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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 951. |
Explain the various sources to know about the rural society during the Mughal period. Explain the technology used by the peasants for the cultivation during the same period . |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Archaeological sources-monuments, house paintings, material describe the Mughal SOCIETY. All the Mughal chronicles like Badshah Nameexpress about the Mughal society. (ii)Ain - i - Akbari, written by Abul Fazl records the arrangements made by the state to ensure cultivation and collection of revenue. Further it tells how to regulate the relationship between the state, the zamindars and gives the visionof Akbar.s empire. (iii)It describes that social harmony was provided by a strong ruling class and projected the idea that any revolt against the mighty Mughal state was bond to fail . (iv)Revenue records from Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan dating from the 17th and 18th centuries gives information. The records of the East India Company provide useful DESCRIPTION of AGRARIAN relations in eastern India. Technology used by Peasants : (i) Artificial systems of irrigation were used for crops which require additional water. Peasants used skills for irrigation. (ii) The state under took digging of new CANALS (nahr, nala) and repaired old ones like shahnahr inthe PUNJAB. (iii)Farmers used cattle energy and Iron piped wooden plough, that was light and easily assembled used in cultivation. (iv)A drill, drawn by a pair of strong oxen as used to plantseeds. Miliere castingof seed was the most prevalentmethod . |
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| 952. |
Article 356 gives the Centre the powers to take over a state administration, on the recommendation of the Governor. Make a project on this article as it has been used by Centre in various states. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Do it yourself. | |
| 953. |
Discuss main outcomes of religious policy of Akbar. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Extended Mughal Empire: (i) Mughal emperor Akbar won the hearts of Rajputs rulers of India as he opted for many Hindu policies or plans for their welfare. (ii) He suppressed many enemies with the help of Rajputs. Several loyal Rajputs rajas and chiefs got the victory for Mughal kingdom. It ADVANCED a great EXPANSION of Mughal empire. (b) POWERFUL Mughal Empire: (i) Before Akbar, All hindus rulers, chiefs and rajas were the enemies of Mughal rulers. As they caused great loss to the kingdom. (c) Enrichment the altitude for nation building: (i) By the policy ofAkbar, a big number of Hindus came forward in favour of him and started to work for the empire. Akbar succeeded in his mission of nation or kingdom building. (d) Rich art and culture: (i) His policy HELPED to bring a NEW concept and progress in art and culture. (ii) Mughal art was mixed into Hindu art and mixture of Sanskrit and Persian gave birth to new type of literature and language. Thus, Akbar.s religious policy played an important role in his empire. |
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| 954. |
Describe the sources historians have used to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire.? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Historians have uscd many sources to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire (i) The archaeological finds like sculptures. (ii) Valuable contemporary work such as Magasthene's Indica who was a GREEK ambassador (iii) The book of Arthashastra, parts of which were probably COMPOSED by Kautilya or CHANAKYA. |
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| 955. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: Why kinfolk quarrelled This is an excerpt from the Adi Parvan (literally, the first section) of the Sanskrit Mahabharata, describing why conflicts arose amongst the Kauravas and Pandavas: The Kauravas were the ... sons of Dhritarashtra, and the Pandavas ... were their cousins. Since Dhritarashtra was blind, his younger brother Pandu ascended the throne of Hastinapura ... However, after the premature death of Pandu, Dhritarashtra became king, as the royal princes were still very young. As the princes grew up together, the citizens of Hastinapura began to express their preference for the Pandavas, for they were more capable and virtuous than the Kauravas. This made Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas, jealous. He approached his father and said, "You yourself did not receive the throne, although it fell to you, because of your defect. If the Pandava receives the patrimony from Pandu, his son will surely inherit it in turn, and so will his son, and his. We ourselves with our sons shall be excluded from the royal succession and become of slight regard in the eyes of the world, lord of the earth!" Why did Duryodhana feel jealous of the Pandavas? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :He was the eldest son of Dhritarashtra.People of Hastinapur BELIEVED that the sons of Pandu were more CAPABLE and VIRTUOUS than KAURAVAS, the son of Dhritrashtra. So he felt jealous of the Pandavas. | |
| 956. |
Why did Gandhiji begin an indefinite fast on 20th September 1932? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Gandhiji STARTED an indefinite fast to protest against the communal award declared by the British. It provided communal electorate not only for the Muslims, but for the Sikhs and depressed CLASSES. (II) The award was divisive in nature and would further POLARISE Indian society. |
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| 957. |
Why did the Congress reject the offer of the Muslim League to form a Joint Government? Give four reasons. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) In 1937 elections to provincial legislature, the CONGRESS did extremely well and scored an absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces and formed governments in seven provinces. (ii) The Muslim League could not do well and secured only 4.4% of the total Muslim votes. It failed to win a single seat in the NorthWest Frontier Province (NWFP). (iii) It was able to win only two seats out of 84 reserved seats in Punjab and three out of 33 reserved seats in Sind. (IV) In the United Provinces, the Muslim League wanted to form a joint government with the Congress but Congress which had won an absolute majority rejected this offer. (v) Most of scholars agreed with the fact that this was the turning point in the Indian National MOVEMENT. TheLeague now became convinced that if India remained united the League found it difficult to GAIN political power and therefore, began to increase its efforts at expanding its social support. The League began to think in TERMS of partition. |
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| 958. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: Why kinfolk quarrelled This is an excerpt from the Adi Parvan (literally, the first section) of the Sanskrit Mahabharata, describing why conflicts arose amongst the Kauravas and Pandavas: The Kauravas were the ... sons of Dhritarashtra, and the Pandavas ... were their cousins. Since Dhritarashtra was blind, his younger brother Pandu ascended the throne of Hastinapura ... However, after the premature death of Pandu, Dhritarashtra became king, as the royal princes were still very young. As the princes grew up together, the citizens of Hastinapura began to express their preference for the Pandavas, for they were more capable and virtuous than the Kauravas. This made Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas, jealous. He approached his father and said, "You yourself did not receive the throne, although it fell to you, because of your defect. If the Pandava receives the patrimony from Pandu, his son will surely inherit it in turn, and so will his son, and his. We ourselves with our sons shall be excluded from the royal succession and become of slight regard in the eyes of the world, lord of the earth!" Who was Dhritarashtra? How did he become the king and why? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :He was the elder brother of Pandu the king of Hastinapur. Due to the pre-mature DEATH of Pandu he BECAME the king of HASTINAPURA. He became the king because at the time of Pandu.s death his sons were very YOUNG. | |
| 959. |
The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akbar, noticed: In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity. Explain the observation of the Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate regarding this relationship. |
| Answer» Solution :The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio MONSERRATE observe that the members of the Jesuit mission interpreted the emperor's open interest in the doctrines of Christianity as a SIGN of his acceptanceof their faith. This could be UNDERSTOOD in relation to the intolerant religious atmosphere that existed in Europe at the TIME. High respect shown by Akbar towards the members of towards the members of the Jesuit mission impresed them deeply. | |
| 960. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: Why kinfolk quarrelled This is an excerpt from the Adi Parvan (literally, the first section) of the Sanskrit Mahabharata, describing why conflicts arose amongst the Kauravas and Pandavas: The Kauravas were the ... sons of Dhritarashtra, and the Pandavas ... were their cousins. Since Dhritarashtra was blind, his younger brother Pandu ascended the throne of Hastinapura ... However, after the premature death of Pandu, Dhritarashtra became king, as the royal princes were still very young. As the princes grew up together, the citizens of Hastinapura began to express their preference for the Pandavas, for they were more capable and virtuous than the Kauravas. This made Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas, jealous. He approached his father and said, "You yourself did not receive the throne, although it fell to you, because of your defect. If the Pandava receives the patrimony from Pandu, his son will surely inherit it in turn, and so will his son, and his. We ourselves with our sons shall be excluded from the royal succession and become of slight regard in the eyes of the world, lord of the earth!" Why did the citizens of Hastinapur express their preference for the Pandavas? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Because PANDAVAS were more CAPABLE and virtous than their COUSINS, i.e. Kauravas. Morever the Kauravas felt jealous of the Pandavas. | |
| 961. |
The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akbar, noticed: In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity. Examine the relationship between Akbar and his nobles. |
| Answer» Solution :The king would summon the NOBLES to the court and give them IMPERIAL COMMANDS asthough they were his SLAVES. This was to prevent the great nobles from hecoming insolent through unchallenged enjoyment of power. The king granted titles to men of merit, awards were also given. | |
| 962. |
Describe the elements considered by historians to analyse Mahabharata. State the efforts of V.S. Suthankar and his team for the preparation of the critical edition of Mahabharata. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Historians considered several elements to analyse the Mahabharata (i) Language and content: The Mahabharata is written in Sanskrit. However, the Sanskrit used in the Mahabharata is far simpler than that of the Vedas, or of the prashastis. Therefore, it was probably widely understood. Historians usually classify the contents of the present text under two broad heads -sections that contain Stories, designated as the narrative, and scctions that contain prescriptions about social norms, designated as didactic. This division is by no means watertight- the didactic sections include stories, and the narrative often contains a social message. The historians give considerations to the kind of texts-whether meant for chanting rituals or telling stories. They find out the author and the ideas that shaped the text. They study the intended audience for the text. They find out the possible date of the text. They find out the PLACE where the text was composed. They study the content of the text and understand their historical significance. The historians agree that the Mahabharata was meant to be dramatic. (ii) Author(s) and dates Thc original story was probably composed by chariotecr-bards known as sutas who generally accompanied Kshatriya warriors to the battlefield and composed poems celebrating their victories and other achievements. Then from the fifth century BCE, the Brahmanas took over the story and began to commit it to writing. During the period of c. 200 and 400 CE, large didactic sections resembling the Manusmriti were added. With these additions, a text which initially perhaps had less than 10,000 verses grew to comprise about 100,000 verses. This enormous composition istrnditienally-ateributed-to-a-sagenamed Vyasa One of the most ambitious projects of scholarship began in 1919, under the leadership of a noted Indian Sanskritist, V.S. Sukthankar. A team comprising dozens of scholars initiated the task of PREPARING a criticat edition of the Mahablarara. 1, Initially, it meant collecting Sanskrit manuscripts of the text, written in a variety of scripts, from different parts of the country. The team worked out a method of comparing verses from each manuscript. 2. They selected the verses that appeared common to most versions and published these in several volumes, running into over 13,000 PAGES. The project took 47 years to complete. 3. The manuscripts were found from Kashmir and Nepal and Tamil Nadu. Also evident were enormous regional variations in the ways in which the text had been transmitted over the centuries. These variations were documented in footnotes and appendices to the main text. Taken together, more than half the 13,000 pages are devoted to these variations. 4. In a sense, these variations are reflective of the complex processes that shaped early (and later) social histories through dialogues between dominant traditions and resilient local ideas and practices. These dialogues are characterised by moments of conflict as well as consensus. When issues of social history were explored, the belief that everything that was laid down in these texts was actually practiced was not always TRUE and that they were also questioned and ocassionally even rejected. |
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| 963. |
The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akbar, noticed: In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity. How do you think that the nobility was an important pillar of the Mughal State? |
| Answer» Solution :The nobility was an important PILLAR of the Mughal state as they were recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups to aid in EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATION. The nobles participated in military campaigns with their armies and also SER ved as officers of the empire in the provinces. | |
| 964. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: Why kinfolk quarrelled This is an excerpt from the Adi Parvan (literally, the first section) of the Sanskrit Mahabharata, describing why conflicts arose amongst the Kauravas and Pandavas: The Kauravas were the ... sons of Dhritarashtra, and the Pandavas ... were their cousins. Since Dhritarashtra was blind, his younger brother Pandu ascended the throne of Hastinapura ... However, after the premature death of Pandu, Dhritarashtra became king, as the royal princes were still very young. As the princes grew up together, the citizens of Hastinapura began to express their preference for the Pandavas, for they were more capable and virtuous than the Kauravas. This made Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas, jealous. He approached his father and said, "You yourself did not receive the throne, although it fell to you, because of your defect. If the Pandava receives the patrimony from Pandu, his son will surely inherit it in turn, and so will his son, and his. We ourselves with our sons shall be excluded from the royal succession and become of slight regard in the eyes of the world, lord of the earth!" Explain about the worries of Duryodhana that he expressed to his father. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Duryodhana EXPRESSED his worries to his father that he sat on the THRONE by chance. But if the Pandavas (Sons of Pandu) occupy the throne, they WOULD get the royal succession. If it happened then he and his brothers would feel delighted. | |
| 965. |
Write any two achievements of great Mughals? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) Great MUGHAL extended the frontier of their empire to the Hindukush MOUNTAIN. (ii) They checked the expansionist policies of Uzbeks of Turans and Safavids of Iran. (iii) FIRST time they brought India under the control and POLITICALLY united it. | |
| 966. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: Why kinfolk quarrelled This is an excerpt from the Adi Parvan (literally, the first section) of the Sanskrit Mahabharata, describing why conflicts arose amongst the Kauravas and Pandavas: The Kauravas were the ... sons of Dhritarashtra, and the Pandavas ... were their cousins. Since Dhritarashtra was blind, his younger brother Pandu ascended the throne of Hastinapura ... However, after the premature death of Pandu, Dhritarashtra became king, as the royal princes were still very young. As the princes grew up together, the citizens of Hastinapura began to express their preference for the Pandavas, for they were more capable and virtuous than the Kauravas. This made Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas, jealous. He approached his father and said, "You yourself did not receive the throne, although it fell to you, because of your defect. If the Pandava receives the patrimony from Pandu, his son will surely inherit it in turn, and so will his son, and his. We ourselves with our sons shall be excluded from the royal succession and become of slight regard in the eyes of the world, lord of the earth!" Mention the criteria for becoming a king as suggested in the excerpt. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :According to this EXCERPT the CRITERIA for becoming king should be capability and VIRTUOUSNESS. | |
| 967. |
"A chain of grievances in Awadh linked the prince, taluqdars, peasants and sepoys to join hands in the revolt of 1857 against the British." Examine the statement. |
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Answer» Solution :A chain of grievances in Awadh linked the prince, taluqdars, peasants and sepoys to join hands in the revolt of 1857 against the British. (i)The Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah was removed by Dalhousie on the pretext of poor governance. It was looked down upon by the people as high insult to them. The local people sympathised with the Nawab. Thus, the public sentiment was gainst the British government that got a vent during the revolt. (ii) The British land revenue policy further undermined the position and AUTHORITY of the talugdars. After annexation, the first British revenue settlement, known as the Summary Settlement of 1856, was based on the assumption that the taluqdars were interloperS with no permanent stakes in land. The Summary Settlement proceeded to remove the taluqdars wherever possible. The increase of revenue demand in some place was 30 to 70% . Thus taluqdars were-not happy with the annexation. (iii) (a) British land tevenue officers believed that by removing taluqdars they would be able to sertte the land with the actual owners of the soil. (b) They thought they will be able to reduce the level of exploitation of peasants while increasing revenue returns for the state. But this did not happen in practice. The revenue flows for the state increased but the burden of demand on the peasants did not decline. Thus neither taluqdars nor peasants had any reasons to be happy with the annexation. (iv) The grievances of the peasants were carricd over into the sepoy lines since a vast majority of the sepoys were RECRUITED from thc villages of Awadh For decades the sepoys thad comptained of tow levels of pay and the difficulty of getting leave. The relationship ofthe spoys with their superior white officers underwent a significant change in the years preceding the uprising of 1857. (v) In the 1840s, the officers developed a sense of superiority and started TREATING the sepoys as their racial inferiors, riding roughshod over their sensibilities. Abuse and physical violence became common and thus, the distance between sepoys and officers grew. (vi) The company introduced a new catridge for its soldiers. Ir was to be bitten before use by soldiers. It was reported that it was made of the fat of cow and pig. Hence, soldiers of both Hindu and MUSLIM thought that it was a conspirary of the Company to destroy their religion. (vii) During the early PHASE of the company rule, British soliders and officers had friendly relation Indian soldiers. Things changed after with the 1835 and British began to consider themselves as superior. All senior positions in the army were given to them and even at the same ranks Britishers were paid more. The native soliders were treated with disrespect. |
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| 968. |
De ribe the opinions of the archaeologists over the central authority of civilisation |
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Answer» Solution :Various opinions of the archeologists over the CENTRAL authotity of the Harappa civillisation: (i) A large building found at Mohenjodaro was labelled as a palace by archaeologists but no spectacular finds were ASSOCIATED with it. (ii) A stone statue was labelled and continues to be known as the "priest-king". (iii) Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had no rulers, and that everybody enjoyed equal status. (iv) Others feel there was no single ruler but several that Mohenjodaro had a separate ruler, Harappa another, and so FORTH. (v) Others argue that there was a single STATE, given the similarity in artifacts, the evidence for planned sertlements, the standardised ratio of brick SIZE, and the establishment of settlements near sources of raw materials. The last theory is the most plausible, as it is unlikely that entire communities could have collectively made and implemented such complex decisions. |
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| 969. |
"The Mahabharata is a good source to study the Kinfolk's values of ancient times." Justify this statement with suitable arguments |
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Answer» Solution : Mahabharata is a colossal epic running in its present form into over 1,00,000 verses with depictions of a wide range of social categories and situations, was composed for more than a 100 years. Therefore, Mahabharata is a suitable text to give insight in familial and Kinfolk's values of ancient times. Kinfolks is a large networks of people defined as relatives.The kinfolks values which are depicted through episodes of Mahabharata are patriliny, rules of marriage, status of women etc Patriliny means tracing descent from father to We find that most of son, grandson and so on. the families' inheritance transcended to sons only. Only in few cases we find that it sometimes went to brothers also. Women had no CLAIMS on the resources of houschold. Rules of marriage were defined along exogamy. Marrying outside the clan and relatives was considered GOOD. Example : All Pandavas married in far off REASONS in India. Polygeny Arjuna marricd to more than one women, but polyandry was also in practice sometimes, less often though, for example : Draupadi had FIVE husbands. There was gendered access to property and therefore was a common practice for example: there was practice of kanyadanaor the gift of a daughter in marriage was an important religious DUTY of the father. |
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| 970. |
How does Bernier provide the detailed account of the working of the imperial Kharkhanas and convey a sense that although there was a great deal of activity, there was a little progress? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Bernier, most PROBABLY, was the only historians who describd about Imperial Kharkhanas as large halls at different places for artisans. (ii) Embroiderers were busy working, supervised by a master. In other way, goldsmiths in a third, painters, in a fourth, varnishers in lacquer-work, in a fifth, JOINERS, turners, tailors and shoe-makers, in a sixth, manufacturers of silk, brocade and fine muslins and so forth. (iii) He explained that there was a great deal of activity. There was little PROGRESS because the artisans used to come every morning to Karkhanas. (iv) Artisans stayed employed whole DAY and in the evening they returned to their homes. (v) This was UNVARYING, no one cherished for any improvement in the condition of life. |
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| 971. |
To develop a project on the present day system of provincial administration with Mughal subas mentioning the differences and similarities which you observe. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Do your SELF | |
| 972. |
The problems of Archaeological interpretation are perhaps most evident in the attempts to reconstruct religious practices of Harappans. Explain? |
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Answer» Solution : The objects found in the EXCAVATION in Harappa seem like Hindu God and Goddesses. Archaeologists used the concept of known to unknown that is present to past to relate the things with Hindu deities. Some examples are: (i) Terracotta figurines of women, heavy jewelled with elaborate head dresses. (ii) Stone statuory of men which is seated with ONE hand on the knee-such as priest king. (iii) Great Bath and fire ALTARS found in the Kalibangan and Lothal. (iv) Some animals depicted on seals such asunicorn one-horned animal seem to be mythical, composite creatures. (v) Some seales showing the figure of cross legged in a logic posture surrounded by animals regarded as depiction of proto Shiva. (VI) Rudra in the Rigveda neither depicted as Pashupati nor as a yogi. This depiction does not match with Shiva.So, these statutory bodies were not the men or women, some SCHOLARS suggest that they were be Shaman possibly |
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| 973. |
Why was satyagraha organised at Champaran in Bihar 1917? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) To protest against the OPPRESSION of the INDIGO cultivators as peasants were FORCED to grow indigo on 3/20th of their land and sell at fixed price. (ii) DUE to Gandhiji.s efforts the Tinkathia system was ABOLISHED. |
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| 974. |
How were the-coins used in the first century CE? Give two examples. |
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Answer» Solution :The first GOLD coin were issued in the first century CE by the Kushanas which were identical in weight with those issued by contemporary Roman Kings and Parthian rulers of lran. Its wide SPREAD use indicated network of trade. (ii) Coins were issued by TRIBAL republies of Yaudheyas of Punjab and Haryana in 1ST century (c first century CE). (iii) Several thousands of copper coins have been unearthed issued by Yaudheyas potnting to their intcrest in economic exchanges |
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| 975. |
Mention any two steps taken by the Mughals to create the revenue as an administrative apparatus. |
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Answer» Solution :(i)The Mughals INCLUDED the office (daftar) of the Diwan who was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire to create the revenue as an administrative apparatus. (ii) The MUGHAL state tried to first acquire SPECIFIC information about the EXTENT of the agricultural lands in the empire and what these lands PRODUCED before fixing the burden of taxes on people. |
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| 976. |
"The central story of Mahabharata reinforced the idea of kinship and succession." Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :The central story of Mahabharata reinforced the IDEA of kinship and succession because whole of Mahabharata story runs around this common thread The war is the central theme of Mahabharata and the MAIN cause of wat is FIGHT for succession among the fraternal KINS. The Kauravas and Pandayas are cousins. Pandu, father of Pandavas succeeded on throne in PLACE of Dhtitarashtra as the latter was blind. Thus, there was tussle among the Pandavas and Kauravas for throne. Pandavas emphasized that their father was king and hence, they are Kauravas said that the rightful king was their father and that King Pandu was only a care-taker king Thus te whole story runs around succession. Also, the armies for war were also organised on the kinship lines and both took help from their extended kins. |
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| 977. |
Buddhism in practice This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka , and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala : In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ...by assigning them work according to their strength , by supplying them with food and wages by tending them in sickness , by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times. . In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas ( those who have renounced the world ) and Brahmanas : by affection in act and speech and mind , by keeping open house to them and supplying their worldly needs. There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents , teacher and wife .Explain the main aspects of Buddhist philosophy . |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The world is transient (annica) and constantly CHANGING . (ii) It is ALSO soulless (anatta). (iii) Nothing is PERMANENT or eternal on it . (iv) Sorrows (Dukkha) are intrinsic to human existence. (v) He emphasized righteous actions. (vi) It is by following path of moderation between SEVERE penances and left indulgence that human beings can rise above these worldly troubles. (vii)God.s existence was irrelevant . (viii) Emphasized individual agency and righteous action means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and self - realization and nibbana. (ix) Extinguishing of the ego and desire and thus end the cycle. (x) EMPHASIS was placed on Metta (follow feeling) and Karuna (compassion) (Any Three Points to be examined) (Any other relevant points) |
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| 978. |
"Some scholars see partition of India as a culmination of communal politics that started developing in the opening decades of the twentieth century." Elucidate. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) They suggested separate eletorates for Muslims, created by the colonial government in 1909 and expanded in 1919, this crucially shaped the nature of communal POLITICS. This created a temptation for politicians working within this system to use sectarian slogans and gather a following by distributing favours to their religious groups. (ii) Jinnah insisted that the league be recognised as a one spokesman of Muslim (iii) On 23 March, 1940 the league marked a resolution demanding a measure of autonomy for Muslim majority arcas of subcontinent. (iv) Mohammad Iqbal raised the demand for Pakistan in his presidential address in Muslim League in 1930. (v) Quit India MOVEMENT which compelled the Britishers to open dialogue with Indian PARTIES for transfer of power. (vi) In 1946 personnel election congress sweft the general constitution and league won are 30 rescue committee STARTED in 1942. (vii) Muslim Lcague announced 10 August, 1946 as direct action day for winning its demand for Pakistan for withdrawn support to cabinet mission. (viii) By 1947 violence spread to many parts of north India. (ix) Gandhi rejected religion as determining a nation.He believed Hindus and Muslims shared a common culture and constituted a single nation. Even till the day of independence Gandhi never participated in any kind of festivities of independence. (x) Mountbatten plan endprsed a separate nation for Muslims and paritioned India. (xi) Hindu-muslim riots after partition of India. |
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| 979. |
Buddhism in practice This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka , and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala : In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ...by assigning them work according to their strength , by supplying them with food and wages by tending them in sickness , by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times. . In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas ( those who have renounced the world ) and Brahmanas : by affection in act and speech and mind , by keeping open house to them and supplying their worldly needs. There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents , teacher and wife .In what ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas?In what ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) By affection in acts and speech and MIND. (II) By keeping open HOUSE to them (iii) By supplying them with their WORLDLY needs. ( Any other RELEVANT Point ) (Any two Points be examined) |
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| 980. |
Examine the role played by zamindars in Mughal India . |
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Answer» Solution :The zamindars were the people who did not DIRECTLY PARTICIPATE in the processes of agricultural production, but they enjoyed high statusin the society. (i) The zamindars considered their land as their property (milkiyat). They had control to sell, give and MORTAGE theirproperty. (ii)They enjoyed many social and economic privileges because oftheir superior status in society. (iii)The zamindars belongedto the upper caste whichadded to theirexalted statusin society. (iv) The zamindars rendered certain services (khidmat) for the state. As a result of theirservicetheyreceived and attained higher positionin the state. (v)The zamindars had the right to collect REVENUE on behalf ofthe state and also received financial compensation for thiswork . (vi)The zamindars hadkept strict control over the military resources of the state. They kept a FORTRESS and a well-knit armed unit comprisingcavalry, artillery and infantry. (vii)The zamindars also played significant role in developing theagricultural land. Theyhelpedin the settlements of farmers by leading them money and agricultural instruments. (viii)Itresulted in an increase in agriculturalproduce and the sale and purchase of land by the zamindars. There are also evidences that the zamindars held bazaars . The farmers cameto thesevazaars to sell their crops. (ix)If we observe social relation ofvillage of Mughal age as a pyramid, then zamindars were at thetop. They occupiedthe highest position in the society. (x)Nodoubt the zamindars exploited the people buttheir relations withthe farmersdepended on their mutualtogetheressand hereditary patronage. So, theywere able to getpeasants in case ofcase of the revolt against thestate. |
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| 981. |
Buddhism in practice This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka , and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala : In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ...by assigning them work according to their strength , by supplying them with food and wages by tending them in sickness , by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times. . In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas ( those who have renounced the world ) and Brahmanas : by affection in act and speech and mind , by keeping open house to them and supplying their worldly needs. There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents , teacher and wife .In what ways should a master look after his servants and employees ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) By assigning them WORK according to the strength (ii) By supplying food and wages (iii) By looking after then during SICKNESS (iv) By sharing delicacies with them (v) GRANTING leaves at times . ( Any other relevant Point ) (Any two Points be EXAMINED) |
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| 982. |
What is meant by separate electorates"? How did the introduction of separate electorates lead to partition? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Separate electorates was introduced by the British for Muslims by the Act of 1909 , which was expanded in 1919. Muslims COULD elect their own representatives in designated constituencies. (ii) The separates electorates, apart from other causes contributed to the PARTITION-many scholars see partition as a culmination of British policy of DIVIDE and RULE and communal politics moulded by the separates electorates. (iii) It created TEMPTATION for politicians working within the system to use the religious slogans. (iv) Politicians became eager to acquire support among their own religious groups. (v) Community identities no longer indicated simple difference in faith and belief, but came to signify active hostility between communitites. (vi) . They deepended logic of electoral politics and hardened community identities. (vii) Separate electorates had a profound impact on Indian politics. But the partition of India was not alogical result of their working since most of other developments contributed to consolidate communal identities. |
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| 983. |
Identify any two strategies evolved by Brahmanas to enforce the norms of Varna any Order from c. 600BCE to 600CE. |
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Answer» Solution : Two STRATEGIES evolved by the Brahmanas (a) To assert that the VARNA order was of divine (B) They advised kings to ENSURE that these norms were FOLLOWED within their kingdoms. |
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| 984. |
Buddhism in practice This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka , and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala: In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ......by assigning them work according to their strength , by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness, by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times..........In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas (those who have renounced the world) and Brahmanas : by affection in act and speech and mind, by keeping open house tothem and supplying their worldly needs. There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife. How should master look after servants an employees ? |
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Answer» Solution :As per the BUDDHIST TRADITION a master looks after his servants and employees in FIVE ways . These are : (a) By assigning them work according to their strength . (b) By supplying them with food and wage . (c) By attending them in SICKNESS . (d) By SHARING delicacies with them . (e) By granting leaves from time to time . |
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| 985. |
The heat of the Mughal Empire was its capital city." Explain with examples. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Undoubtedly, the heart of the Mughal Empire was its capital city, where the court assembled. During the 16 and 17 centuries the capital cities of the Mughals USUALLY shifted eg, Babur took over Agra by his court was frequently on the move (ii) Akbar decided to build a NEW capital at Fatehpur Sikri in the 1570s. However, in 1585 the Mughal Capital was transferred to Lahote. Its MAIN purpose was to BRING the north-west under control. (iii) Shah Jahan moved the court, army and household from Agra to Shahjahanabad in 1648.Shah Jahan followed sound fiscal policies and accumulated sufficient moncy for building activities. (iv) Shabjahanabad was a new addition to the old residential city of Delhi. It had the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Chandni Chowk and spacious HOMES for the nobility. |
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| 986. |
Buddhism in practice This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka , and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala: In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ......by assigning them work according to their strength , by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness, by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times..........In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas (those who have renounced the world) and Brahmanas : by affection in act and speech and mind, by keeping open house tothem and supplying their worldly needs. There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife. Mention the internal functioning of the Buddhist sangha. |
| Answer» Solution :The internal functioning of the Buddhist sangha was based in the traditions of ganas and sanghas. ACCORDING to this , consensus were ARRIVED at through MUTUAL discussions . In CASE they were unable to reach any consensus then DECISIONS were taken by voting on the subject . | |
| 987. |
How many titles did Ashoka adopted? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) He called himself piyadassi which means pleasant to behold. (II) LIKE his predecessors Ashoka assumes the TITLE of Piyadassi (pleasant to behold)and SARNATH inscription he adopted the THIRD tittle Dharma Ashoka. |
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| 988. |
What are the different explanations given by early writers and modern historians for the growth of Magadha power? |
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Answer» Solution :The were many factors responsible for rise of Magadha. They are as follows: (i) Magadha was located in the Gangetic basin, where the soil was very fertile and yield good agricultureproduce. (ii) Land was frtile which yield good harvest. Land revenue was high and it provided huge INCOME for the kingdom. (iii) The thick forests supplied timber and elephants. Timber was used in the CONSTRUCTIONOF houses while elephants were used in the army. (iv) It had large deposits of copper ad ironore. The iron was used to make weapons and AGRICULTURE implements. (v) It had a flourishing trade with other regions. Profits from trade helped Magadha to mainain a large army. (vi) It was ruled by a poerful king. (vii) It enjoyed a favourable GEOGRAPHICAL location . It.s oldest capital Rajagriha was surrounded by hills on three sides. (viii) The new capital, Pataliputra was situated on the bank of the RIVER Ganga which provided natural barrier against any attack on kingdom. |
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| 989. |
Buddhism in practice This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka , and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala: In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ......by assigning them work according to their strength , by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness, by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times..........In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas (those who have renounced the world) and Brahmanas : by affection in act and speech and mind, by keeping open house tothem and supplying their worldly needs. There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife. In this excerpt who is being advised by whom ? |
| Answer» Solution :In this EXCERPT Buddha is ADVISING to SIGALA, who is a wealthy HOUSEHOLDER. | |
| 990. |
Discuss, with examples, the significance of monetary transactions during the period under consideration . |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The political STABILITY provided by the Mughal helpe in establishing sound trade relation with Ming (Chian), Safavid (Iran) and Ottoman (Turkey) empires. It led to increase in outland trad from Chinato Mediterranean Sea. (ii) The discovery ofnew LANDS and sea routes also gave an inpetus to Asia.strade with Europe. As a resultenormous amount of silverentered INDIA as payment for goods bought from India. (iii)Giovanni Careri, an Italian traveller, who passed throughIndia in 1690 has written howthe silver reached India from all parts of the world. From his description,we also cameto know how therewas an exchange of cash and goods in India in the 17th century. (iv)Thisbenefitted Indiaas she did not have enough resources of silver . Therefore, from the sixteenth to theeighteethcenturies therewassufficient reserves of silver in India and the silver rupyawas available readily. (v) Themutual exchange in villagestook place. As villagers established their linksin the urbanmarkets, there was a considerable increase in monetary transactions. In this way villages became an important part of the monetary market. (vi)It was due to the monetary transactions, it became easier to pay daily wages to thelabourersin cash and not in kind . This resulted in an unprecedented expansion in the mintingof coins and circulation of MONEY allowing theMughal stateto extract taxesand REVENUES incash . |
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| 991. |
Who was R.E.M. Wheeler? Mention any one of his contributions in the field of Archaeology. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) An ARCHAEOLOGIST and director general of Archaeological SURVEY of India. (ii) He rectified the John Marshall.s EXCAVATION and followed straitigraphy of the MOUND to excavate. |
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| 992. |
Explain, why many leaders demanded a strong centre during the debates in the constituent assembly? How were powers to legislate finally divided? |
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Answer» Solution :A. The main proponents for a strong centre were Jawaharlal NEHRU, B.R. Ambedkar, Gopalaswamy Ayyangar and Balkrishna Sharma. The distinct bias of the constituent assembly in favour of a strong centre, right of the Union over those of the States needs to be understood in the light of violence of the time following partition. Arguments in favour: (i) J.L. Nehru-To ensure peace, for coordinating vitalmatters of communication, will be able to speak effectively for the whole country in the international sphere. (ii) B.R. Ambedkar-Powers of the centre had to be greatly strengthened to stop communal frenzy. (iii) Balkrishna Sharma-Only a strong centre can plan for the well being of the country, mobilise resources and establish proper administration. Defend the country against foreign AGGRESSION. B. (i) Powers to legislate were divided between the centre and state on the basis of THREE lists-the union, concurrent and state list. (ii) Union list contained 97 subjects of national importance, only central government could legislate on them. (iii) 66 subjects are covered under the state list and state could pass laws on them. (IV) Both the centre and state could pass laws on current lists, only forty seven subjects. (v) Article 356, gave the centre powers to take over a state administration on the recommendation of governor. |
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| 993. |
Read the given sources and answer the questions which follow: Charkha Mahatma Gandhi was profoundly critical of the modern age in which machines enslaved humans and displaced labour. He saw the charkha as a symbol of a human society that would not glorify machines and technology. The spinning wheel, moreover, could provide the poor with supplementary income and make them self-reliant. What I object to, is the craze for machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour-saving machinery. Men go on "saving labour", till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all, I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of few, but in the hands of all. YOUNG INDIA, 13 NOVEMBER 1924 Khaddar does not seek to destroy all machinery but it does regulate its use and check its weedy growth. It uses machinery for the service of the poorest in their own cottages. The wheel is itself an exquisite piece of machinery. YOUNG INDIA, 17 MARCH 1927Why did Gandhiji give so much importance to charkha? |
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Answer» Solution :It is because: (a) He SYMBOLISED charkha as a symbol of SELF reliant society. (b) Charkha will diminish the glory of machines and technology. (C) It provided supplementary income to the POOR and dignified MANUAL capital. |
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| 994. |
Choose any one important constitutional change that has happened in recent years. Find out why the change was made, what different arguments were put forward for the change and the historical background to the change. If you can try and look at the Constitutional Assembly debates in the website. (http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/debates.htm) to see how the issue was discussed at that time. Write about your findings. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Do it yourself. | |
| 995. |
There was more to rural India than the sedentary in the context of Mughal Period . |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Forest dwellers were called jungli. Their livelihood came from the gathering of forest produce, hunting and shifting agriculture. Being jungli did not MEAN and absence of civilization. (II)The livelihood practices of the forest dwellers were season specific. The Bhils collected forest produce in spring, fished in summer. The monsoon months were for cultivationand the autumn and winter for hunting. (iii)Abul Fazl described the trade of hill tribes with traders and the villagers of Awadh (Uttar Pradesh) (iv)They exchanged the forest produce for items like white and coloured cloth, ornaments, glass and earthenware. (v)They sold beeswax, Honey, gum, lac etc. This results in continuous, mobility. (iv)For the state, the forest was a subversive place. At thesane TIME,because of ABUNDANCE cultivable land there was a constant expansion of sedentary agriculture. (vii) There were two types of crop gram, commercial and staple. New source of irrigation were made available canons, reservoirs,nahars, nala etc. (viii) The persian wheelswere used for irrigation. New techniques of agriculture wereadopted. Heterogeneous POPULATION villages. |
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| 996. |
Read the given sources and answer the questions which follow: Charkha Mahatma Gandhi was profoundly critical of the modern age in which machines enslaved humans and displaced labour. He saw the charkha as a symbol of a human society that would not glorify machines and technology. The spinning wheel, moreover, could provide the poor with supplementary income and make them self-reliant. What I object to, is the craze for machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour-saving machinery. Men go on "saving labour", till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all, I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of few, but in the hands of all. YOUNG INDIA, 13 NOVEMBER 1924 Khaddar does not seek to destroy all machinery but it does regulate its use and check its weedy growth. It uses machinery for the service of the poorest in their own cottages. The wheel is itself an exquisite piece of machinery. YOUNG INDIA, 17 MARCH 1927In the view of Mahatma what would be the impact on the poor, if machines saved labour? |
| Answer» Solution : The poor will be THROWN out of their jobs if the machines were introduced. It will LEAVE many people WITHOUT jobs and increased starvation. The use of machine in few HANDS KEEPING this in his mind, he did not favour the use of machines and technology | |
| 997. |
Which cities formed capitals of mughal rule at different times? |
| Answer» Solution :AGRA, Fatehpur SIKRI and Lahore formed capital CITIES of Mughal rulers at different times. | |
| 998. |
"Because of the diversity of the Indian subcontinent there have always been populations whose social practices were not influenced by the Brahmanical ideas during 600 BCE - 600 CE." Examine the statement. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The diversity of the subcontinent, there were, and always have been populations, whose social practices were not influenced by Brahmanical ideas. (ii) As they figured in Sanskrit texts are often described as uncivilised. Hunting and gathering were the important means for subsistence. (iii) Categories such as the nishada, to which Ekalavya is supposed to have belonged, are examples. (iv) People, who were newed with suspicion included populations such as nomadic pastoralists and could not be easily accommodated within the framework and spoke non-Sanskritic languages, were known as .mlechchhas.. (v) The Brahmanas considered some people as being OUTSIDE the system. They developed a social divide by classifying certain social categories as untouchable. (VI) Some activities were regarded as particularly polluting. These included handling corpses and dead animals. Such people were designated as chandalas. (vii) Historians tried to find out whether chandalas accepted the life of degradation prescribed in the Shastras. Whenever Brahmanical authorities encountered new groups that did not easily fit into the four FOLD varna system, they classified them as a jati. (viii) Only Kshatriyas could be kings several important ruling lineages probably had DIFFERENT origins. Satavahanas were the METRONYMICS. |
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| 999. |
Read the given sources and answer the questions which follow: Charkha Mahatma Gandhi was profoundly critical of the modern age in which machines enslaved humans and displaced labour. He saw the charkha as a symbol of a human society that would not glorify machines and technology. The spinning wheel, moreover, could provide the poor with supplementary income and make them self-reliant. What I object to, is the craze for machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labour-saving machinery. Men go on "saving labour", till thousands are without work and thrown on the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labour, not for a fraction of mankind, but for all, I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of few, but in the hands of all. YOUNG INDIA, 13 NOVEMBER 1924 Khaddar does not seek to destroy all machinery but it does regulate its use and check its weedy growth. It uses machinery for the service of the poorest in their own cottages. The wheel is itself an exquisite piece of machinery. YOUNG INDIA, 17 MARCH 1927Why was Gandhiji critical of machines? |
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Answer» SOLUTION : Gandhiji was critical of MACHINES because (a) They enslaved the human beings. (b) They DISPLACED the LABOUR. |
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| 1000. |
What was the attitude of the Indian National Congress towards the Second World War? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Mahatma GANDHI and J.L. Nehru both were against Hitler and Nazis. (ii) They promised Congress SUPPORT to the war EFFORT if the British in RETURN promised to grant India freedom after the war. |
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