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i. Mineral oil

ii. oil wells

iii. petroleum, crude oil

iv. Fossil

v. Fossils

Because of its high price and value and its economic need, the mineral oil is called liquid gold. It’s reserve is less and demand is more.

1. Solid fuel: Coal

2. liquid fuel: Petrol

3. Gaseous fuel: Natural gas

(a). Constituents of biosphere.

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and all living things on earth.

(b). Biotic constituents of soil.

Microbes, worms, insects, burrowing rhodents like rats, mice, roots of trees and plants.

(c). Fossil fuel.

Crude oil from which we get kerosene, petrol, diesel, paraffin wax and tar.

(d). Inert gases in air.

Neon, argon, helium, krypton, xenon.

(e). Gases that are harmful to ozone layer.

Chlorofluorocarbon and carbon tetrachloride.

Human needs are unlimited while the resources are limited. The use of resources has increased tremendously during the last 100 years due to extremely large amount of development in science and technology and population explosion. There is a haphazard and irrational use as well as waste of resources that too on a very large scale. If we keep on exploiting the resources this way then soon they will exhaust and we will not be able to maintain the development and the current life style.

Moreover, the economic development of a country depends on the richness, development and management of its resources. Due to excessive use of resources, the problem of waste and pollution arises. Wildlife and vegetation also gets disturbed largely. Thus, in order to reduce wastage, it is very important to keep the environment clean and secure our future resources.

Management of resources is essential for their conservation and restoration.

Resources are usually local specific and local people need to have control over them.

1. Deforestation destroys wild life habitats and increases soil erosion. 

2. It also releases green house gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming, 

3. Deforestation accounts for 15 per cent of the world’s green house gas emissions. 

4. Deforestation also harms the people who rely on forests for their survival, hunting and gathering, harvesting forest products, or using the timber for firewood.

(1) Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and smoke.

(2) Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere and exosphere.

(3) Humus, mature soil, immature soil, small rocks and stones and bedrock.

(4) Nitrogen.

True

Nitrogen constitutes 78% by volume in the atmosphere. It is also a part of many essential molecules for life, like Protein, RNA, DNA, etc.

Water occupies a very large area of the Earth’s surface and is also found underground. Some amount of water exists in the form of water vapour in the atmosphere. Most of the water on Earth’s surface is found in seas and ocean sand is saline. Fresh water is found frozen in the icecaps at the two poles and on snow covered mountains. The underground water and the water in rivers, lakes and ponds is also fresh. However, the availability of fresh water varies from place to place. Practically every summer, most places have to face a shortage of water. And in rural areas, where water supply systems have not been installed, people are forced to spend considerable amounts of time in fetching water from faraway sources. 

Importance of Water: All cellular processes take place in a water medium. All the reactions that take place within our body and within the cells occur between substances that are dissolved in water. Substances are also transported from one part of the body to the other in a dissolved form. Hence, organisms need to maintain the level of water within their bodies in order to stay alive. Terrestrial life-forms require fresh water for this because their bodies cannot tolerate or get rid of the high amounts of dissolved salts in saline water. Thus, water sources need to be easily accessible for animals and plants to survive on land.

We use the term water-pollution to cover the following effects: 

1. The addition of undesirable substances to water-bodies. These substances could be the fertilizers and pesticides used in farming or they could be poisonous substances, like mercury salts which are used by paper-industries. These could also be disease-causing organisms, like the bacteria which cause cholera. 

2. The removal of desirable substances from water-bodies. Dissolved oxygen is used by the animals and plants that live in water. Any change that reduces the amount of this dissolved oxygen would adversely affect these aquatic organisms. other nutrients could also be depleted from the water bodies. 

3. A change in temperature. Aquatic organisms are used to a certain range of temperature in the water-body where they live, and a sudden marked change in this temperature would be dangerous for them or affect their breeding. The eggs and larvae of various animals are particularly susceptible to temperature changes.

Smog is a photochemical haze or smoky mist caused by the action of solar UV radiation on the atmosphere, which is polluted by primary pollutants. Secondary pollutants such as formaldehyde, aldehydes, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) collectively form smog. 

Effects of smog: 

(i) It reduces visibility. 

(ii) It is highly suffocating and toxic.

During the daytime, the cool air flows from the sea towards the land, because at this time, the land gets heated faster than the water. It generates a low-pressure area above the land as compared to air over the sea. Hence, the air from the high-pressure area moves towards the low-pressure area. 

During the night, cool air from the land flows back to the sea because the land gets cooled down rapidly at night and the pressure of the air above the land becomes higher than the air above the sea. Hence, there is a reverse flow of air.

Following are the five main layers of the atmosphere: 

(i) Troposphere: It is the lowest layer that contains air and that extends up to 8‒20 km from the Earth.

(ii) Stratosphere: It is the second layer of atmosphere that extends up to 50 km from the Earth. 

(iii) Mesosphere: It is the third layer of the atmosphere that lies above the stratosphere. 

(iv) Thermosphere: It is the fourth layer of atmosphere that extends up to 100‒120 km from the Earth. 

(v) Exosphere: It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

Clouds are formed by an enormous collection of tiny droplets that are formed by the condensation of water vapors in the air. Water vapors are condensed when dust and other suspended particles of the air act as a nucleus for them. These particles condense the vapors into tiny water droplets.

Following are the effects of air pollution on human beings: 

(i) Suspended particulate matter in air causes asthma, bronchitis, and allergic cold. 

(ii) Air pollutants cause irritation in the eyes, throat, and lungs. 

(iii) Hydrocarbon vapors cause cancer.

Natural sources of air pollution include photochemical smog, ionizing radiations and biocides and pesticides. 

Man-made sources of air pollution include industrial pollutants, heavy metals, radioactive elements and automobile exhaust and smoke.

The contamination of air with chemicals, smoke, dust particles and disease-causing agents is called air pollution. When fossil fuels are burnt they produce different oxides of nitrogen and sulphur that dissolve in rain to give rise to acid rain. The combustion of fossil fuels also increases the amount of hydrocarbons. Presence of high level of pollutants causes visibility to be lowered.

Regularly breathing air that contains any of these substances increases the incidence of allergies, cancer and heart diseases.

Water bodies get heated during the day and evaporate into the air. As the vapour rises, it cools. This causes the vapour to condense into tiny water droplets, which fall down as rain by the process of precipitation. Rainfall patterns are decided by the prevailing wind patterns.

The average temperature of the Earth is maintained fairly steady by the atmosphere. It prevents a sudden increase in temperature during the daytime and slows down the escape of heat into the outer space at night. It also acts as a blanket covering the Earth.

Take a closed bottle and place a thermometer in it. Keep these three in sunlight for three hours. Now, measure the temperatures of the three containers. You will observe that the temperature of the water is less than the temperature of the sand, as sand gets heated by the sun faster than water. The temperature of a closed bottle will be higher than the temperature of the open bottle, because of the greenhouse effect.

Unequal heating of landmass and water bodies by the sun’s heat generate air movement and as a result wind is produced. When the air around landmass gets heated, it becomes lighter and rises up creating a region of low pressure. Air from high-pressure region escapes to the low-pressure region thus generating wind currents.

In the coastal regions, during the day, the air above the land gets heated and starts rising. As this air rises, a region of low pressure is created and air over the sea moves into this area of low pressure. The movement of air from one region to the other creates winds.

Winds occur due to unequal heating of atmospheric air. The heat causes rising up of air along with water vapour. As the air rises, it expands and cools. This cooling causes the water vapour in the air to condense. The condensation of water occurs if some particles (like dust particles) act as the ‘nucleus’ for these drops to stick around. These tiny droplets grow bigger by more and more condensation of other water droplets and finally form the clouds.

In coastal regions during the day the air above the land gets heated faster and starts rising. As this air rises, a region of low pressure is created and air over the sea moves into this area of low pressure. The movement of air from one to other creates winds. During the day the direction of the wind would be from the sea to the land. During night, since soil cools faster than water, the air above the land is cooler than the air above the sea. Now, the air moving from the high pressure area over land to the low pressure area over the sea creates land breeze.

Air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. Nitrogen is used to produce a number of organic molecules like proteins. Nitrogen is fixed in plants and is transferred to animals through food chain. Oxygen is used by plants and animals in the process of respiration. The combustion of fossil fuels also requires oxygen. Carbon dioxide is used by plants in the process of photosynthesis. Many marine animals use carbonates dissolved in sea water to make their shells.

The management & protection of forest & afforestation of barren & deforested lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social & rural development.

The atmosphere keeps the average temperature of the Earth fairly steady during the day and even during the course of the whole year. The atmosphere prevents the sudden increase in temperature during the daylight hours. It slows down the escape of heat into outer space during the night.

I would incorporate the maximum of four R’s i.e., reduce, recycle, reuse and recover in my lifestyle in a move towards a sustainable use of our resources.

Climate plays a very important role in the soil formation. It creates such an impact that even if the soil of a given region is formed from different types of rocks, over a long period of time the soil of entire region becomes of same type.

1. Soils

2. 43%

3. ferric oxide

4. lava

5. black soil

Resources are classified in three sections:

1. On the basis of ownership,
2. On the basis of reavailability,
3. On the basis of distribution centre.

1. True

2.True

3.False

4. True

5. False

Soil is a thin layer on the surface of the earth and is composed of various elements. The part of the surface of the earth where the vegetation grows is known as ‘soil’. In other words, the soil is a natural mixture of minerals and biotic elements which have the capacity to grow and develop vegetation.

Soil formation takes place on the parental material also called parental rocks. Natural factors like temperature, climate, vegetation, topography, time, etc., results into denudation of the flat top portion of rocks. This process results in the formation of thin layer of small rocks, clay and dust. The humus formed due to the disintegration or decay of vegetation or insects is added to this thin layer. These biotic elements play an important role in the development of vegetation. Together all these form a crust of land or say soil. Soils are classified on the basis of their colour, climate, parental rocks, structure, humus, etc.

The resources that reproduce themselves as per their usage during a specific time.

Soil conservation refers to the prevention of soil erosion and to maintain its quality. The most important aspect of soil conservation is to retain the soil particles at their original place.

Remedies for Soil Conservation (erosion):

1. The roots of the forest cover hold up the soil particles. So, more trees should be planted.
2. Plant trees in the river gorges and on mountain slopes.
3. A series of trees should be grown near a desert region to prevent the winds with more velocity. It will stop the advancing desert.
4. The river floods should be controlled by diverting their flow in other rivers or in dry river beds.
5. Unrestricted grazing loosens the soil layer on the mountains. Hence, it should be prevented.
6. Methods like horizontal cultivation, terraced farms, etc, should be implemented.
7. Humus content should be added to the soil whose fertility is lost.
8. Government, society and the people should work together for soil conservation.

Things on which man is dependent which can fulfil his needs and for
which man has the physical and intellectual capacity to utilize them are called as resources.

Usage of Resources:

(i) Resources as food: The resources obtained from nature feed us. Fruits, crops, milk and milk products and meat obtained from domestic animals, fish and other aquatic animals from reservoir, honey prepared by honey bees, etc, are used as food. Thus, nature serves as a food resource.

(ii) Resource as a source of raw material: Nature gives a large variety of products from forests. Agro products, wool, hides and meat available from animals, minerals ores, etc, serve as raw material for many industries.

(iii) Resource as energy resources: Nature gives us coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. These resources are used as fuel in industries as well as domestic fuel. Moreover, elements of nature such as sun, wind, sea waves, tides and ebbs and waterfalls, etc, are also used in generating energy.

An idea about the extent of consumption of resources and waste generation by a country or by an individual in a country is called ‘ecological footprint’.

Answer is (A) 1, 2, 4

In 1952 '‘Van Mahotsava” started.

93.37% of total water is used for agricultural purposes.

(B) Antarctica

Tanks are found in areas where there are no perennial rivers and canals. Ground water is very deep. In India most of tanks are found in southern India.

1. Forests are rich habitat for plants and animals. Forests serve as lungs for the world and a bed of nutrients for new fife to prosper. 

2. Forest’s pure air protects the earth from green house effect by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converts it into oxygen. 

3. Many fruits, medicines, dyes, sandle wood and bamboo is obtained from forest by local people. 

4. Forest provide employment to large number of people and also help in generating revenue.

Answer is (C) rainfall

C) Solar energy

Answer is (D) A or C

• Living things that are bom on land, grow, live and die on land itself.
• Construction and trade are some other purposes for which land is used.

To motivate others manage an important resource in my locality I will do the following activities:

1. I will explain the importance of resource and need for its proper management. 

2. I will conduct the seminars on this issue. 

3. With the help of my friends and teachers I will conduct some competitions like debate, essay writing, etc., on this issue. 

4. I will plan some cultural activities such as songs, skits that explain the importance of managing the resource and exhibit them in the school and the village to motivate the village.

(C) Electricity