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(a) it was the mission of the advanced European countries 

(b) to bring the benefits of civilization to backward people

(c) Symbol of development

Count de Cavour was born in 1810 at Piedmont, and received military education. He served in military for some time. He had studied history and culture of Italy and had developed a patriotic spirit. He advocated the English Constitutional System. In 1847, he started a newspaper called ‘Risorgimento’ (Rebirth). As the editor of the paper, he mobilized public opinion to unite Italy.

His political career began when he was elected to the Parliament of Piedmont in 1850. He was appointed as the Prime Minister in 1852 by Victor Emmanuel II. He served as Prime Minister from 1852 to 1861. He had the dream of uniting Italy under the leadership of Sardinia. But before taking up that task, he undertook many reforms to make Sardinia strong. Economy was reformed. Commercial taxes were reduced. He. encouraged education and industries. He thus developed the State and it became a‘Model State’.

He Relieved in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy. Cavour believed that Italian Unification could be achieved only with the help of other European countries. Hence, he took part in the Crimean war. This war, fought between England and France 1854-1856, on the side of Turkey against Russia had no reason for Cavour to take part.

But with a foresight to create an image about his State before England and France, he made this move. He remarked ‘Out of the mud of Crimea, Italy will be made’. After the war, in the Paris Peace Congress, he put forth the problems of Italy before the leaders.

Napoleon III, the ruler of France was very sympathetic to the cause of Italian Unification. Cavour signed an agreement with Napoleon III at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon promised to help Cavour against Austria in return for Which Cavour had to give Savoy and Nice. Cavour built his army. Austria was suspicious of the meeting between Cavour and Napoleon and the militarization of Sardinia and ordered Sardinia to disarm. When Sardinia refused, the war began in 1859. This war lasted for two months.

The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Salfereno. But Napoleon stopped the war without giving a clue to Sardinia, concluded the treaty of ‘Villa Franca’ with Austria. According to this treaty, Austrian troops were evacuated from Lombardy and it was ceded to Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the first stage of unification was set in. Napoleon received Nice and Savoy.

The abrupt end of the war disappointed Cavour. He forced King Victor Emmanuel II not to accept the treaty of Villa Franca. But when Victor Emmanuel refused, he resigned. But soon he was reelected and took over as the Prime Minister. In 1860 Modena, Parma, Tuscany, Romagna, Umbria and Marches voted to merge with Sardinia. 

This led to the second step in the unification. Considered ‘the Brain of Italian Unification’ he died in 1861. He died almost a decade before the Unification of Italy. His last words were “Italy is made, all is safe’. It was indeed an optimistic quote. 

(i) Some policy-makers were in favour of the French language as the medium of instruction because according to them this would promote French culture in Vietnam.

(ii) It would create an 'Asiatic France' solidly tied to European France.

(iii) The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideas, French culture and work for the French.

(iv) Another group of thinkers opposed French being the only medium of instruction.

(v) They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.

(vi) The few who learned French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship

Answer is : (c) Running water

Correct option is: (c) Arid soil

London was a city of shopkeepers.

A nation-state is a state where a state where people live in a common territory, develop a sense of identity and share a common history.

Correct option is: (d) Marriage

Answer is : (a) Deforestation

A-Deforestation

Correct option is: (c) Running water

Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the first King of United Italy.

Correct option is: (a) Communication

Correct option is: (a) Odisha

Correct option is: (b) Victor Emmanuel II

Answer is : (b) Victor Emmanuel II

Correct answer is

(d) All of the above

Answer is : (a)

Correct option is: (a) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria

He was an Italian revolutionary who played a significant role in promoting the idea of a unified Italian state. He believed that nations were the natural units of mankind, and so Italy (which was then divided into a number of small states and kingdoms) had to be forged into a single unified republic. During the 1830s, he strived to put together a coherent programme for such a unitary Italian Republic. He also set up two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. These societies helped in the dissemination of his ideas.

Politics of power is, for many, the most complex understanding of politics because power itself is intangible — we cannot touch or see it — we can only feel its effects. And yet to say that power does not exist because we cannot touch or see it would clearly be wrong, and so we are left trying to understand it through different conceptualisations.

B. Giuseppe Mazzini

The Congress of Vienna was held in 1815. It was chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. It was held to draw up a new settlement for Europe amongst the European powers which were driven by the ideology of Conservatives whose main aim was to establish monarchial regimes in Europe. 

The following changes were made : 

(i) The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power. 

(ii) France had to part with most of its territories which were annexed by Napoleon. 

(iii) A large number of States were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent its further expansion. 

(iv) The kingdom of Netherland was set up in North. 

(v) Russia was given important territories on its Western Frontiers. 

(vi) Austria was given control of Northern Italy. 

(vii)German Confederation of 39 States remained intact. 

(viii) Russia was given part of Saxony. 

(ix) Russia was given part of Poland.

1. Mutual Non- aggeression. 

2. Peaceful Co- existance.

India’s freedom movement had drawn much inspiration from the colonial History of US. President F.D. Roosevelt’s positive contribution to the 1942 Cripps Mission negotiations to help India proceed on the road to independence received a positive and grateful response from the Indian leaders. Pandit Nehru identified a number of positive factors that favoured the growth of Indo US relations during his visits to US.

Because of this historical background and shared democratic values of both countries, they acquired a pattern of good and positive relationalship. Both nations have a common faith in democratic institutions and way of life and are dedicated to the cause of peace and freedom.

1. Economic Relations: After India’s Independence, US extended its economic aid under Truman’s Four Point Program of 1950, consisting of American technical skills, knowledge and investment capital. It provided wheat loan to India to mangage the famine in some parts of the country in 1951.

The major aid has been in the shape of surplus commodity assistance provided under Public Law 480 (PL 480) in 1956, that was repayable in rupees. Under the supervision of United States Agency for International Development (USAID), it gave development loans. With these aids and support, US topped the list of countries that gave economic aid to India.

In the recent years India has decided to liberalize its economy and integrate it with the global economy. India’s impressive economic growth rates have made the country an attractive economic partner for US. In the post cold war era, both countries find themselves closer and committed to extend their economic co-operation in other fileds. The Indian economy had close ties with US and its companies. US absorbed much of India’s total exports in the software sector and extended job opportunities to lakhs of Indians in its silicon valley.

2. Military Relations: After the II World War US built many military alliances (NATO, ANZUS, SEATO, Baghdad Pact, and CENTO). As the leader of western bloc, it expects newly liberated countries which are not aligned with any of these military alliances, not to oppose US in any organization including UN. India keeping away from the military alliances, its principled support to the liberation movements and crusade against apartheid, racism and racial discrimination were interpreted by US as unfriendly acts.

Obviously, it led to misunderstanding between India and US relations. The US military support to Pakistan its military ally in 1954, created apprehensions in India regarding regional military balance and it widened the gap between India and Pakistan. When the liberation struggle was going on in Goa, the US supported Portuguese claims to keep Portugal as its ally in NATO, but victory of India was interpreted by US as ‘hypocrisy’ and ‘hollow moralist’.

As its global strategy to curb Communism, U S responded positively with military assitance to India in 1962 Indo-Chjna war. But it acted against India in Indo-Pak conflict in 1965 and Indo- Pak war on Bangladesh in 1971. The US has military bases in the Indian ocean in the Island called Diego Garcia.

India has opposed to these bases, because these can threaten any of the states which are on the banks of the Indian Ocean. Inspite of Indian protest, US has not taken off the bases from the Island. By minimizing our misunderstandings and by better appreciaiton of each other, there is a need to work out a pattern of mutually beneficial relationalship with the US.

3. Socio-cultural Relations: India and US have close socio-cultural relations, e.g. Ford Foundation grants aid for scientific, technical, educational and cultural activities. The co-operation in the field of cultural exchange scientific and educational interaction and the large number of people of Indian origin living in the US all these hold potential for a greater co-operation. Thousands of Indian scholars acquired their advanced knowledge from the educational insitutions of US.

The Security Council is often described as the enforcement wing (world executive body). It is the most powerful organ of the UNO. Its main responsibility is to maintain world peace and security. It consists of 15 members. Five of them are permanent members (UK, USA, Russia, France, and China) while the other ten are non permanent members.

Permanent members have ‘Veto-Power’. Ten Non permanent members are represented by the elected representatives who are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years.

The Security Council is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. It has the power to discuss, investigate and make recommendations in this regard. The member states are called upon to settle disputes by peaceful means. It is empowered to decide the measures to be taken to restore international peace.

It also recommends the person to be appointed as Secretary General to the General Assembly. A military committee has been set up to assist the Security Council. The UN has its own Peace Keeping Force. Each member of the Security Council has one vote. The decisions of the Security Council are binding on all UN members. Mr. Ban- ki-Moon took over office on 1^st January 2007. On 21^st June 2011, he was unanimously re-elected by the General Assembly and will continue to serve until 31^st December 2016.

Panchasheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhow-enLai on April, 29^th 1954, sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

1. Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. 

2. Mutual non-aggression. 

3. Mutual non-interference in each others internal affairs. 

4. Equality and mutual benefits. 

5. Peaceful coexistence.

It is a principle of peaceful co-existence with other countries, it guided the basis of relationship between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as SinoIndian honeymoon.

(a) High Birth rate and the population is youthful

(a) Availability of Copper in abundance

When the payment is received from debtors the asset, cash is increased and also a corresponding decrease happens on the asset, Debtors. Therefore, there won’t be any change in the value of total assets in effect.

Democracy is associated with higher human capital accumulation, lower inflation, lower political instability, and higher economic freedom. Democracy is closely tied with economic sources of growth, like education levels and lifespan through improvement of educative institutions as well as healthcare.

Correct answer is (c) I

(iii) distribution of working population among different occupations

The correct answer is Bilhan.

• Vikramaditya, who is described in Vikramankadeva Charit, is written by Kashmiri poet Bilhan.
• Bilhan was an 11th century Kashmiri poet.
• Bilhan is known for his Love poem the Caurapancasika.
• Vikramaditya VI appointed Bilhan in his empire as a Vidhyapathi.
• Bilhan's great poem Caurapancasika was first translated into the European language French in 1848.

•  Kalhan:
  • ​Kalhan was a famous historian in Indian history in the 12th Century.
  • Kalhan has written Rajtrangini - the river of the king.
  • Kalhan has sketched the detailed history of Kashmir.
  • Rajatrangini is written in the Sanskrit language in the 12th century AD.

Correct answer is (c) Let

1. C his insecurity over his ability to overcome fear

2. A hostile

3. B While the former focused on the physical, the latter was more focused on the psychological.

4. C improvement in his assurance as a swimmer

5. D confidence

D. (2) because the letter mentions the involvement of all people

(b) Rs 400,000

The last of the Charter Act concerning India was the Act of 1853.

C. Most visitors leave their trash at the beach which not only increases the litter at the beach but also normalizes littering for people.

1. B the Prussians

2. D He wants to teach them as much of their language as possible in that class.

3. B the imposition of one culture over another

4. B astonishment at a wasted opportunity

5. B Peter mounted the platform to a rousing welcome.

(a) iii- It is the example of integration of cults.

(b) ii- Vishnu.

(c) ii - Both A and R are correct but there is no correlation between them.

(d) i - only a is correct, b is incorrect

D. 

♢ what the ill-effects of littering can be 

♢ what the current condition of the beach is 

♢ how citizens can help in the improvement of the beach

(a) Queen Elizabeth I

(a) iii - Dark cloud is the symbol of abstract evil/problem/injustice.

(b) i - In most of the Mughal paintings lion and the lamb have been shown together in order to state that in Mughal realm weak and the strong could live together.

(c) ii - Justice- Mughal rulers were depicted in the paintings as justice loving monarchs.

(d) i- The Mughal rulers were always depicted with a halo to justify the Mughal concept of Kingship.

(a) ii- Great Bath and the Ware hose are considered to be most important buildings of Mohenjodaro.

(b) iii - Most scholars agree that the purpose of Great Bath may have been ritual bathing.

 (c) ii - Both A and R are correct but there is no concrete corelation between them. 

(d) ii- only b is correct because Great Bath was a large rectangular tank not a round tank.