to the charge present in the ion. 3) "Sum" of all "oxidation numbers" in a "neutral COMPOUND" is equal to VALUE "zero". 4) "Alkaline metal" have +1 oxidation number and "alkaline earth METALS" have +2 oxidation number. 5) Oxygen has -2 oxidation state but the oxidation number of oxygen in peroxide form is -1.  6) Oxidation number is Hydrogen is -1 but in binary metal hydride oxidation number of hydrogen is +1. 7) Oxidation number of HALIDE are always -1, unless they are in combination with an oxygen or fluorine. Let the oxidation state of Na be x. The oxidation state of oxygen, in case of peroxides, is -1 Therefore, Therefore, the "oxidation state" of "sodium" is +1.

tion INTERMEDIATES are the CHEMICAL species which are PRODUCED from the reactants during the reaction and products are formed on further reactions.  ii) The bond fission is of two types i) Homolytic bond fission and ii) Heterolytic bond fission. III) Free radicals are produced as intermediates during hemolytic bond fission. IV) “Carbocation and Carbanion” are produced as intermediates during heterolytic fission.

m "significant figures" refers to the important numbers in "SINGLE digits" ("0 through 9") in the expression coefficient in scientific notation. The "number of significant figures" present in an expression shows the "confidence or accuracy" with which an "engineer or scientist" defines a "quantity". The following three rules are used to determine the number of significant numbers in a number:  Non-zero numbers are always significant  Any ZEROS between two significant numbers are significant. A "final zero or TRAILING zeros" present only in the "decimal portion" are important.  EXAMPLES: 0.900 or 0.928000, the zeros are significant. The given number: 45000 The exponential notation to show four significant figure is

that Ethane is hybridized. Ethene is hybridized. ETHYNE is hybridized. Number of hybrid ORBITALS formed is equal to the number of combining orbitals Carbon MAKES four bonds in ethane so it requires 4 hybrid orbitals. One s-orbital and 3 p-orbitals CONSTITUTES for bonding to form sp3 hybridization. In case ethene, carbon makes three bonds so it requires 3 orbitals which constitutes to form sp2 hybridization. Similarly, in case of ethyne they form sp hybridized orbitals

atoms in an organic molecule POSITIVELY charged and is called carbocation or carbonium ion. The VALENCE electrons of the carbocations are six, which are electron deficient. This LEADS them unstable.  There are different types of carbocations. They are  i) Alkyl carboncations.ii) Carbocations formed by breakage of aldehydes, ketones and acetals.  iii) Carbocations formed by the breakage of CARBOXYLIC ACID with help of lewis acid catalyst  or called lewis carbocation .

antum NUMBERS REQUIRING for the complete explanation of “electron” PRESENT in an atom. Number: “Principal quantum number” Symbol: n Possible values: 1, 2, 3, 4... Number: "Angular momentum quantum number" Symbol: I Possible values: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4..... (n-1) Number: "Magnetic quantum number" Symbol: m Possible values: -1 to +1 Number: "Spin quantum number" Symbol: s Possible values: a) The quantum numbers given in question is impossible because the value of  b)  The quantum numbers given in question is possible.      c) The quantum numbers given in question is not possible when n = 1,    d)  The quantum numbers given in question is possible.     e) The quantum numbers given in question is not possible when n = 3 , f) The quantum numbers given in question is possible.

ecome formally charged on the basis of their relative stability,In case of non-metals, (which is from the right-hand side of the Periodic Table), we have high NUCLEAR charge and they tend to be OXIDIZED, i.e. they accept electrons to form anions In case of metals the electron rich or POWERFUL and they tend to be reduced and form CATIONS The basic chemistry involves the formation of stable salt with the COMBINATION positive and negative ions.

ird law of thermodynamics” states that “a SYSTEM’s entropy becomes CONSTANT when the system temperature becomes absolute zero”. The Third Law states, The “entropy” of a “PERFECT crystal” is “zero” when the crystal’s temperature is equal to “absolute zero”. The crystal must be “perfect” or an “inherent disorder” will exist. It must also be at “0 K”, otherwise the thermal motion INSIDE the crystal will LEAD to disorder.

: Degree of disorder or measurement of randomness of a system. It is an “extensive PROPERTY” and STATE function. Enthalpy: Enthalpy is defined as the SUM of the energy STORED in the system and the energy used in doing work. Reactions can be “driven by enthalpy” reactions are extremely exothermic reactions and it have negative and the entropy of the reaction also DECREASES. Reactions can be “driven by entropy” reactions are extremely endothermic reactions and it have positive .

ur daily life we are using or consuming a LOT of electrical and solar energy in out ROUTINE basis. The consumption in past years is given in table attached.ii) Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity, which is referred to the HIGHLY disorderliness of the SYSTEM increases year by year.  iii) By doing work - enforced in energy the system entropy can be decreased.iv) The energy available in the universe is used up which in turn increased the entropy. Hence the conclusion of entropy is driven.From the chart it is clear that the solar power, wind power and hydro power consumption are increases year wise. By 2030, we consume maximum of all natural resources available in this universe. Definitely the energy is the universe is decreasing year by year.

is present in crystalline forms and it also exists in the form of amorphous.  Carbon forms “different forms” are called “allotropes”. Example: diamond, GRAPHITE, and fullerene. MANY atoms are LINKED in a crystal in a repeated pattern that CONTAINS thousands of atoms.  For each carbon form, the “arrangement of atoms” in the crystal differs and explains why the various forms have different properties. One of the allotropic form of a carbon is a fullerene in which “carbon atoms” are “arranged in a sphere”. Each sphere has 60 carbon atoms and each carbon atom is linked by a single covalent. The bonds which are present in carbons are RELATIVELY weak. The fullerene is considered as purest allotrope of “carbon” because they have “smooth structure” without having dangling bonds.

In the Daniel cell, the electron current flows from Zn to Cu but the conventional current flows from Cu to Zn ii)        This is because, in the two ends of the wire the POTENTIAL difference is applied. By applying potential, the positive particles move from higher potential to the lower potential in the true SOLUTION iii)        Whereas the negatively charged particles moves from lower potential to higher potential region iv)        This concludes the flow of positive and negative particles is in the opposite direction. Here the net current is ZERO. But this case is not possible v)        To overcome this problem, direction of current is defined as direction of flow of positive charge and if negative charge is flowing then that current is taken in opposite direction. The two current (positive charge PARTICLE current and negative charge particle current) is then taken and added to FIND net current

ening effect: The reduction in the attraction force exerted by the center part of atom called “nucleus” on the “valence electrons” due to the electrons PRESENCE in the “inner shells” is called the “shielding effect”. This effect increases if there is increase in the electrons numbers between the core and the “outermost electrons” in the “inner shells”. The screening effect order: “s-orbital” > “p-orbital” > “d-orbital” > “f-orbital”. b) Penetration effect: Electrons are “negatively charged” and attracted by the positive charge of the nucleus and also electrons are repelling each other. The balance of force of attraction and repulsion leads to shielding. Therefore, the electron ABILITY gets “CLOSE to the nucleus” called penetration. c) METALLIC character: The “metal character” refers to the “level” of “metal reactivity”. This decreases as we shift from “left to right” through a “period” in the “periodic table”. This happens because ATOMS accept electrons more readily to fill a “valence shell” than they lose to “remove” the “unfilled shell”.

nt features of “Molecular orbital” theory:1) The molecular orbital obtained by the “ADDITIVE INTERACTION” of “atomic orbitals” is called “bonding molecular” orbital.2) The “molecular orbital” obtained by the “SUBTRACTIVE interaction” of “atomic orbitals” is called “bonding molecular” orbital.3) In “BODING molecular” orbital, the “electron density” is “concentrated” in-between the “nuclei”, hence, greater attraction and lower ENERGY.4) Nucleus, hence, less attraction and high energy.5) “Bond order” is defined as the half of the distance between the “number of electrons” in “bonding molecular” orbital and anti-bonding molecular orbital.6) 7) “Bond order” is “directly proportional” to the “bond dissociation” energy and inversely proportional to the “bond length”.8) Bond order is equal to the number of “covalent bonds” in molecule or ion.9) If there are unpaired electrons in a molecule or ion it will be paramagnetic.The Molecular orbital diagram of is shown below. Bond order = 1Bond order of is one therefore, two fluorine atoms are bonded by single bond and it does not have unpaired electrons hence, is diamagnetic.

To attain stability all atoms, need filled outer shell i.e. outer shell is filled with 8 electrons ii)        We know that boron has only 3 electrons in its outermost shell and fluorine has only 7 electrons in its outermost shell iii)        The three-excess electron in the boron PAIRED with three fluorine atoms to form . Now we have 3 electron pairs (6 electrons); but what we need is 4 electron pairs (8 electrons) to attain STABLE state. so, there is the deficient of electrons iv)        Finally, boron ALWAYS in NATURE have an affinity for two more electrons preferably lone pair of some other atom

ter of metal atom has octet ELECTRONS which is incomplete is the PHENOMENON of electron deficient compounds. is the compounds with electron deficient. (i) Boron has three numbers of valence electrons. After the formation of “three covalent bonds with chlorine”, the NUMBER of electron increases to 6. To reach octet it needs two electrons. (II) Silicone has valence electrons of four. By the formation of covalent bonds four atoms of chlorine its number of electron increases to eight. Hence the rule of octet is OBEYED. Silicon Tetrachloride is not a compound with electron deficient.

the 4S electrons is moved to the 3d subshell because the element is more stable and has LOWER energy when the d is either half full or completely full. Copper does the same THING to have 10 electrons INSTEAD of 9 in the 3d subshell.This makes the configuration of Cr: [Ar]4s^1 3d^5And Cu is therefore: [Ar]4s^1 3d^10NB. Where [Ar] is the noble gas configuration up to that of Argon and ^ represents SUPERSCRIPT, to avoid confusion there.

The electron withdrawing group stabilizes the RCOO- and strengthens the ACID. They are usually happens at para/ortho place of an electrophilic substitution LIKE aromatics compounds. ii)        The electron donating group stabilizes the RCOO- and weakens the acid. It resonates the aromatic ring by forming a resonate electron density. iii)        The influence of the INDUCTIVE effect on acidity is UNDERSTOOD in TERMS of conjugate base RCOO- from the above explanation.

n if the liquid has stronger intermolecular force then the viscosity of the liquid is higher. Both intermolecular force and viscosity are directly related.2. In water intermolecular force exist with hydrogen bonding.3. The intermolecular force that exist in n-hexane is induced by dipole-dipole FORCES or Van DER Waal’s forces or London forces4. The intermolecular forces that exist in glycerine are with hydrogen BONDS. Hence the boiling point of the glycerine is higher.5. The increase order is given as Hexane < Water < Glycerine

tructure does not explain all the properties of the molecule. As a result, it is possible to draw a number of structures to explain all the FEATURES. These structures are called “RESONATING structures” and resonance which means that a molecule can be EXPRESSED in different forms and none of which can explain all the properties of the molecule. As in case of ion all the bonds are equivalent. Therefore, it is not correct to representation ion through ONE Lewis structure. INSTEAD three resonating structures can be drawn which are as follows:

rbons are compounds which are mixture of "carbon" and "hydrogen". Depending on the bonding in between the carbon and hydrogen atoms, it can be classified as "ALKANES", "alkenes", and "alkynes". Due to its "higher electron density", the triple bonds present in the alkynes are EASILY attacked by "ELECTROPHILES", but are "less reactive" than "alkenes" due to the "compact" “C-C electron bond. As the “electrophilic addition” of non-symmetric alkenes follows the Markovnikov rule, adding the electrophilic to the “less SUBSTITUTED” carbon.

to its higher density in electron, ALKYNES with triple bonds are easily attacked by "electrophiles", but are "less reactive" than "alkenes" due to the "compact" "C-C electron" CLOUD. As the ELECTROPHILIC addition of non-symmetric alkenes follows the Markovnikov rule, adding the electrophilic to the "less substituted" carbon. b) "Benzene" is highly unsaturated but does not normally undergo any additional reactions. Reason is it is an "aromatic compound" and is "stabilized" because of the resonance or the delocalization of electrons. It loses resonance stability if it undergoes additional reactions. c) "BIRCH reduction" is an "organic reaction" in which aromatic rings are reduced by 1 and 4 to provide "unconjugated cyclohexadienes". The reduction in liquid ammonia and in presence of alcohol is carried out by sodium or lithium metal.

ecular elimination reactions will take PLACE between Isobutyl Chloride and Sodium Ethoxide ,in this reaction two atoms are eliminated at a time in a single step and the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of nucleophile and substrate. This chemical reaction will be a second order reaction followed by the yielding of  ISOBUTENE along with NaCl and ETHANOL (C2H5OH) as by products.you can CHECK attached file

law of THERMODYNAMICS”: According to this law, the CHANGE in “internal energy” of a closed system will be equal to the energy added to the system minus the “work DONE” on its “SURROUNDINGS” by the system. This is the law of conservation of energy written in a form useful to systems involving heat transfer. According to first law of Thermodynamics, Therefore,