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Personal factors reflected in the case. 

Other three factors influencing buyer behaviour: 

(a) Motivation: 

Motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels or compels them to take action. Simple stated, this driving force is produced by a state of tension which exists as the result of unfulfilled needs. 

(b)  Perceptions: 

it has been observed that two people with the same level of motivation and in the same situation act differently because of different perception. Perception is an individual process. It depends on personal beliefs, experience, needs, moods and expectations 

(c ) Occupation: 

A person‘s occupation is an important social status indicator. Marketers always keep this factor while targeting market for their products or services. 

For example – the buying pattern of professionals like lawyers, doctors, a taxi driver, a medical representatives and a teacher will not be alike.

(a) Coordination: It is the force that binds all the functions of management. It is the common thread that runs through all activities such as purchase, production, sales, finance, etc. to ensure continuity in the working of the organization. Coordination is not a separate function of management. It is the essence of management.
1. It is implicit and inherent in all functions of management
2. Top management plans for the entire organization.
3. According to these plans, the organizational structure is developed and staffed.
4. In order to ensure that these plans are executed according to plans, directing is required.
5. Any deviation between the actual and the standard performance is corrected at the stage of controlling.
(b) Coordination is a continuous process. It begins at the planning stage and continues till controlling

1. The company is lacking ‘coordination’. Its different department like production, marketing, etc. do not coordinate this wok in absence of coordination; these will be overlapping and chaos instead of harmony and integration of activities. The company will fail to achieve its objectives.
2. Subordinate of individual interest to general interest.
3. Values -Mutual cooperation, unity of action, optimum utilization of resources.

The technique of scientific management has helped in improving the productivity of the workers in the following manners:
1. It establishes better relations between labour and management.
2. Profit is increased many times due to effective integration of right men, materials, money and method.
3. The use of standardized raw materials, equipments, machines and method produce standard article at minimum possible price.
4. It enables the management to reduce the cost of production.
5. It helps in providing better working condition and higher standard of living.

According to Taylor, mental revolution means a complete transformation in the attitude between management and workers. Both should realize that they need each other.

(a) Dissociative fugue

Principle of Equity - The principle of ‘Equity’ emphasizes kindliness and justice in the behaviour of managers towards works. According to Fayol, employees can be made to put in their best only when they are given kind, fair and just treatment

(b) Span of management

(d) Planning is a mental exercise

1. Memorandum of Association 

2. Articles of Association

1. Memorandum of Associaiton 

2. Articles of Association 

3. Prospectus

Minimum subscription is the minimum amount of shares that must be subscribed by the public. This amount is stated in the prospectus. A company can allot shares only after receiving minimum subscription.

1. Prospectus 

2. Articles of Association 

3. Articles of Association 

4. Memorandum of Association 

5. Statement in lieu of Prospectus

Certificate of Incorporation gives legal status to the company. It is also known as birth certificate of the company. But certificate of commencement of business allows to start the operation. 

These two certificates are required by the public limited company, but in case of private limited company only certificate of Incorporation is required to start the operation.

1. Promotion 

2. Incorporation 

3. Capital subscription 

4. Commencement of business

1. Memorandum of Association 

2. Articles of Association 

3. Prospectus

The identification of business opportunities, analysis of its prospects and initiating steps to form a joint stock company is called promotion.

Yes. Public Ltd. Company can commence business only after getting the certificate of commencement of business.

1. Athira Pvt. Ltd – A private company must file the following documents for commencing business 

• Certificate of incorporation
• Statutory declaration duly verified by one of the directors. 

2. Aditya Ltd., a public company, must file the following documents for commencing business. 

• Certificate of incorporation 
• Certificate of commencement of business 
• Prospectus 
• Statutory declaration duly verified by one of the directors.

Promotion: 

Promotion is the first stage in the formation of a company. The identification of business opportunities, analysis of its prospects and initiating steps to form a joint stock company is called promotion. The person who undertakes to form a company is called promoter.

Functions of a Promoter: 

1. Identification of business opportunity: 

The first and foremost activity of a promoter is to identify a business opportunity.

2. Feasibility studies: 

After identifying a business opportunity, the promoters undertake some feasibility studies to determine the viability and profitability of the proposed activity. 

• Technical feasibility – To determine whether the raw materials or technology is easily available 
• Financial feasibility – To determine the total estimated cost of the project
• Economic feasibility – To determine the I profitability of the proposed project

3. Name approval: 

After selecting the name of company the promoters submit an application to the Registrar of companies for its approval. The selected name is not the same or identical to an existing company. 

4. Fixing up signatories to the Memorandum of Association: 

Promoters have to decide about the members who will be signing the Memorandum of Association of the proposed company.

5. Appointment of professional: 

Promoters appoint merchant bankers, auditors etc. to assist them in the preparation of necessary documents. 

6. Preparation of necessary documents: 

The promoters prepare certain legal documents which are to be submitted to the Registrar of companies. 

They are

• Memorandum of Association 
• Articles of Association, 
• Consent of proposed Directors 
• Agreement, if any, with proposed managing or whole time director 
• Statutory declaration

Position of Promoters: 

The promoter is neither an agent nor a trustee of the company. The promoter stands in the fiduciary relationship with the company. He should not make any secret profits out of the dealings. Any, such gains are to be disclosed. The promoter must act honestly, in good faith and in the best interest of the company. 

The promoter is personally liable for all the preliminary contracts with the other parties before incorporation. The promoter is also liable for any omission of facts or false statements in the prospectus.

The argument of the Company Registrar is right because filing of Articles of association is compulsory for Pvt. Ltd company by shares.

4. Certificate of Commencement of business

Assets = Liabilities + Capital

1. Name clause 

2. Capital clause 

3. Situation clause 

4. Object clause 

5. Association clause

1. Name clause 

2. Capital clause 

3. Situation / Domicile clause 

4. Liability clause 

5. Object clause 

6. Association clause

Promotion: 

Promotion is the first stage in the formation of a company. The identification of business opportunities, analysis of its prospects and initiating steps to form a joint stock company is called promotion. The person who undertakes to form a company is called promoter.

Functions of a Promoter: 

1. Identification of business opportunity: 

The first and foremost activity of a promoter is to identify a business opportunity. 

2. Feasibility studies: 

After identifying a business opportunity, the promoters undertake some feasibility studies to determine the viability and profitability of the proposed activity. 

• Technical feasibility – To determine whether the raw materials or technology is easily available 
• Financial feasibility – To determine the total estimated cost of the project 
• Economic feasibility – To determine the I profitability of the proposed project

3. Name approval:

After selecting the name of company the promoters submit an application to the Registrar of companies for its approval. The selected name is not the same or identical to an existing company. 

4. Fixing up signatories to the Memorandum of Association:

Promoters have to decide about the members who will be signing the Memorandum of Association of the proposed company. 

5. Appointment of professional: 

Promoters appoint merchant bankers, auditors, etc. to assist them in the preparation of necessary documents. 

6. Preparation of necessary documents: 

The promoters prepare certain legal documents which are to be submitted to the Registrar of companies. 

They are

• Memorandum of Association 
• Articles of Association, 
• Consent of proposed Directors 
• Agreement, if any, with proposed managing or whole time director 
• Statutory declaration 

Position of Promoters: 

The promoter is neither an agent nor a trustee of the company. The promoter stands in the fiduciary relationship with the company. He should not make any secret profits out of the dealings. Any, such gains are to be disclosed. The promoter must act honestly, in good faith and in the best interest of the company. 

The promoter is personally liable for all the preliminary contracts with the other parties before incorporation. The promoter is also liable for any omission of facts or false statements in the prospectus.

Management directs organizational goal towards utilizing the physical and human resources provided by the society in an optimal manner. Management uses functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling to achieve organizational goals that further leads to good quality and environment friendly products / services and improves overall standard of living of the society.

Correct option is C) that were popular

Non-face-to-face activity concerned with the promotion of sales. It involves the making of a featured offer to defined customers within a specific time limit. 

The objectives of Sales Promotion:

• Increased trial 
• Increased loyalty 
• Widening usage 
• Creating interest 
• Creating awareness

Correct option is D) used to get

Correct option is C) is being repaired

Correct option is D) needs repairing

Correct option is B) repaired

Bhagwat Singh ji told Geeta that Daulat Singhji and his brother had come to urge Vijay’s engagement to their son. He was satisfied with the matching of the horoscopes. Vijay had been born under the most auspicious influence of the stars. He had viewed the proposal from every angle. But he was not still sure if a girl of young age like Vijay should be engaged. But he knew that a girl has to be married sooner or later.

भगवत सिंह जी ने गीता को बताया कि दौलत सिंह जी और उनके भाई आये थे और अपने बेटे के साथ विजय की सगाई पर बल दे रहे थे। वह जन्म पत्रियों के मिलने से सन्तुष्ट हैं। विजय गृहों के सर्वोत्तम शुभ प्रभाव में पैदा हुई है। उन्होंने इस विवाह प्रस्ताव पर प्रत्येक दृष्टिकोण से विचार कर लिया है। परन्तु वह अभी तक इस बात से सुनिश्चित नहीं है कि विजय जैसी छोटी उम्र की लड़की की सगाई करनी चाहिये या नहीं। किंतु वह यह भी जानते हैं कि लड़की की तो शादी करनी ही पड़ती है जल्दी या देर से।

Derry was a fourteen-year-old boy who had his one side of face burnt due to the spilling of acid. He was dejected. People pitied him. He was pained due to the horror, disgust, and the pity show for him by the alienated people. As a result, he had become bitter. He had withdrawn himself from people and had developed a pessimistic attitude to life. When he met Mr. Lamb and spent some time in his company, his entire perspective changed. Mr. Lamb was a person, full of life. He told Derry to embrace life fully and not to be bothered about what people said about him. He advised him to keep his ears shut to what was unpleasant to hear but not to shut himself in. He inspired Derry by keeping himself busy in spite of his tin-leg and by being open and cheerful. Mr. Lamb’s advice proved to be a great motivation for Derry, and he came out from his shell of isolation. Thus, it proved to be a turning point in his life.

Derry had received a lot of positivity from Mr. Lamb, who encouraged him to live his life on this own terms. He had motivated him so much that he had come out of his inferiority complex. So, he would not get back to his seclusion.

(b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I) 

M/M (or) memory size can’t be compared with types of memory.

The correct answer is CO₂ Laser

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂): CO₂ lasers removes very thin layer of tissue from the surface of the skin without removing deeper layers.
  • The CO₂ laser may be used to remove skin cancers and some precancerous cells.

• Helium-neon (He–Ne) lasers are a frequently used type of continuously operating gas lasers, which is also the first demonstrated gas laser
• Ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses the synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium.
  • ​Ruby laser is the first successful laser developed by Maiman in 1960.
  • Ruby laser is one of the few solid-state lasers that produce visible light​.
• Semiconductor laser (LD): It is a device that causes laser oscillation by flowing an electric current to the semiconductor.
  • The mechanism of light emission is the same as a light-emitting diode (LED).

The correct answer is Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

• Rajasthan Bio-fuel Policy, 2016  
  • ​Rajasthan is one of the fastest developing states in the country and has the privileged to become the first state to develop a Bio-fuel Policy in the year 2006.
  • The key to the future of Biodiesel is exploring inexpensive feedstocks that can be grown by farmers in marginal agriculture.
  • It is also crucial that supplies of alternative, non-edible vegetable oils be ensured for sustainable production of biodiesel.
  • In this regard, Jatropha is one of many plants that hold a great deal of promise.
  • 12 districts of Rajasthan namely Baran, Banswara, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kota, Rajsamand, Sirohi, Udaipur & Pratapgarh are found suitable for plantation of Jatropha.
• Rajasthan Wasteland Development Board
  • Rajasthan Wasteland Development Board was constituted in 2009 to decide the policy & strategies for the development of wasteland through soil & water conservation, Agro-forestry, Pasture development & bio-fuel activities.
  • It was constituted under the chairmanship of Hon'ble Rural Dev. & Panchayati Raj Minister. Hon'ble Agriculture, Revenue, Forest & Cooperative ministers and chief secretaries are among the members of the board.

• Bio-fuel
  • Bio-fuel is a generic term that refers to fuel derived from biomass, such as plants and organic wastes.
  • Recently animal fat, the waste stream of vegetative oil, used cooking oil and agriculture residues are also being used to derive bio-fuel

(a) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I) 

The greater the chemical affinity of two metals, the more restricted will be their solubility. Wider the separation of elements in the periodic table, greater is their chemical affinity.

The correct answer is Newton's first law of motion.

 Newton's first law of motion- Newton's first law states that, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force.

• The first law explains why you go flying over the handlebars if your bike stops suddenly.
• Newton's first law is often referred to as the law of inertia – inertia is an object's tendency to resist changes in motion.
• A stationary object with no outside force will not move. 

u₁ = 40 km/h

s₁ = 10 m

u₂ = 80 km/h

s₂ = ?

Stopiing distance s = u²/2a

\(\frac{s_2}{s_1}=(\frac{u_2}{u_1})^2\) 

s₂ = s₁\((\frac{u_2}{u_1})^2\)

 = 10 \((\frac{80}{40})^2\)

s₂ = 40 M

Iron nail sank in water but the steel bowl floated. This happened because:

• Iron nail could displace less amount of water than what was displaced by the steel bowl.
• Also, the force on a steel bowl is more than its weight whereas force on an iron nail is lesser than its weight.

• This is in accordance with Archimedes Principle.

Archimedes Principle: According to this principle ''The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the centre of mass of the displaced fluid''

Archimedes Principle Applications:

• Submarine
• Hot-air balloon
• Hydrometer