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Transcript of Energy Transformation During Digestion. -body transformschemical energy into mechanicalenergy, then to THERMAL energy most occurs in stomach most occurs in small intestine When energy is absorbed, released or TRANSFORMED from 1 type into another, a CHEMICALCHANGE has occurred.

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Nutrients are essential for achieveing an optimum height and growth .For example PROTEINS are most important nutrients for building and developing and maintaing muscles and TISSUE in our body.
Due to the DEFICIENCY of protein can leads to STUNT or ABNORMAL growth as well as low muscle mass.

The 5` END of POLYNUCLEOTIDE chain is attached to phosphate group.This phosphate group gives DNA a NEGATIVE charge.

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That is algae.we KNOW that algae grow on GENERALLY WET and moist AREAS like soil,old walls and water bodies.

In the five-kingdom classification, chlamydomonas and CHLORELLA have been INDUCED in Protista.Protista consisted of all PRESENT PROTOZOANS.

1. 2 HETEROZYGOUS tall plants...

2.1 homozygous GREEN POD...

Yes.some traits can be governed by more than TWO alleles in a population.such phenomenon is called MULTIPLE allelism.Blood group is ALSO governed by more than two alleles.

Blood group is governed by five alleles:

Ia1

Ia2

Ia3

Ib

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Zoology is the scientific study of animals. Invertebrate zoology is therefore the scientific study of the group of animals known as invertebrates. So what are these invertebrates?

              The simple answer is that invertebrates are ‘animals without a backbone’. 

Directly translated, the term means without (in-) vertebrae (-vertebrata). But, that’s a bit vague and often leads to confusion (some students equate ‘vertebrae’ with skeleton or HARD parts, don’t do that!). We’ll get more specific on this in the next few chapters.

As humans we are both naturally curious and have a tendency to put things into order, so that the world around us makes sense. In zoology, that process includes looking at the characteristics that unify organisms, grouping organisms into a classification system, and then NAMING the categories. This is the method of taxonomy. 

A Swedish botanist Carolus Linneaus (1707-1778) is often credited as the 'father' of modern classification as he is the one who came up with the binomial scientific naming system still used for most organismic groups today. The binomial system gives each distinct 'species' a separate first and last name: Genus species. An example would be our human scientific name, HOMO sapiens. By convention, this binomial is always given with the genus capitalized, the species lower case, and the entire set either italicized OR underlined. In this way, each recognized organism has it's own unique scientific name. This uniqueness and universality across languages reduces confusion. 

A species is then GROUPED with others of similar characteristics into the broader category known as Family (for example, humans are in the Family Hominidae, note the use of capital letters). This continues in an ever broadening nested grouping system through Order, Class, and Phylum (for our species those are Order Primate, Class Mammalia, and Phylum Chordata). And finally, we are part of the Kingdom Animalia.

In this way, each recognized organism has it's own unique scientific name.

The characteristics used by zoologists to group species into these various nested categories come from a VARIETY of sources. Historically, external (outside) morphology and internal(inside) anatomy were used most often, together with details about life cycle and development(i.e. steps between fertilization, through larval stages, and into patterning of the adult body). In modern times, comparison of DNA sequences (molecular genetics) as well as aspects of regulation within and between cells (physiology,cell biology, and developmental genetics) have been added to the process of classification (taxonomy). In this way, taxonomy relies on a variety of character sets to build the nested categories of classification.

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The FLOW of molecules in and out of a CELL is regulated by PLASMA membrane.

Plasma membrane is a SELECTIVELY permeable lipid bilayer that allows flow of molecules through it when necessary.The regulation is based on the concentration OD substances and need of the cell.

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aids means FIRST aid

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The chromosomes show two DNA MOLECULES in MITOSIS during METAPHASE 2

Means in haploid cell 10 chromosome are present so in diploid 10 ×2 =20 no. of chromosomes WOULD be present
as 4 CELLS are produced after MEIOSIS each having half no. of dna CONTENT so dna content in meiocyte would be 40pg

On addition to water the NA+ section of NACL is attracted to the oxygen side of the water molecules, while the CL- side is attracted to the hydrogens' side of the water molecule. This causes the SODIUM CHLORIDE to split in water, and the NaCl dissolves into separate Na+ and Cl- atoms.

The Body SURFACE. ... Gas exchange occurs at capillaries located throughout the body as well as those in the respiratory surface. Amphibians use their SKIN as a respiratory surface. FROGS eliminate carbon dioxide 2.5 times as FAST through their skin as they do through their lungs.

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Reactions of the Calvin cycle

1. Carbon fixation. A CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RUBP). ...

2. REDUCTION. In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to CONVERT the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). ...

3. Regeneration.

Through FRAGMENTATION

SPONGES then coelentrata

In spore MOTHER cell at end of s PHASE 20 chromosomes and 40pg of DNA CONTENT would be present

Snails, slugs and elongate animals such as earthworms, flatworms and nematodes degrade ORGANIC matter. Among the most ABUNDANT arthropods are soil MITES, springtails and various forms of insects including ants, TERMITES, beetles and FLIES.

The ANIMALS we SPIT up on organic matter PRESENT in SOIL or mark are known as MINERAL.

Hypersecretion by an ENDOCRINE GLAND is OFTEN caused by a tumor. For example, a tumor of the pituitary gland can cause hypersecretion of GROWTH hormone. ... Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to ABNORMAL growth, often called gigantism.

Irrigation production is a means by which agricultural production can be increased to meet the growing food demands in the WORLD. This study evaluated the effect of irrigation ecology on farm household technical, allocative, and ECONOMIC efficiency of smallholder rice farmers. Cross-sectional data was obtained from 350 rice farmers across rain fed and irrigation ecologies. Stochastic frontier analyses are used to estimate the production efficiency and endogenous treatment effect regression model is used to estimate the impact of irrigation ecology on rice production efficiency. The impact of irrigation ecology on technical efficiency is about 0.05, which IMPLIES farmers producing under irrigation ecology are more technically EFFICIENT in their rice production than those in rain fed production. The impact of irrigation ecology on allocative efficiency is about 0.33, which shows that farmers participating in irrigation farming are more allocatively efficient in their rice production than those in rain fed production. The impact on economic efficiency is about 0.23, meaning that farmers participating in irrigation farming are more economically efficient in their rice production than those in rain fed production.


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The common name of diaminomethanal is the iupac name of urea..

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The phenomenon of the PRECIPITATION of a colloidal solution by the ADDITION of the excess of an electrolyte is CALLED coagulation or flocculation.”
The coagulation of the lyophobic sols can be CARRIED out by following methods.
(1) By electrophoresis: In electrophoresis the colloidal particles move towards oppositely charged electrode. When these come in contact with the electrode for long these are discharged and precipitated.
(2) By mixing two oppositely charged sols : When oppositely charged sols are mixed in almost equal proportions, their charges are neutralised..

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respiratory volumes and capacities

1) tidal VOLUME (TV)it is the volume of AIR inspired or expired /breathing during a normal respiration and about 500 ml of a per minute

2) inspiratory RESERVE volume (Irv) it is the additional volume of a person MAY inspired by a forcefully Pareshan it is appropriate to 2500 ml to 3000 ml

3)expiratory reserve volume (e r v) it is the additional volume of a person can expired by possible expiration it is appropriate average 1000 ml 1100ml

4)vital capacity VC maximum volume of air a person can break in after a force desperation it is total of ERV+ TV+ Irv it is the maximum volume of a a a person can breathe out after forced inspiration

5)total lung capacity total volume of air accommodate in the lungs at the end of the fourth inspiration is called as total lung capacity

TLC=RV+ERV+TV+IRV

6) expiratory capacity: it is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration

EC=TV+ERV

Because they HELP in REMOVING NITROGENOUS WASTE from our BODY

Restriction ENDONUCLEASES areused to cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences to isolate the desired gene. This DNAFRAGMENT which is to be INSERTED into plasmid for CLONING is called passenger DNA. And the desired gene is isolated by a process called gel-electrophoresis. A suitable plasmid is selected.

I GUESS VIRUS OPTION D.........

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant RESERVOIR of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. Theterm biodiversity hotspot specifically REFERS to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 PERCENT of their original habitat.


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The most COMMON types of STDs in the UK include chlamydia, genital WARTS, genital HERPES, gonorrhoea, (among the treatable ones), but also HEPATITIS B&C, syphilis and HIV (among the incurable and/or very severe ones).

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EYES through the BRAIN

The difference between these TWO criteria is that minimum evolution is CALCULATED from a distance matrix, whereas maximum PARSIMONY is calculated directly using the character matrix. Like the maximum-parsimony tree, the minimum-evolution tree must be sought in "tree space", typically using a HEURISTIC SEARCH method.

TELL your PROBLEM in little bit GRAMMAR ENGLISH

SORRY I can't UNDERSTAND HINDI I am so sorry for this

The present study was designed to estimate zooplankton abundance qualitatively and QUANTITATIVELY in different Fish-Livestock Integrated Farming Systems (FLIFS) over the Non Integrated Fish-Livestock Farming System (NIFLFS) in Terai region of West Bengal. Three treatments in TRIPLICATES for four consecutive years (2008–2011) were studied in Belacoba village of Jalpaiguri district involving nine pond of 0.01 hectare (ha) namely, NIFLFS (Control): The aquaculture was not integrated with the animal waste, FLIFS -I: Integration of cattle manure with aquaculture and FLIFS -II: FLIFS-I+ ducks grazing on the ponds. Zooplankton samples were collected bimonthly from the treated ponds for the analysis (qualitatively and quantitatively). Ponds under FLIFS-II and FLIFS-I were found to contain significantly higher concentration of zooplanktons (131±12 no l−1 and 128±11 no l−1, respectively) than NIFLFS (27 ± 2 no l−1). The identified zooplanktons were under 4 orders namely copepoda, rotifera, cladocera, and Diaptomus. Dominant groups of the zooplankton available in all the samples were observed to be Copepoda and Cladocera represented by Cyclops sp.and Daphnia sp., respectively. Total seven and six species were identified in the FLIFS-II and FLIFS-I, respectively in comparison to the four species in NIFLFS. In the present study the Daphnia was also significantly increased by 32.8% and 31.8% in FLIFS-I and FLIFS-II, respectively, where frequently manure was APPLIED. Again Bosmina sp. was observed to be contributing in the FLIFS-II where ducks are grazing and the duck droppings are introduced in the ponds. Hence, it was concluded that utilization of cow dung and duck manure for aquaculture can successfully INCREASE the availability and diversity of the natural food (zooplankton) to support the growing fishes under the integrated fish farming systems followed in the terai region of West Bengal.

The present investigation conducted to study the fundamental aspects of fruit development that determine fruit size would indicate how and when size could be affected and to specify which components could be environmentally manipulated and which are FIXED under genetic control. With this objective fruit compositional CHANGES in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv Dholka, comprises length, volume and WEIGHT, seed+aril weight and number of seed+aril per fruit , rind weight, rind thickness seed, calyx length, calyx diameter and juice content were evaluated in fruits of variable sizes. Pearson correlations and factor analysis were determined to find out association AMONG fruit and aril traits. Results indicated that fruit length, fruit volume, fruit weight, seed+aril weight per fruit and number of seed+aril per fruit are closely correlated therefore; any of these traits could be utilized as an indicator of fruit size. The number of seed+arils per fruit was highly correlated with fruit size with larger fruit containing greater numbers of arils. This is in contrast to individual average aril weight, which showed no significant relationship to fruit size. These results will be useful to breeding programs that require awareness of fruit qualities in the selection of traits for improvement. For production strategies which aim in increasing aril numbers for obtaining larger fruits in pomegranate cv Dholka under temperate CONDITION.

Plasmids are the most common vectors used in plant transformation. They are used to multiply the gene of interest and to TRANSFER FOREIGN genes into the RECIPIENT organism. Plasmids are SMALL circular pieces of DNA found in almost all bacteria and in some fungi, protozoa, plants and animals.

Primase - The enzyme responsible for initiating synthesis of RNA PRIMERS on the lagging STRAND during DNA replication. HOLOENZYME - A term used to describe a COLLECTION of differentenzymes that work together in a given process such as DNA replication.

Wisdom teeth don't usually CAUSE any PAIN until they start to do damage, so it is best to find out if your wisdom teeth are LIKELY to cause problems sooner rather than later. The roots of wisdom teeth are STILL forming in a TEENAGER so it is easier to take them out at this age.

The ABO blood SYSTEM labels blood types with the letters A, B, AB, and O. Your blood also has a Rhesus or Rh factor, which can be either negative or POSITIVE. You inherit your blood type and Rh factor from your parents. To determine your Rh factor, FIND out your parents' Rh FACTORS for information.

Kidneys. Kidneys play a major role in the process of excretion in humans. ... Kidneys HELP in the elimination of wastes from the body in the FORM of urine. Apart from kidneys, organs LIKE lungs, LIVER, skin and sebaceous glands help in excretion.

The CELL MEMBRANE MOVEMENT in and out the cell.