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Wax can create 2D & 3D special effects and can work in two modes –

i) as a standalone application which would appeal for home users/beginners, and

as a “plug-in” to video editors/NLEs which would be more useful for professional editors.

Advantages of using Multimedia on web pages :

i) Greater Immersion: Adding multimedia elements to a Web page make it easier to draw attention of viewers. 

ii) Enhanced Page Rankings for SEO. 

iii) Better Branding: Multimedia sites are frequently preferred by marketing departments because of their ability to completely present branding.

Labeling: A label identifies the product or brand. Labels are attached onto the product package to help identification and provide some information to the customers. A label is carrier of information, which is to be provided to the customers. 

It is the process of exchange of goods and service for money or for something of value of them.

Financial management may be defined as planning, orgnanising, directing and controlling the financial activities of the organisation. It is concerned with management of flow of funds and involves decisions relating to procurement of funds, investment of funds in long-term and short-term and distribution of earnings to the owners.

The marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that a company uses to produce a desired response from its target market. It consists of everything that a company can do to influence demand for its product. It is also a tool to help marketing planning and execution.

The four Ps of marketing: product, price, place and promotion
The marketing mix can be divided into four groups of variables commonly known as the four Ps:

• Product: The goods and/or services offered by a company to its customers.
• Price: The amount of money paid by customers to purchase the product.
• Place (or distribution): The activities that make the product available to consumers.
• Promotion: The activities that communicate the product’s features and benefits and persuade customers to purchase the product.

(a) Estimation of capital requirements– A finance manager has to make estimation with regards to capital requirement of the company. This will depend upon expected costs and profits and future programmes and policies of a concern. Estimation have to be made in an adequate manner which increases earning capacity of enterprise. 

(b) Determination of capital composition – Once the estimation have been made, the capital structure have to be decided. This involves short term and long term debt equity analysis. This will depend upon the proportion of equity capital a company is possessing and additional funds which have to be raised from outside parties.  

(a) External factors cannot be controlled such as government policies, etc. 

(b) Lot of expenditure, time and effort is involved in to enforce control which proves to be a costly affair. 

B.E.P. ⇒ Fixed Cost/Contributionper unit

MEANING OF DIRECTING:

In the ordinary sense, directing means giving instructions and guiding people in doing work. But in the context of management of an organisation, directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, motivating, leading, counseling and coaching people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is called Management in action.

“Directing is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability.” 

1. Supervision : The word ‘supervision’ consists of two parts : 

(i) Super (Means – Over and above) 

(ii) Vision (Means – Art of seeing objects) Supervision means overseeing the subordinate at work by their superiors and giving instruction to ensure optimum utilisation of resources and accomplish the desired objectives. 

2. Motivation : Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals.

UNDER THE INTERNAL RECRUITMENT FOLLOWING METHODS OF RECRUITMENTS ARE USED : 

(a) Transfer : Transfer means shifting of employees from one job position to other at the same level of authority. Generally with the transfers there is no change in compensation level and authority level. There is no change even in his rank, responsibilities and prestige. Only the place of working is changed. For example, transfer of clerk from accounts department to purchase department. 

(b) Promotion : Promotion refers to shifting of employees from one job position to other with higher level of authority. In promotion the authority level, the rank, responsibilities of employees and prestige improve or increase. Generally with the promotions there is increase in compensation or salary also. For example, promotion of clerk to accountant post.

Delegation means conferring authority from one executive or organizational unit to another in order to accomplish particular assignment . The three elements of Delegation of Authority are :

•  Concept of Authority : Authority in simple words means , the right to take certain decisions and actions that lie within the jurisdiction of one’s position in the organization .
• Concept of Responsibility : Responsibility refers to the obligation of a subordinate to carry one assigned task to the best of ones ability and skill .
• Concept of Accountability : Accountability refers to the answerability of an employee with respect to the work for which He has been made responsible and delegated authority . 

NEED / IMPORTANCE / BENEFITS OF TRAINING FOR ORGANISATIONS 

1. Higher profits: It enhances employee productivity both in terms of quantity and quality. leading to higher profits. 

2. Develops future managers: Training helps to develop future managers who can manage the enterprise in emergency. 

Difference Between Delegation of Authority and Decentralization of Authority .

Answer (b) Female Anopheles

Answer (a) 20 - 30 Decibel

Answer (a) Transcription

TI plasmid / Tumor inducing plasmid.

When mutation arises due to change in a single pair of DNA it is termed as point mutation Ex;- Sickle cell anaemia, Genetic disorders.

Answer (a) Assam

To reduce the depletion or thinning of ozone layer.

“ The process of the development of embryo from the zygote”. The two important events in embryogenesis are cell division and cell differentiation.

Answer (b) 3 : 1

Answer (d) O

Grazing food chain / GFC.

Answer (a) Unidirectional

Answer (a) Self - pollinated

Answer (b) Algae

Answer (b) 44 + XY

Answer (d) All of these

Answer (a) Head of human sperm

Answer (d) All of these

(i) B. Trademark

(ii) A. Marketing methods used

(iii) B. Regarding the channels or using intermediaries

(iv) D. Any of the above

Answer (c) Both

Top level management 

Functions of top-level management:

1. The top-level managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organisation.

2. They analyse the business environment and its implications for the survival of the firm.

3. They formulate overall organisational goals and strategies for their achievement.

4. They are responsible for all the activities of the business and for its impact on society.

Answer (b) Apple

Answer (d) All of the above

Biotechnology:

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art 2). Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering etc.

For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and medicine. The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian enginner Karoly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development or pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.

Application of Biotechnology in Medicine:

Biotechnology has influenced healthcare sector immensely. It has changed the face of the medical field. The genetic engineering contributed more safe and effective treatments and medications. The application of biotechnology in the medical field began long back from the time of discovery of insulin. Let's examine the application of biotechnology in medicine one by one.

Medical Biotechnology commonly deals with the use of recombinant DNA technology in various therapeutic. The advantage of using this technique is, it rule out the earlier problems of graft rejection or other immunoIogical actions against the administered therapeutics. One of the most classic examples is: the production of insulin. Earlier, the insulin was manufactured from the pancreas of pigs and other cattle which constantly gave the problem of immunological reactions. Medical biotechnology gave the solution to it as genetically engineered insulin was manufactured with the help of E.coli. The insulin thus produced was compatible with the human body and manufacturing became efficient too.

Gene Therapy:

Gene Therapy holds the most promising answer to the problem of genetic diseases. Gene therapy is used to treat a disease usually by the insertion of a normal gene or correct gene for the defective or inactive gene into a baby or an adult. This normal gene usually takes up the place of the defective or inactive gene and carries out its functions. The therapy has the highest chances of developing a permanent cure if introduced in the earliest stages of lief.

Answer (a) Thymine

Biodiversity, a portmanteau of "bio" (life) and "diversity", generally refers to the variety and variability of life Earth. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), biodiversity typically meausres variation at the genetic, the species, and the ecosystem level. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth, and is richest in the tropics. These tropical forest ecosystem cover less than to percent of earth's surface, and contain about 90 percent of the world's species. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, and in the mid-Iatitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future.

According to David Tilman's long term ecosystem experiments using outdoor plots provide some tentative answers. Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year to year variation in total biomass. He also showed.that in his experiments increased diversity contributed to higher productivity.

Although, we may not understand completely how species richness contributes to the well-bein of an ecosystem, know enough to realise that rich biodiversity is not only essential for ecosystem health but imperative for the very survival of the human race on this planet. At a time when we are losing species at an alarming pace, one might ask does it really matter to us its a few species become extintct? Would Western Ghats ecosystems be less functional if one of its free frog species is lost forever ? How is our quality of life affected if, say, instead of 20,000 we have only 15,000 species of ants on Earth.

There are no direct answer to such native questions but we can develop a proper prospective through an analogy by 'Rovet popper hypothesis, used by Paul Ehrlich. In an airplane (ecosystem) all parts are joined together using thousands of rivets (species). Loss of rivets on the wings (Key species that drive major ecosystem functions) is obviously a more serious threat to flight safety than loss, of a few rivets on the seats or windows inside the plane. 

Cause of depletion of biodiversity:

Pollution: Human activity influnces the natural enviroment producing negative direct indirect, effects that alter the flow of energy, the chemical and physical constitution of the environment and abundance of the species.

Climate change: For example, heating of the Earth's surface affects biodiversity because it endanger all the species that adapted to the cold due to the latitude (the polar species) or the altitude (mountain species).

Overexploitation of resources:

When the activities connected with capturing and harvesting (hunting fishing faming) a renewable natural resource in a particular area is excessively intences, the resource itself may become exhausted, as for example, is the case of sardines, herrings, cod, tuna and many other species that man captures without leaving enough time for the organisms to reproduce.

Biodiversity (or Biological Diversity) is a term that describes the variety of living beings on earth. Biological Diversity encompasses microorganisms, plants, animals and ecosystems such as coral reefs, forests, rainforests, deserts, etc.

The various factors that influence biodiversity are: 

1. temperature 

2. altitude 

3. precipitation 

4. soils and their relations with other species.

Answer (b) Earth worm

Answer (c) Zygote

Answer (b) Gene expression

Answer (a) Cancer

Answer (a) Testis

Answer (a) Trapa