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“The interest in conservation is not a sentimental one but the discovery of a truth well known to our ancient stages. The Indian tradition teaches us that all forms of life- human, animal and plant – are so closely inter-linked that disturbance in one gives rise to imbalance in the other” said by Smt. Indira Gandhi.

The reasons for extinction of Species are: 

1. Destruction of their natural habitats. 

2. Human activities such as hunting, poaching and capturing meat, furs, horns skin, ivory, etc…

Option : (c) Nitrogen dioxide

(1) Chlorofluorocarbon or carbon tetrachloride.

(2) rarer

(3) Erosion

(4) Ozone Protection

(5) Atmosphere

(6) Hydrosphere

(7) exosphere

1. Water is a good solvent and it dissolves many substances. 

2. The human blood is made of 70% water and the sap of plant also contains a very high proportion of water. 

3. All the life processes would not take place in the absence of water. 

4. Hence, without water no living organism can survive. 

5. Therefore, it is said that ‘water is life’.

The addition of undesirable substances to water bodies is called water pollution. Undesirable substances could be the fertilizers, pesticides, sewage, chemicals and detergents. Increase in water temperature due to pollutants decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen is the source of oxygen for aquatic organisms. Reduction of dissolved oxygen results in the death of many aquatic organisms.

“Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities. Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem.”

Causes of Desertification

Overgrazing: Animal grazing is a huge problem for many areas that are starting to become desert biomes. If there are too many animals that are overgrazing in certain spots, it makes it difficult for the plants to grow back

Deforestation: When people are looking to move into an area, or they need trees in order to make houses and do other tasks, then they are contributing to the problems related to desertification. Without the plants (especially the trees) around, the rest of the biome cannot thrive.

Farming Practices: Some farmers do not know how to use the land effectively. They may essentially strip the land of everything that it has before moving on to another plot of land. By stripping the soil of its nutrients, desertification becomes more and more of a reality for the area that is being used for farming.

Urbanization and other types of land development. As mentioned above, development can cause people to go through and kill the plant life. It can also cause issues with the soil due to chemicals and other things that may harm the ground. As areas become more urbanized, there are less places for plants to grow, thus causing desertification.

Climate Change: Climate change plays a huge role in desertification. As the days get warmer and periods of drought become more frequent, desertification becomes more and more eminent. Unless climate change is slowed down, huge areas of land will become desert; some of those areas may even become uninhabitable as time goes on.

Stripping the land of resources. If an area of land has natural resources like natural gas, oil, or minerals, people will come in and mine it or take it out. This usually strips the soil of nutrients, which in turn kills the plant life, which in turn starts the process toward becoming a desert biome as time goes on.

Natural Disasters: There are some cases where the land gets damaged because of natural disasters, including drought. In those cases, there isn’t a lot that people can do except work to try and help rehabilitate the land after it has already been damaged by nature.

Effects of Desertification

Farming becomes next to impossible. If an area becomes a desert, then it’s almost impossible to grow substantial crops there without special technologies. This can cost a lot of money to try and do, so many farmers will have to sell their land and leave the desert areas.

Hunger: Without farms in these areas, the food that those farms produce will become much scarcer, and the people who live in those local areas will be a lot more likely to try and deal with hunger problems. Animals will also go hungry, which will cause even more of a food shortage.

Flooding: Without the plant life in an area, flooding is a lot more eminent. Not all deserts are dry; those that are wet could experience a lot of flooding because there is nothing to stop the water from gathering and going all over the place. Flooding can also negatively affect the water supply, which we will discuss next.

Poor Water Quality: If an area becomes a desert, the water quality is going to become a lot worse than it would have been otherwise. This is because the plant life plays a significant role in keeping the water clean and clear; without its presence, it becomes a lot more difficult for you to be able to do that.

Overpopulation: When areas start to become desert, animals and people will go to other areas where they can actually thrive. This causes crowding and overpopulation, which will, in the long run, end up continuing the cycle of desertification .

Poverty: All of the issues that we’ve talked about above (related to the problem of desertification) can lead to poverty if it is not kept in check. Without food and water, it becomes harder for people to thrive, and they take a lot of time to try and get the things that they need

During cold weather, water droplets instead of moving up at a higher altitude stay near the earth’s surface and cause fog. Along with this, a lot of vehicular emissions and smoke from industries include unburnt carbon and hydrocarbons, these particles get mixed with the already suspended fog and lead to the formation of smog. This smog suspends closer to the surface of the earth causing visibility issues along with nasal congestions and other nasal infections.

Plants and animals.

The major components of air pollution are Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanides, hydrogen fluorides, chlorine, methane and ammonia. Pollutant vapors include unburnt hydrocarbons (benzene).

The air, the water and the soil form the non-living or a biotic component of the biosphere. The air is called the hydrosphere, the water is hydrosphere and the soil is called lithosphere.

Answer is (A) Reduce

Living things constitute the biotic component of the biosphere.

True 

Oxygen is necessary for respiration. It is a prime component. but bacteria is poisoned by elemental oxygen.

Renewable Resources :- 

These resources can be replenished. 

These are continuously available for use and are inexhaustible. 

Non-renewable resource :- 

These resources cannot be replenished. 

They get depleted, i.e. they are exhaustible.

(d) Solitary resource

1 – b 

2 – c 

3 – d 

4 – e

i. Natural resources.

ii. Air.

1. Rubber has played a largely hidden role in global environment history for more than 150 years. 

2. In industries, rubber is needed to connect and protect all moving parts of machines. 

3. Native people used rubber for rubber boots. 

4. Household uses rubber in everything viz dish washing gloves, toys, jar seals, tyres in vehicles. 

5. Welcome mat at the door, Boots, raincoats, mattress cushions, earplugs, hot water bottles, surgical tubing and gloves, in labs, birth control device. 

6. In schools rubber bands, erasers, mouse pads, key board, rolling chair wheels. Head phone pads, rubber stamps are useful items used in schools and offices.

1. Natural gas is an important source of energy which is eco-friendly because of its low carbon dioxide emission. 

2. When burned it produces 45% less CO₂ than coal, 30% less than oil, and about 15% less than wood.

3. It does not produce carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide or airborne particles, all of which are harmful to human and animal health. 

4. It is referred as the clean energy source and is fuel for the present century as it does not ‘ pollute the atmosphere or contribute to global warming.

The changes that would make my school environment friendly are 

1. Save energy by turning off lights that we are not using. 

2. I will suggest to buy recycled paper for decoration and other purposes. 

3. Use writing paper on both the sides. 

4. Growing trees and plants all around the play ground.

1. Protecting and preserving the natural habitats of birds and animals. 

2. Replace the wood products with alternative sources.

3. Using Recycled products and following the 4’R Principle in day to day life.

Some gases prevent the escape of heat from the earth. An increase in the percentage of such gases in the atmosphere would cause the average temperatures to increase worldwide and this is called the greenhouse effect.

Indiscriminate usage of natural resources causes the following consequences. 

1. Reduction in rainfall 

2. Drought will occur. 

3. Atmospheric temperature becomes increase. 

4. The rare species become extinct.

1. Natural resources of a nation influence its economical and social development. 

2. Natural resources are freely available in nature and help in many activities and development of people. 

3. The generation of natural resources take a lot of time. 

4. They disappear by indiscriminate usage. 

5. So proper utilization of natural resources is the way to show gratitude to our nation.

Natural resources: Anything In the environment which can be used is called a natural resource.

Open dug well: A well made by excavating with hand tools or power machinery Instead of by drilling or driving.

1. Motivate the people to conserve water. 

2. Try to avoid wastage of water whenever possible. 

3. Plantation in the vacant lands. 

4. Educating the farmer regarding proper utilization of water for irrigation. 

5. Encourage the people to recycle the water wherever possible.

1. Fossil fuels provide us energy. 

2. This energy can be used for various purposes such as running vehicles, machinery in industries, etc.

3. They are also useful in the production of electricity.

4. They also provide petrochemicals which are helpful in the manufacturing of several products that include plastics, synthetic rubber, fabrics like nylon, medicines, cosmetics, waxes, cleaning products, medical devices, etc. 

5. They also provide energy for cooking, lighting, etc.

1. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. 

2. If once they are used up, they never replenish again or take several thousands of years to replenish. 

3. They become integral part of our life, that we cannot live without these.

4. So, we need to conserve fossil fuels so that we don’t run out of them.

Like diverse flora, our fauna is found to be equally rich and varied. There are about 80,000 known species. The country in its fresh and marine waters has as many as 2500 species of fish. Likewise there are about 1200 species of birds. In addition there are amphibians, reptiles, mammals and small insects and worms. Migratory birds also come to India during winter

Mammals: Among the mammals, the elephant is the stately animal. It is a typical animal of hot wet equatorial forests. It is found in the jungles of Assam, Kerala and Karnataka. In these areas, it rains heavily and the forests are very dense. On the other hand camels and wild asses are found in hot deserts. Camels are found in Thar desert.

(b) Preet: Anything which can be used to fulfil the needs of man can be resource.

(c) Direct relationship of the word conservation is attached with the lack of resources.

The following three things are included in conservation of resources.

1. Rational usage
2. Conservation
3. Re-usage.

(c) The resources which are cheaper and are easily available should be saved for future use.

Nearly 97% of water on earth is held in ocean and Seas, about 2.4% of water is found in glaciers and polar ice-caps. Only small percentage is available for human use therefore water should be used judiciously.

The measures taken to conserve the living resources are:

1. Proper maintenance of their natural habitats. 

2. Establishment of National Parks, wild life sanctuaries bird sanctuaries. 

3. Restriction or hunting, poaching or animals by strict legislation.

 4. Protection of sample population in zoos and botanical gardens and other man made situations. 

5. The Creation of seed banks, gene banks and similar genetic resource centers.

Land, water, air and mineral ores are example of non-living resources.

Land, water, air and mineral ores are example of non-living resources.

Water is a vital resource for the development of economic activities. Water should be conserved in the following ways. Waters of ocean, river and lakes should not be polluted. It should he saved from urban waste and chemicals of industries. It should be recycled to use it again. Dams should be built across the rivers and lakes to store water in reservoirs.

The things that occur in nature and that are useful to us are called natural resources.

1. Forest provide many products like resins gums, dyes, lac, fibers, wax, honey, medicines. 

2. Forest provide raw materials for various wood based industries such as paper, board, rayon, etc. 

3. Forest provide timber which is an important material in constructing buildings and furniture. 

4. Forest have aesthetic value and provide opportunities in tourism. 

5. There fore forest plays an important role in the country’s economy.

(D) Gliricidia

(A) field braids

The crops that are grown only in winter season are generally called Rabi crops, e.g.: Wheat, Gram and Mustard.

B) Contour strips

Crops grown In the rainy season are termed as Kharif crops, e.g: Paddy, maize, millet and cotton crops.