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4101.

Write a description about the winds of change in Australia.

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Solution :Several factors were responsible for the winds of change in Australia. An account of the factors responsible for winds of change are listed below: (i) The Europeans were very hostile towards the natives of Australia. Since a LONG-time, they (Europeans) made no sincere efforts to improve their conditions. In their literature, the Europeans portrayed themselves superior as compared to the natives. In 1968, W.E.H. Scanner published a book entitled "The Great Australian Silence" that encouraged the Europeans to trace and understand the historical roots of the natives of Australia.
(ii) Henry Reynolds in his book, "Why Weren.t We Told" criticised the tradition of writing of Australian history. According to the Europeans, the history of Australia began with its discovery by Captain Cook. He believed that the study of native culture and civilization must be encouraged. His ideas inspired the Europeans to know about historical antecedents of the natives.
(III) The Europeans established separate department in universities to study the culture of the natives. To understand the local culture they also established museums and galleries of native ART. Undoubtedly, it was a commendable step. It encouraged the Australian government to adopt the policy of multiculturalism. It aimed at providing equal respect for the culture of natives.
(iv) A great Australian writer, Judith Wright spearheaded a powerful movement for the rights of the natives. She was of the opinion that the policy of keeping the whites and the natives separate may pose a great threat to the coming generation. She WROTE many impressive poems which had intense effects on the hearts of people.
(v) The natives realised that the Europeans had made no agreement with them. It was DUE to this fact that the Australian government always used to call the land, Terra Nullius, which means that land belongs to none. This verdict recognised their claims of natives over the land prior to 1770.
(vi) There was also a long and agonising history of children of mixed blood that was being forcibly captured and separated from their native relatives. These children were denied all sorts of rights.
Discussion
4102.

Precious metals increase greed and inflation. What values do government show to stop it from the society?

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SOLUTION :Had precious metals been in the market, it would have increased the GREED of the people to accumulate and preserve for personal purposes. This causes inflation in the market and will create hazardous situation for the POOR and middle class families. Government shows its moral and social values and has to come forward to convince the people that, metals are only the things of uses. They satisfy needs of the people. Rather than KEEPING and preserving it, LET it be in the market as currency for maintaining economy of nation so that ordinary people may not suffer.
Discussion
4103.

What does ‘Post - Roman' mean in the 540s?

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Solution :The GENERAL prosperity was Especially marked in the EAST where population was still expanding till the sixth century, despite the impact of the PLAGUE which affected the Mediterranean in the 540s. In the West, by contrast, the EMPIRE fragmented politically as Germanic groups from the North took over all the major provinces and establishedkingdoms that are best described as .Post-Roman..
Discussion
4104.

Write the use of coaster.

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Solution :Coasters were used in LOADING cargo BROUGHT by RIVER VESSELS.
Discussion
4105.

What do you mean by authoritarian regime?

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Solution :The Roman STATE was an authoritarian regime. Government frequently RESPONDED to PROTEST with violence especially in the cities of the East where people were often fearless in MAKING fun of emperors. Yet a strong tradition of Roman law had emerged by the fourth century, and this acted as a brake on even the most fearsome emperors. Emperors were not free to do, whatever they liked, and the law was actively used to protect civil rights.
Discussion
4106.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) Born in an impoverished samurai family, he studied in Nagasaki and Osaka learning Dutch and Western sciences and, later, English. In 1860, he went as a translator for the first Japanese embassy to the USA. This provided material for a book on the West, written not in the classical but in the spoken style that became extremely popular. He established a school that is today the Keio University. He was one of the core members of the Meirokusha, a society to promote Western learning. In The Encouragement to Learning (Gakumon no susume, 1872-76) he was very critical of Japanese knowledge: 'All that Japan has to be proud of is its scenery'. He advocated not just modern factories and institutions but the cultural essence of the West-the spirit of civilisation. With this spirit it would be possible to build a new citizen. His principle was: 'Heaven did not create men above men, nor set men below men.' What do you know about Fukuzawa Yukichi?

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SOLUTION : Fukuzawa was a leading Meiji INTELLECTUAL. He was one of the leading members of the Meirokusha, a society to PROMOTE western LEARNING.
Discussion
4107.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) Born in an impoverished samurai family, he studied in Nagasaki and Osaka learning Dutch and Western sciences and, later, English. In 1860, he went as a translator for the first Japanese embassy to the USA. This provided material for a book on the West, written not in the classical but in the spoken style that became extremely popular. He established a school that is today the Keio University. He was one of the core members of the Meirokusha, a society to promote Western learning. In The Encouragement to Learning (Gakumon no susume, 1872-76) he was very critical of Japanese knowledge: 'All that Japan has to be proud of is its scenery'. He advocated not just modern factories and institutions but the cultural essence of the West-the spirit of civilisation. With this spirit it would be possible to build a new citizen. His principle was: 'Heaven did not create men above men, nor set men below men.' What did he advocate?

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Solution :He advocated the adoption of the SPIRIT of western CIVILIZATION. It would help Japan to BUILD a NEW citizen. He also advocated that God has not created SUPERIOR or inferior man. All are equal before Him.
Discussion
4108.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) Born in an impoverished samurai family, he studied in Nagasaki and Osaka learning Dutch and Western sciences and, later, English. In 1860, he went as a translator for the first Japanese embassy to the USA. This provided material for a book on the West, written not in the classical but in the spoken style that became extremely popular. He established a school that is today the Keio University. He was one of the core members of the Meirokusha, a society to promote Western learning. In The Encouragement to Learning (Gakumon no susume, 1872-76) he was very critical of Japanese knowledge: 'All that Japan has to be proud of is its scenery'. He advocated not just modern factories and institutions but the cultural essence of the West-the spirit of civilisation. With this spirit it would be possible to build a new citizen. His principle was: 'Heaven did not create men above men, nor set men below men.' Mention the name of the book in which he was critical of Japanese knowledge.

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Solution :In .The ENCOURAGEMENT to LEARNING. Fukuzawa Yukichi was critical of the JAPANSE LANGUAGE.
Discussion
4109.

Who was Chiang Kai-shek? What did he tell about women?

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SOLUTION :Chiang Kai-shek was the LEADER of the Guomindang. He told women to cultivate the VIRTUES of CHASTITY, appearance, SPEECH and work
Discussion
4110.

Who was Augustine?

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Solution :Augustine was the GREAT CATHOLIC BISHOP who SPENT most of his life in NORTH Africa.
Discussion
4111.

Discuss the main sources of income of the state in detail.

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SOLUTION :AGRICULTURAL was the main occupation of the settled population, since long. It also remained a MAJOR occupation in newly acquired territories. The bulk of income of the state was derived from the agricultural land.
Land was owned by the small and big farmers and in some cases by the state. After Islamic CONQUESTS, big estates were abandoned and acquired by the state. Later on these states were handed over to Muslim elites. The chief among them were the members of Khalifa.s (Caliph.s) army.
The land conquered by the Arabs, which remained in the hands of the owners were subjected to a tax, called Kharaj, varied from `(1)/(2)" to "(1)/(5)th` of the produce. While the land cultivated by the Muslims were levied `(1)/(10)th` of tax, known as ushr as land REVENUE. When non-Muslims stated converting to Islam, the land revenue income fell dramatically. To meet the shortfall, the Caliphs decided to discourage the conversions and later adopted a uniform land revenue policy.
After 10th century, the state authorised its officials to claim salaries from the agricultural territories called Iqtas (The person who held the Iqtas came to be known as Iqtadars). Agricultrual prosperity and political stability went hand-in-hand. To ensure agricultural prosperity it took several measures such as canals were constructed, dams were built, the digging of wells, etc. were done. Tax concessions were peasants and state people who brought land under cultivation. By the initiatives of peasants and state support the agriculture began to increase. Many new crops such as cotton, oranges, bananas, watermelon, spinach and brinjal began to grow and even exported to Europe.
Discussion
4112.

What are the twin objectives of Caliphate?

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Solution :The TWIN OBJECTIVES of the Caliphate are as follows :
(i) To FIRMLY establish control over the tribes CONSTITUTING the .Umma..
(ii) To raise resources of the state.
Discussion
4113.

To which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belong to? In which year did he attain enlightenment?

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Solution :Prophet MUHAMMAD BELONGED to Quraysh tribe. He attained enlightenment in 612 CE.
Discussion
4114.

What did Emperor Anastasius build in the late-fifth-century?

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Solution :The Emperor Anastasius BUILT the eastern frontier city of Dara in less than THREE WEEKS by attracting labour from all over the EAST by offering high WAGES in the late-fifth century.
Discussion
4115.

During Abbasids, Arab influence began to decline. Why ?

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Solution :During Abbasids, the Arab influence began to DECLINE on account of the following reasons :
(i) The Abbasids established their capital at Baghdad, near the ruins of ancient IRANIAN metropolis, Ctesiphon. As a result of this, the Iranian influence of culture began to increase under Abbasids.
(ii) The Abbasids ruler strengthened the religious status and functions of the caliphate and patronised ISLAMIC INSTITUTIONS and scholars.
(iii) The army and bureaucracy were recognised on a non-tribal BASIS to ensure greater participation by Iraqi and Khuraseni.
(iv) The Abbasids maintained the magnificent imperial architecture of Umayyads. They also elaborated court ceremonials of Umayyads.
Discussion
4116.

Do you think that the Renaissance started a new age?

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Solution :Undoubtedly, it can be said that the Renaissance started a new age. The reasons are as follows:
(i) The Renaissance broke the feudal bonds and established nation-states. (II) Before the Renaissance period, the church was the supreme authority. People had COMPLETE faith in the authority of the church. But in the Renaissance period, rational thinking and logical thought were dominant. (iii) It brought about new ideologies in art and literature. Art and literature began to prosper and REACHED at its glory. Intellectuals and philosophers attacked on the social norms of the society through their writings. Many painters showed the EVILS of society through their paintings.
Discussion
4117.

What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transportation?

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Solution :Advantages of Canal TRANSPORTATION: It was the cheapest mode of transportation. It was MADE easier to transport heavier goods from mines to factories. When big cities and towns were linked to these canals, the city people were able to get various essential commodities such as coal and tool ITEMS at cheaper rate.
Advantages of Rail Transportation: The use of railways helped in increasing the production of coal and iron industry. It also did a lot of help. Railways helped in carrying HEAVY goods through various regions of the country.
Discussion
4118.

How did the use of language prove valuable in the construction of shelters?

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SOLUTION :The USE of language proved helpful in the construction of shelters in following ways:
(i) People could now secure places about their settlement.
(ii) They became aware about resources available in near surroundings.
(iii) They could discuss the ways of PATTERN of constructing their shelters.
(iv) They could consider the ways and MEANS to protect their from predators and servere storms.
Discussion
4119.

What was the function of medieval monasteries?

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SOLUTION :The FUNCTIONS of medieval monasteries are as follows:
(i) It inspired the people to lead a simple life.
(ii) It ALSO inspired the people to SERVE the sick and the NEEDY.
(iii) It also inspired the people to donate for a noble cause.
Discussion
4120.

Write an account of the journey of an african boy of seventeen captured and taken to brazil as a salve.

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Solution :Do it yourself. Guidelines in brief are given for the help of the STUDENTS. They can elaborate it with the help of their teachers.
The journey of the african BOY was very hard. He was made a slave and journey STARTED from congo. Their ship sailed in the atlantic OCEAN and reached brazil in south america via angola.
Discussion
4121.

How army was the important key institution of imperial rule in the Roman empire?

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Solution :The Roman had a paid professional army where SOLDIERS had to put in a minimum of 25 years of service. The existence of paid army was a distinctive feature of the Roman EMPIRE. It was an organized body in the empire by the FOURTH CENTURY and had the power to determine the fate of emperors. The soldiers would trouble for better wages and service conditions. These agitations often took the form of revolt.
Discussion
4122.

How will you justify that the Europeans and the natives of America had different perceptions regarding forests and agriculture?

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Solution :Both the Europeans and the natives of America had different perceptions regarding forests and agriculture. The Europeans cleared the forests with iron tools to make it READY for agriculture. Doing so they wanted to INCREASE the area under MAIZE and other crops. The natives were surprised at their activities. They never used to grow crops as much as REQUIRED for subsistence. They never taught about growing crops to make PROFIT. They believed that forests are their source of strength and considered it a sin to cut them. In this way, they had different perceptions regarding forests and agriculture.
Discussion
4123.

How was the infrastructure during the Roman empire?

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Solution :The infrastructure system in ancient Rome was complex. A system of thirteen Roman aqueducts provided the inhabitants of Rome with water of varying quality, the best being reserved for potable supplies. Watcr was USED in public baths and in latrines. Inferior types of latrine systems have been found in many places, such as house steads, a Roman fort on Hadrian.s Wall in Pompeii, Herculaneum, and elsewhere that flushed waste away with a stream of water. Romans used sea sponges on a stick and dipped in vinegar after defecation. The Romans had a complex system of SEWERS covered by stones. They recycled public bath waste water by using it as part of the flow that flushed the latrines. Terracotta piping was used in the plumbing that CARRIED waste water from HOMES. The Romans were the first to seal pipes in concrete to resist the high water pressures developed in siphons and elsewhere. Beginning around 5th century BC, city officials called aediles SUPERVISED the sanitary systems. They were responsible for the efficiency of the drainage and sewage systems, the cleansing and paving of the streets, prevention of foul smells, and general oversight of brothels, taverns, baths, and other water supplies.Roman rubbish was often left to collect in alleys between buildings in the poor districts of the city. It sometimes became so thick that stepping stones were needed.
The empire of Rome, especially the city itself, had a huge demand for water. The average Roman consumed over 200 gallons of water per day. Wealthy households had water supplied to their settlements unlike many poor who could not afford this. Even these people enjoyed the luxuries of Rome.s public baths, fountains, and public toilets equipped with sinks.
River Tiber was the city.s main water source before any aqueducts were constructed. As the population of Rome increased, however, the Romans taste for water became too much for the river to supply. The paved roads were all constructed so they would require minimal amount of repair and provide a very smooth surface for travelling.
Discussion
4124.

Today, as a developed country, Japan faces the challenge of using its political and technological capabilities to maintain its position as a leading world power. Elaborate this statement.

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Solution :1960s saw the growth of civil society movements as industrialisation had been PUSHED with utter disregard to its effect on health and the environment. Cadmium poisoning, which led to a painful DISEASE, was an early indicator. It was followed by mercury poisoning in Minamata in the 1960s and problems caused by air pollution in the early 1970s. Grassroots pressure groups began to DEMAND recognition of these problems as well as compensation for the victims. Government action and new legal regulations HELPED to improve conditions. From the MID 1980s there had been an increasing decline in environmental issues as Japan enacted some of the strictest environmental controls in the world.
Discussion
4125.

Give reasons for Spain and Portugal being the first in the 15th century to venture across the Atlantic.

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Solution :(i) The rulers of both SPAIN and portugal has passion for acquiring wealth in the form of GOLD and TREASURE for glory and titles.
(ii) They also wanted to establish colonies in the regions.
(iii) The Christian Missionaries wanted to venture across the ATLANTIC.
Discussion
4126.

What was the role of army in Roman empire?

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SOLUTION :The army was the largest single organized body of AROUND 60,000 forces by the FOURTH century and it certainly had the POWER to determine the fate of emperors in Roman empire.
Discussion
4127.

What do you mean by "The Great Leap Forward Movement"?

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Solution : "The Great Leap Forward MOVEMENT" was launched in 1958. It was a policy to galvanise the COUNTRY for RAPID INDUSTRIALISATION.
Discussion
4128.

On the given map of Britain, mark and locate the following iron and coal manufacturing areas. (i) Leeds (ii) Shefficld (iii) Liverpool (iv) Bristol (v) Swansea

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
4129.

Write a note on the following: (i) Spirit of Inquiry (ii) Spirit of Humanism

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SOLUTION :(i) Spirit of Inquiry: It DEVELOPED scientific ideas among the people and they abandoned the supersitious beliefs and rituals that sustained in the ENTIRE society. It paved way for NEW invention which changed the way of life. (ii) Spirit of Humanism: It is also one of the significant FEATURES of Renaissance. Writers of this age gave top priority to matters relating to the life of men and laid emphasis on human welfare. Humanism supported freedom to individual and criticised the unjust restriction imposed on people by religion.
Discussion
4130.

Discuss the major drawbacks of feudalism which prevailed in medieval Europe.

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Solution :The major drawbacks of feudalism which prevailed in medieval Europe were as follows:
(i) It divided the country into small fiefs held by the feudal lords. They were selfish. They cared more for themselves and ignored the interests of the country as a whole. Hence, feudalism gave a blow to national unity.
(ii) The central government became very weak. The feudal lords became more powerful and supreme. The vassals ignored the order of the king. The king was entirely DEPENDENT on feudal lords both for military and money. SOMETIMES they asserted their independence and king could not control them.
(iii) Feudalism encouraged rebellions and wars. The power of the lords was increasing day by day and the kings were becoming more and more weak. This encouraged rebellious tendency among the nobles. The nobles were also eager to get new lands. So there was constant WARFARE among them. It destroyed peace and security and created chaos and confusion in the society.
(iv) Feudalism was responsible for the defective military organization. Every lord organised his army in his own way. Their weapons and methods of LIGHTING also differed as a result of national crisis. (v) Feudalism led to maladministration of justice. Every lord had his own court and laws. He DECIDED the cases and punished the people for the same crime that varied from estate to estate.
Discussion
4131.

William Tyndale (1494-1536), an English Lutheran who translated the Bible into English in 1506, defended Protestantism thus: In this they be all agreed, to drive you from the knowledge of the scripture, and that ye shall not have the text thereof in the mother tongue, and to keep the world still in darkness, to the intent they might sit in the consciences of the people, through vain superstition and false doctrine, to satisfy their proud ambition, and insatiable covetousness, and to exalt their own honour above king and emperor, yea, and above God himself... Which thing only moved me to translate the New Testament. Because I had perceived by experience, how that it was impossible to establish the lay-people in any truth, except the scripture were plainly laid before their eyes in their mother tongue, that they might see the process, order, and meaning of the text.'What were the issues on which the Protestants criticised the Catholic Church? Write any two issues.

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Solution :They criticised the Catholic Church on FOLLOWING ISSUES: (a) The Protestants ALSO criticised the Catholic Church because of immoral and luxurious LIFE led by the church men. (b) Sale of .LETTER of Indulgence. by the church to those people who had committed sins.
Discussion
4132.

William Tyndale (1494-1536), an English Lutheran who translated the Bible into English in 1506, defended Protestantism thus: In this they be all agreed, to drive you from the knowledge of the scripture, and that ye shall not have the text thereof in the mother tongue, and to keep the world still in darkness, to the intent they might sit in the consciences of the people, through vain superstition and false doctrine, to satisfy their proud ambition, and insatiable covetousness, and to exalt their own honour above king and emperor, yea, and above God himself... Which thing only moved me to translate the New Testament. Because I had perceived by experience, how that it was impossible to establish the lay-people in any truth, except the scripture were plainly laid before their eyes in their mother tongue, that they might see the process, order, and meaning of the text.'What were his objectives to translate the Bible into English?

Answer»

Solution :(a) To MAKE available the COPIES of the BIBLE to the layman. (B) To expose the malpractises INDULGED by the church on the name of the text written in it (i.e. the Bible).
Discussion
4133.

William Tyndale (1494-1536), an English Lutheran who translated the Bible into English in 1506, defended Protestantism thus: In this they be all agreed, to drive you from the knowledge of the scripture, and that ye shall not have the text thereof in the mother tongue, and to keep the world still in darkness, to the intent they might sit in the consciences of the people, through vain superstition and false doctrine, to satisfy their proud ambition, and insatiable covetousness, and to exalt their own honour above king and emperor, yea, and above God himself... Which thing only moved me to translate the New Testament. Because I had perceived by experience, how that it was impossible to establish the lay-people in any truth, except the scripture were plainly laid before their eyes in their mother tongue, that they might see the process, order, and meaning of the text.'What do you know about William Tyndale?

Answer»

SOLUTION :William Tyndale was an English Lutheran. He TRANSLATED the BIBLE into English
Discussion
4134.

Why dis Islam divide into two sects? Name these two sects also.

Answer»

Solution :During the reign of Khalifa Ali (650-661 CE) TWO battles were fought against those who represented the Mecca aristocracy. These two wars created a DEEP RIFT between the Muslims. As a result, they GOT divided into sects :
(i) Shias
(ii) Sunnis.
Discussion
4135.

Which values enhanced the status of nobility?

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Solution :The values which ENHANCED the status of nobility were:
(i) Their wealth(ii) Their social status
(III) Their POLITICAL image(IV) Their PROPERTY
(v) Their judicial role
Discussion
4136.

Write and evolutionary note on the regime of the fourth Caliph, Ali.

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Solution :Ali was the fourth Caliph. He fought two wars against those who were REPRESENTING the aristocracy of MECCA. As a result of these wars, the rifts AMONG the Muslims depened. Later on his supporters and enemies got divided into two sects. These two sects were : Shias and Sunnis. Ali established himself at Kufar and defeated Aisha.s (Muhammad.s wife) army in the Battle of Camel in 657.
Although Ali won this war but he was unable to supports the group led by Muawaiya, a kinsman of Uthman and the GOVERNER of Syria. Then he fought another war with him at Siffin, which ENDED in a truce. After the War of Siffin, Ali.s followers got divided into two groups. Some remained loyal to them, while others who left them came to be known as Kharjis.
Discussion
4137.

Who was the leader of the Protestant Reformation Movement? What were its chief gospels?

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Solution :Martin Luther was the leader of the Protestant Reformation Movement. Its chief gospels were the following.
• A person is not required to be priest in order to establish CONTACT with God.
• It is faith that guides people to the right PATH and ENTRY into HEAVEN that is SALVATION.
Discussion
4138.

Describe in brief the significance of Muhammad's shift from Mecca to Madina.

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Solution :Muhammad shifted from Mecca to MADINA in 622 CE. The significance of this shift is summed up under FOLLOWING heads :
(i) It is referred to in ARABIC as .Hijrat..
(ii) It marks the beginning of the ISLAMIC era.
Discussion
4139.

Who is unanimously regarded as the founder of modern China?

Answer»

Solution :Sun Yat-sen is UNANIMOUSLY regarded as the FOUNDER of MODERN China.
Discussion
4140.

Which factors contributed to commercial of the Central Islamic land?

Answer»

Solution :Following factors CONTRIBUTED to the commercial prosperity of the Central Islamic land :
(i) Islamic land was politically unified as a increasing urbanisation.
(ii) This land was spread between the trading zones of the Indian oceans and Mediterranean.
(iii) Increasing flow of pilgrims to Mecca was also considered as an important factor.
(IV) Towns such as Baghdad and Damascus developed as warehouse centres for local consumption or onward transmission of HIGH value goods such as texiles, gunpowder, spices, PORCELAIN shipped from India to China to Red Sea and Gulf PARTS of Siraf and Basra.
Discussion
4141.

When was Corn Law passed in Britain? What was its main objective?

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Solution :The CORN Law was passed in 1815 in BRITAIN. The main objective of this law was to impose BAN on the IMPORT of cheaper FOOD.
Discussion
4142.

How did the exchange of goods between the European traders and the natives of North-America prove beneficial for the Europeans?

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Solution :After arriving North America, the EUROPEAN traders came to know that the native peoples assembled regularly at the bank of the river Mississippi with an objective for exchange of goods. They exchanged handicrafts and food ITEMS. Only those goods were exchanged which were not available in a particular region. The European traders took part in the exchange of food items with an objective to boost their TRADE. They gave items like blankets, vessels, and gun. These items proved beneficial for the natives in one or another way. Before the advent of the Europeans the natives were not familiar with the wine. But the European MADE them addicted of wine. It proved very beneficial for the Europeans and succeeded in dictating their TERMS to the natives.
Discussion
4143.

Humans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviour and anatomy. This indicates that humans have possible evolved from the apes. List these resemblances in two columns under the headings of (a) behaviour and (b) anatomy. Are there any differences that are noteworthy?

Answer»

SOLUTION :SIMILARITIES
(a) BEHAVIOUR

Discussion
4144.

Which food items did Incas Grow?

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SOLUTION :They GREW CORN and POTATOES.
Discussion
4145.

What was the legal right of property of women after marriage in Roman society in the third century?

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Solution :The WIFE did not transfer to her husband.s AUTHORITY but RETAINED full rights in the PROPERTY of her NATAL family.
Discussion
4146.

Which factors contributed to the unity of Islamic society between 950-1200 CE?

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Solution :The following contributed to the unity of Islamic society between 950-1200 CE :
(i) These societies were bound TOGETHER by common cultural and economic patterns.
(ii) The state was separated from the society.
(iii) The Persian developed as a common language which brought the PEOPLE together.
(iv) Merchants, artists and scholars all moved freely within the CENTRAL Islamic land, which led to circulation of new ideas and thoughts.
The POPULATION of Muslim began to increase enormously. It was EARLIER less than 10% under the Umayyad and early Abbasid period.
Discussion
4147.

Who were Hominoids? When did they come into existence? Write their two unique characteristics.

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SOLUTION :(i) HOMO heidelbergensis: The SPECIES of Homo heidelbergensis have been discovered from German city Heidelberg.
(ii) Homo NEANDERTHALENSIS: Its species have been FOUND in Neander valley, Dusseldorf, a German city.
Discussion
4148.

What do you know about Carl Fuhlrott?

Answer»

Solution :Carl Fuhlrott was a teacher and natural historian in GERMANY, Dusseldorf. He was handed over a SKILL and some SKELETAL fragments of early humans by workmen who were ENGAGED in quarring for LIMESTONE in the Neander valley region in Agust 1856.
Discussion
4149.

How slaves were treated after murder of Lucius Pedanius by his slave Secundus? What was the reaction of crowd at that time?

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Solution :After the MURDER of Lucius Pedanius by his slave Secundus, ancient custom required that EVERY slave residing under the same roof must be executed. But the crowd gathered to save the innocent lives and riots BEGAN. The Senate HOUSE was overwhelmed. Inside, there was feeling against excessive severity, but the majority opposed any change. However, a huge crowd was ready with STONES and torches but prevented the order from being carried out.
Discussion
4150.

How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the Industrial Revolution?

Answer»

SOLUTION :(i) Women of all classes began working in factories. It helped them in getting FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE and self-esteem.
(ii) But their wages for the same hour of work were low in comparison to those of MEN.
(iii) Industrialisation was a blessing in disguise. A number of food items became cheap and were available in abundance. It increased the social status of the women in particular.
(iv) Women were supposed to observe STRICT discipline. They were also punished for violation of any discipline.
Discussion