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Histone carry positive charge due to intract with DNA which is negatively charge.

Conservation:

The protection, preservation Management, or restoration of natural environments and the ecological communities that inhabits them. Conservation is generally held to induce the management of human use of natural resources for current public benefits and substaninable social and economical utilization. Biological resources includes wild life and forests.

Following are the steps to Conserve wild life:

(i) Establishment of national parts and biosphere reserves or nature reserves

(ii) Establishment of gene banks: Gene banks are protected areas where valuable plants facing extinection are grown. The vegetative parts and seeds of such plants are preserved

(iii) Collection and preservation of germ plasm material

(iv) Legislation for conservation: IUCN is directly responsible for the protection of nature and natural resources

(v) Control on over exploitation

Following are the methods to conserve forests:

(i) The cutting of forest for timber should be planned. If a plant is to be cut another plant of the same type should be planted.

(ii) Increasing demand of firewood can be reduced by providing alternative sources of energy such as biogas

(iii) Modern methods should now be used

Cholera:

It is a disease caused by bacteria that produce a watery diarrhea.

Cause: Caused by bacteria: Vibro Cholerae Most frequently transmitted by water sources contamineted with the causative bacterium.

Symptoms: It includes rapid onset of copious, smelly diarrhea which leeds to dehydration.

Treatment: The main treatment for cholera is fluid and electrolyte replacement both oral & IV. Antibiotics usually are used in severe infections in which dehydration has occured

Restriction Enzymes:

A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites.

These enzymes are widely used DNA recombinant techniques for vaious purpuposes. It is called the important tools for performing genetic engineering.

Few examples of Restriction endonucleses:

Every nation, with whatever form of government, has certain political, social and economic interests and objectives to achieve overall development, prosperity, progress, nationalism and international recognition. 

To attain such objectives, certain national interests are pre-requisites: 

(a) Sovereignty 

(b) Integrity 

(c) Unity: 

(d) Security

Education, Language, Casteism, Communalism, Regionalism 

OR 

National unity is extremely essential for social peace and harmony. We can enjoy peace and security, if there is mutual trust and goodwill among all sects. Disruptive tendencies and divisive forces destroy the very fabric of national unity.

(a) Blood donation. 

(b) Adult literacy. 

(c) Anti-dowry drive. 

(d) Anti-leprosy drive. 

(e) Anti-drug drive. 

(f) Tree plantation. 

(g) Environmental programmes

A strong bond between two or more people refers to interpersonal relationship. 

Attraction between individuals brings them close and eventually results in a strong interpersonal relationship. Communication is said to be the basis of every interpersonal relationship. Infact, effective communication is the key to a healthy and long lasting relationship and if individuals do not, problems are bound to come. Communication plays a pivotal role in strengthening the bonds of friendship among individuals. A relationship loses its charm if individuals do not express and reciprocate their feelings through various modes of communication. A healthy interaction is essential for a healthy relationship. 

It is not always that an individual needs to talk to express his /her feelings. Feelings can be expressed through non-verbal modes of communication as well. Lack of communication breeds problems in relationships. We tend to assume that others know what we want or how we feel.

C. Nick translation

Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They generally have a nucleus—an organelle surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope—where DNA is stored. There are a few exceptions to this generalization, such as human red blood cells, which don’t have a nucleus when mature. Eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells, ranging from around 10 to 100 μm in diameter. While many eukaryotes consist of multiple cells, there are also single-celled eukaryotes.

(D) Changes into a cancer cell

Answer is A. Collagen

B. Microinjection

Answer is A. MCS

A. W.Arber, H.Smith and D.Nathans

Correct answer is (b) lessons

• Traditional economic system of the colonies was destroyed. 
• Administrative and judicial systems were replaced. 
• Poverty and unemployment increased. 
• Natural resources were widely exploited. 
• People were forced to cultivate cash crops in lieu of traditional food crops. 
• Indigenous arts, literature, language, culture and education system were destroyed.

• Liberalisation: 

Adoption of liberal regulations and taxation systems to facilitate the import of multinational products to domestic markets. 

• Privatisation : 

Privatisation of public sector undertakings in an attempt to promote private sector.

The correct answer is P - 4, Q - 2, R - 1, S - 3.

• Moolraj Solanki
  • He was the founder of the Chaulukya dynasty of India.
  • He is also known as the Chalukyas of Gujarat or Solanki.
  • He replaced the last Chavda king, and founded an independent kingdom with his capital in Anahilapataka in 940-941 CE.
  • The original Rudra Mahalaya Temple at Shristhala (now Siddhpur) is referred to him traditionally.
• Pushyagupta
  • He was the provincial governor of Saurashtra under Chandragupta Maurya.
  • He built Saurashtra lake.
• Bhimdev First
  • He was a Chaulukya king who ruled parts of present-day Gujarat.
  • Towards the end of his reign, he formed an alliance with the Kalachuri king Lakshmi-Karna, and played an important role in the downfall of the Paramara king Bhoja.
  • The earliest of the Dilwara Temples and the Modhera Sun Temple were built during Bhima's reign.
  • The construction of Rani ki vav is attributed to his queen Udayamati.
• Shiddhraj
  • Jayasiṃha assumed the title Siddharāja. He ruled western parts of India.
  • He was a member of the Chaulukya dynasty.
  • He renovated a lake built by his ancestor Durlabha in Patan, and named it Sahastralinga lake.

The main features of the Romanesque style were the rounded arches, small windows, massive walls of stone and the predominance of horizontal lines.

Girondists (Moderates) and Jacobins (Extremists).

• Capital investment in factories. 
• Capitalists increased production. 
• This made increase in production. 
• Production and distribution were controlled by private individuals with the aim to increase profit. 
• The advent of large scale industries enhanced capital investment. 
• Over production forced them to search for world markets. 
• Using political power and military forces Asian and African nations were exploited.

• Plan Slav movement, Pan – German movement, Revenge movement. 
• To unite the Slav people of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece etc. in Eastern Europe was the objectives of Pan Slav movement.
• To unite the Teutonic people in central Europe and Balkan provinces was the objective of Pan German movement.
• The objective of Revenge movement in France was to conquer Alsace Lorrane which was under the control of Germany. 

Emergence of Fascism and Nazism : 

Based on extreme nationalism Fascism (Italy?) and Nazism (Germany) rose to power. By following aggressive foreign policy, these two nations began to conquer other nations, they prepared the ground for the second World War.

The Treaty of Versailles : 

According to the Peace of Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, German colonies were divided among the victorious powers. Germany was forced to pay a huge amount as war indemnity. She was disarmed.

Formation of the league of nations : 

To bring about peace in the world, the league of nations was formed. But if failed to maintain world peace.

• Cheap labour. 
• Availability of raw materials. 
• Low cost as a result of manufacturing and selling goods in colonies. 

In the post war period a new kind of imperialism emerged. Multinational companies which are registered in a country and functioning in many countries, began to interfere in the economic, social and cultural sectors of the latter for serving the interests of the capitalist countries. It is known as New Imperialism.

Depressions in the earth’s surface. For example, one ‘depression in the earth’s surface’ is a valley. A depression is a place which is lower than the surroundings. Most depressions fill with water, so lakes, ponds and so forth could show you where a ‘depression’ is. Or Death Valley. Or the Grand Canyon

The battle of Waterloo.

1st September 1939 A.D.

India is characterized by great diversity in its physical features. On the basis of physiography, the country is divided in to four major physical divisions. They are:

1. The Northern Mountains 

2. The Northern Plains

3. The Peninsular Plateau 

4. The Coastal Plains and Islands

The Himalayas: This is loftiest and snow covered mountains in the world. The area occupied by the Himalayas was earlier a part of ‘Tethys Sea’. The formation of this mountain is by tectonic forces of Gondawana land Angara land masses. It is situated to the north of the Indus and Ganga and the Brahmaputra plains.. The slopes of the Himalayas are gentle towards the north and steep towards south.

The Himalayas have distinct characteristics of high relief, snow covered peaks, complex geographical structures, parallel separated by deep valleys and rich temperate vegetation.The Himalayas are classified into three parallel ranges based on altitude and latitude. 

The Great Himalayas or Himadri The lesser Himalayas or Himachal The Outer Himalayas or Siwaliks.

a. The Great Himalayas or Himadri: These are the inner most loftiest and continuous ranges of mountains. The average height of the Great Himalayas is 6200 m and the width varies between 120 and 190 km. The important peaks of great Himalayas in India are, Kanchenjunga-8598m in Sikkim, Nanga Prabat-8126m, Nandadevi, Badrinath, Karmet, Trishuletc. 

b. The lesser Himalayas or Himachal: These ranges are also known as Inner Himalayas or Himachal ranges. It is situated between great Himalayas inn the north and Outer Himalayas or Siwaliks in the south. Its average height is around 1500-4500m and the width is about 60 to 80 km. These are very rugged and complex ranges due to erosion by rivers. The important ranges in Lesser Himalayas are Pirpanjal, Dhaul Dhar and nag- tiba etc. The important Hill stations are Shimla, Musooire, Ranikeht, Nainital, Almora, Chakrata, Darjeeling etc. Kulu valley, Kangra valley, Spiti valley are the famous valleys of Himachal.

c. The Outer Himalayas or Siwaliks: These are the outer most ranges situated to the south of Lesser Himalayas, known as Siwaliks. The Siwaliks extend from Jammu & Kashmir in the North West to Arunachal Pradesh in east. The average height of this range is around 600-1500m and its width varies between 15- 5Qklm. The siwaliks are formed from the sediments brought down by the rivers of lesser, and Greater Himalayas. 

There are flat floored structure valleys between Siwaliks and Lesser Himalayas, Known as Siwaliks. The Siwaliks extend from Jammu &Kashmir in the North West to Arunchal Pradesh in east.

The south-west monsoon winds as starts in June and ends in mid-September. It is also known as advancing monsoon season or rainy season. During this season, India gets more than 75% of its annual rainfall and more than 90% of the country’s area receives downpour. It is the prime season for Kharif crops.

In the middle of June the direct rays of the Sun fall on tropic of caner due to shift in the position of the Sun from Equator towards northern hemisphere. Therefore, there is an increase in temperature from south to north. The temperature in the main land of India and nearby land masses is high compared to water bodies of the Indian Ocean. 

a. The Arabian Sea branch: The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon strikes the western coast of India in Kerala on the 1st June. Arabian sea winds by carrying more moisture blow along the western coast of India and cause heavy rainfall in the western part of Western Ghats due to obstruction. These winds behave like sea breeze and cause continuous rainfall I the wind ward side of the Western Ghats tHl they lose their moisture.

Agumbe of Karnataka receives the highest rainfall during this season. This regions coming under southeast monsoon winds receive good rainfall wherever they get obstruction by hills and plateaus.

b. The Bay of Bengal branch blow from water bodies towards the Indian mainland due to variation in pressure. These winds carry moisture form the Bay of Bengl and blow along eastern coast and finally reach north eastern hills. In its path, whenever this wind receives obstruction, they cause good rainfall. The eastern part of Eastern Ghats and north astern hills receive heavy rainfall. These winds after crossing eastern coast merge the Arabian sea winds.

The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal winds, after merging, blow towards north eastern regions of India. The shape of the Himalayan Mountains and northeastern hills greatly obstruct these winds. Therefore the Meghalaya plateau region, particularly Nokrek areas of Mawsynram and cheerapunji, receive very high rainfall. This place is popularly called Rainiest or wettest place on the Earth.

The southwest monsoon after crossing northeastern region blow towards east. Since the Himalayas obstruct these winds they have to take westerly direction and blow along the foothills of Himalayas. The shift in the direct6 sun rays from Tropic of Cancer towards Equator results in the gradual disappearance of southwest monsoons. Indian economy depends on the Monsoons to a large extent.

(i) The two roads that diverged in a wood.

(ii) The leaves that lay on the road.

(iii) The poet kept the first road for another day.

(iv) The poet knew that one way leads to another and so on, and it would be unlikely that he would come back to the same spot.

(i) The second road.

(ii) The poet felt that it was grassier and looked like it wanted someone to walk on it. Hence, he felt that it had the better caim.

(iii) (b) it was less travelled by.

(iv) Both the roads had been worn out about the same.

(v) (d) it was less frequented and grassy.

(i) In a wood

(ii) The poet was sorry because he could not travel on both roads. He had to choose.

(iii) (c) roads.

(iv) He stood there for a long time and looked down one road as far as he could.

(v)(c) it was the autumn season.

(i) According to the speaker, she views pastures in the midst of the dale.

(ii) (a) dale.

(iii) The cottage is compared to the nest of a dove.

(iv) A single small cottage is the only dwelling on earth that she loves.

(i) Her heart is in heaven.

(ii) The mist, the river, the hill and the shade.

(iii) The stream stops flowing and the hill stops rising.

(iv) The colours have all passed away from her eyes.

Salim: Good morning, excuse me. Can you please give me an appointment with the ENT specialist?

Receptionist: Good morning. Sorry, he is not available today. Can I give you an appointment for tomorrow?

Salim: That should be fine. Thank you.

Receptionist: You are most welcome, sir.

Correct option is B) pad

(i) Green pastures.

(ii) She has tripped with her pail.

(iii) A single small cottage.

(iv) (b) cottage.

Rekha: Hi,

Adarsh. How are you?

Adarsh: I’m fine. Thank you. How are you,Rekha?

Rekha: I’m fine too, thank you. We have a party at home today. Can you please come to my house?

Adarsh: Oh! Sure. I will definitely come.

Venice is a picturesque city, isn’t it?

1. argument 

2. disturbance

3. discussion

4. possession

5. impartiality

6. permission

7. alternative

8. refusal

9. mystification

10. medicinal

1 – Greeting

2 – Expressing gratitude

5 – Introducing

3 – Refusing permission

4 – Apologising

Did the narrator thank the stranger?