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Types of Fermenters:

i. Fluidized Bed Bioreactor:

It is more popular in chemical industry rather new to biochemical industries. These are mostly used in conjunction with immobilized cells or enzyme system and are operated continuously.

ii. LOOP or Air Lift Bioreactor:

In the conventional bioreactor, oxygen is supplied by vigorous agitation of the bioreactor content. The heat is generated which is a problem in conventional type. In air lift fermenter, cooling becomes simpler DUE to the position of inner or outer loop.

iii. Membrane Bioreactor:

These consist of a semipermeable membrane made up of cellulose acetate or other polymeric materials. The primary purpose of the membrane is to retain the cells within the bioreactor, thus increasing their density, while at the same time allowing metabolic products to pass through the membrane.

iv. Pulsed Column Bioreactor:

The essential component of a pulsed column bioreactor is a column bioreactor generator connected to the bottom of the column. A pulsed column bioreactor can be utilized as an aerobic bioreactor, enzyme bioreactor or as a separation unit since its original successful application was in the extraction of uranium.

v. Bubble Column Bioreactor:

Multistage bubble column bioreactor are suitable in the equivalent batch process. It is necessary to vary the environmental CONDITIONS over the course of the reaction. In this bioreactor, it is possible to provide different environmental conditions in VARIOUS stages. The system may not be suitable for FUNGAL fermentation due to high oxygen demanding system.

vi. Photo Bioreactor:

For the growth and production of photosynthetic organisms, a light source is retired. In photo-bioreactor, there is an important ‘reactant’, the photons which must be absorbed in order to react and produce products. So the design of the light source is critical in the performance of this type of bioreactor.

One of the most interesting photochemical reactors is the annular reactor. In this source of radiation is a cylinder with an annular section, which encloses the lamp completely. The nutrient passing from the product is removed from the top. This is used for Spirulina (SCP) and other algal protein production.

vii. Packed Tower Bioreactor:

It consists of cylindrical column packed with inert material like wood shavings, twigs cake, polyethylene or sand. Initially, both medium and cells are fed into the top of the packed bed. Once the cells adhered to the support and were growing well as a thin film, fresh medium is added at the top of the packed bed and the fermented medium removed from the bottom of the column.

This is used for vinegar production, sewage effluent treatment and enzymatic conversion of penicillin to 6-amino penicillanic acid. The design of fermenter involves the co-operation between experts in microbiology, biochem­istry, mechanical engineering and economics.

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OXIDATION and REDUCTION REACTION OCCURS in MITOCHONDRIA

The CHARACTERISTIC JOINT damage and disability of RHEUMATOID arthritis (RA) increase slowly over 10-20 yr. Although it is generally believed that persisting inflammatory synovitis causes joint damage and subsequentdisability, the strength of their relationship has not been systematically evaluated.


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The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of SYNOVIAL joint in which the ... (toes,
The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded BONE FITS into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common CENTER. It enables the bone to move in many places (nearly all directions).

Ball and socket joint

1: Ball and socket joint; 2: Condyloid joint(Ellipsoid); 3: Saddle joint; 4 Hinge joint; 5: Pivot joint;

Examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip, where the round head of the femur (ball) rests in the cup-like acetabulum(socket) of the pelvis, and in the glenohumeral joint of the SHOULDER, where the rounded head of the humerus (ball) rests in the cup-likeglenoid fossa (socket) of the shoulder blade.[2] The shoulder includes asternoclavicular articulation joint.

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Barley is currently POPULAR in TEMPERATE areas

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The pyloric STOMACH is much smaller and narrower than cardiac stomach. .... The heart CONTRACTS to drive the oxygenated blood to the DIFFERENT PARTS of the body through arteries.

The GENOTYPE of PARENTS are IOIA and IoIB

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Sexual reproduction is considered to be a better mode of reproductionbecause it creates a hybrid that has more vigor than the parents. It ALSO leads to variations that enable organisms to adapt to the changing or prevailing environment.
Variations are INTRODUCED during meiosis in sexual reproduction, which is an important TOOL for EVOLUTION. It adds survival value to particular species.

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Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.[1] People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the SQUARE of the person's height, is over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2defined as overweight.Some East Asian countries USE lower values.Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, CERTAIN TYPES of cancer, osteoarthritisand depression.



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Thus COORDINATION between fundal contraction and cervical dilatationcalled “Polarity of UTERUS” If the polarityof uterus DISORGANIZED then the PROGRESS of labor is inhibited. the lower pole contracts slightly and dilates to ALLOW expulsion to take place.


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REPRODUCTION of animals

1 Asexual-it PRODUCE genetic interbreeding to produced fertile offspring

2 SEXUAL- budding ,FUSSION

As we know that there are 306 bones in the human body.

every bone has its own function.

the following bones has the particular function which they perform perfectly to keep human body working.

fossa ALLOWS smooth gliding of joints.

foreman allows bones to attach to the bone

and we know that tubercle are used to ALLOW blood vessels and nerves to TRAVEL through bone.

Semi-DISCONTINUOUS nature of replication is attributed to the fact that one strand is replicated CONTINUOUSLY whereas the other strand in discontinuous fashion. The continuous synthesis here means that the replication only needs one primer, and the replication occurs till the termination site. This strand is CALLED Leading strand. On the counterpart, the discontinuous strand, also called Lagging strand, will have the formation of Okazaki fragments.
The Trombone model can well explain the semi-discontinuous replication. It gives an EXPLANATION how the Polymerase III holoenzyme manage to replicate in the opposite direction without falling off from the strand.
The DNA pol III holoenzyme has 3 Polymerase III core enzymes. Two DNA pol III core enzyme is dedicated to Lagging strand (as the replication is slow) and one is devoted to Leading strand.


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In both codominance and incomplete dominance, both alleles for a trait aredominant. In codominance a HETEROZYGOUS individual expresses both simultaneously WITHOUT any blending. ... An EXAMPLE of incomplete dominance is the pink snapdragon, which RECEIVES a red allele and white allele.

The left and right side of the heart are separated because of a reason. The left heart contains the oxygenated blood. Oxygen RICH blood is pumped from lungs to the left atrium and then to left VENTRICLE from where the blood is pumped to the entire BODY.

The right ventricle collectes the DEOXYGENATED blood from the body and then it is pushed to the left atrium from where it is pushed to the lungs to get oxygenated blood.

The wall that separates the two SECTIONS is called the Septum

According to the Kidney Disease OUTCOMES GLOBAL Improving clinicalGuidelines for Glomerulonephritis, spot urine protein/creatinine (P/C) ratioshould be used for monitoring LN. However, some reports write that therandom spot urine P/C ratio is unreliable in monitoring PROTEINURIA in SLE glomerulonephritis patients.


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______✨ HEY MATE ✨_______

➡️MacCullum DISCOVERED the malaria PARASITE is terminated by the ANOMALOUS mosquito.

Human diploid cells have 46chromosomes (the somatic number, 2N) and human haploid GAMETES (egg and sperm) have 23 CHROMOSOMES (n).

In OPERON concept, the operator gene combines with represser protein produced by the regulator gene to switch off structural gene TRANSCRIPTION. ... In E. coli two TYPES of operons are recognized, the lac operon and tryptophan operon.

Since in the tropics where rainforests are found, water, LIGHT, and high temperatures are READILY available, and there is a DENSE concentration of green PLANTS at all levels from the lower stories to the canopy, it is no WONDER that these forests havevery high levels of productivity.

Mendel's Second Law of Inheritance (Lawof Segregation): MEMBERS of an allelic PAIR in hybrid remain TOGETHER without mixing with each other and separate or segregate during gamete formation. THUS gametes receive only one of the two factors and are pure for a given trait

The cell bodies of symapatheticpreganglionic neurons are located in the visceral EFFERENT (lateral gray) COLUMN of the spinal CORD. The cell bodies of parasymapathetic preganglionic neuronsare located in the HOMOLOGOUS motor nuclei of the cranial NERVES.

Wila (Bryoria fremontii) is a dark brown, hair-like lichen that grows hanging from TREES in western North America, and northern Europe and Asia. Wila grows abundantly in some areas, and is an IMPORTANT traditional food for many First Nationsin North America.

Wila (Bryoria fremontii), like almost all of the 23 other species of Bryoria found in North America, is a dark brown hair lichen that GROW on trees (mostly conifers). DIFFERENTIATING the DIFFERENT species of Bryoria can be difficult. The simplest characteristic that distinguishes wila from the other species of Bryoria is that its main branches grow to be quite thick (greater than 0.4 mm wide), and usually become somewhat flattened, twisted, and wrinkled in older specimens. Other species of Bryoriausually have narrower main branches

Each molecule of DNA is a double helix FORMED from two complementary strandsof nucleotides held together by HYDROGEN bonds between G-C and A-T base PAIRS. ... The genetic information stored in an organism's DNA CONTAINS the instructions for all the proteins the organism will ever synthesize.

Dehiscence is the splitting along a built-in line of weakness in a plant structure in order to release its contents, and is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a PART. Structures that open in this way are said to be dehiscent. Structures that do not open in this way are called indehiscent, and rely on other mechanisms such as decay or predation to release the contents.
A similar process to dehiscence occurs in some FLOWER buds (e.g., Platycodon, Fuchsia), but this is rarely REFERRED to as dehiscence unless circumscissile dehiscence is involved; anthesis is the usual term for the OPENING of flowers. Dehiscence MAY or may not involve the loss of a structure through the process ofabscission.



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From do WORK and SING a SONG

Peripheral malignant ameloblastoma is a neoplasm that shows histopathologic FEATURES ofameloblastoma in the pri- mary tumor and metastatic deposits (cell SIGNS ofmalignancy are absent). They constitute LESS than 1% of all ameloblasto- mas and are characterized by the AGGRESSIVE growth and me- tastasis ability.


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Since all allele combinations are equally likely to occur, a PUNNETT SQUARE predicts the probability of a cross producing each genotype. A single TRAIT Punnett Square TRACKS two alleles for each parent. The square has two rows and two columns. Adding more traits increases the size of thePunnett Square.



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To EVALUATE the role of endometrial thickness and pattern in in-vitro fertilization (IVF), these parameters were prospectively measured in 516 cycles of IVF with embryo transfer at our clinic. Pregnancy and embryo implantation rates were assessed for each mm of endometrial thickness and for each of three endometrial patterns. Embryo implantation, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates were significantly HIGHER in the patients with an endometrial thickness > 9 mm (24.4, 48.6 and 42.2% respectively) compared with those of < 9 mm (14.3, 16.0 and 11.7% respectively; P < 0.005). Endometrial thickness was negatively influenced by age and positively influenced by oestradiol concentration. The majority of patients (69.8%) exhibited a 'ring' endometrial pattern. Embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy (STATISTICALLY significant), as well as ongoing pregnancy rates (not statistically significant), were lower in patients exhibiting the 'solid' pattern. Endometrial thickness is INDEPENDENT of pattern in its effect on pregnancy outcome. In conclusion, endometrial thickness > 9 mm as well as ring and intermediate endometrial patterns denoted a more favourable prognosis for pregnancy in IVF but thinner endometrium and those exhibiting a solid configuration had an acceptable pregnancy outcome.

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to TREAT a number of bacterial infections.This includes BONE and joint infections, INTRA abdominal infections, CERTAIN type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and URINARY tract infections, among others.For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth, in eye drops, or intravenously.


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The ANSWER is WATER RHINO cersos