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• Consecration at Aruvippuram – 1888 
• Malabar Rebellion – 1921 
• Electricity Agitation in Kochi – 1936 
• Punnapra – Vayalar Revolt – 1946

• The exploitation and suppression of the landlords and the British. 
• The British treated the Janmis as owners of land. 
• Atrocities of the landlords including eviction of tenants.

• Compulsion for paying the tax in cash. 
• Imposition of excessive tax by the British. 
• Seizing of agricultural land for nonpayment of tax.

The Santhal tribe inhabited the valleys of Rajmahal Hills. The Forest Acts imposed by the British made their life miserable. They were prohibited to enter forest when the British declared forests as protected. The British levied tax at higher rates on the forest produce collected by the tribes. The British officers made them work as slaves in laying railway lines. When their life became unbearable, they decided to take up arms against the British.

The Santhal rebellion was led by Sido and Kanhu. Thousands of Santhals were killed in the struggle. The British suppressed the rebellion.

The boycott of foreign goods and consumption of indigenous products were the main features of Swadeshi movement. As part of the agitation, foreign goods were collected and burnt publicly. The extensive use of indigenous products by discarding foreign items rejuvenated Indian industry.

As a result, a number of textile mills, soap factories, matchbox companies, national banks and insurance companies were established. Import of British goods to India steadily went down during this period. Massive participation of women, labourers and students was another remarkable feature of this agitation.

Indian nationalism attained further strength from Swadeshi Movement. The freedom movement that was limited to only the high class in the society became a mass movement with the launching of Swadeshi movement. It contributed new strategies of agitation to national movement.

• 1812 
• Rama Nambi, the Kurichiya leader.

• By the Treaty of Sreerangapattanam signed in 1792 between the British and the Mysore rulers, the British got Malabar.
• The Raja of Kochi accepted British supremacy in 1792 and was forced to pay tribute. 
• By the treaty of 1795, Travancore accepted British supremacy. In return, the British promised them protection from their enemies. 
• The British ruled Malabar directly. 
• Kochi and Travancore were ruled indirectly by the British. They controlled these rulers through their Residents.

Correct option is (B) Sidu and Kanhu 

Correct option is (B) Santhal 

After attaining political domination in Kerala, British began to interfere in the powers of kings and local rulers. The interference in the freedom and privileges that they enjoyed for centuries invited antagonism from the kings and local rulers. Resistance escalated against the British in Malabar, Travancore and Kochi.

Pazhassi Revolt: 

Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam (Malabar) royal family led the strong resistance against the British in Malabar. The British had promised Pazhassi Raja the right to collect tax from Kottayam region as a reward for helping them in the war against Mysore.

The British refused to keep their promise after the success against Mysore rulers.

Not only that, the British claimed their dominance over Wayanad and tried to take possession of it from the Raja. Pazhassi organized, his people against this injustice and fought against the British. He unleashed guerilla war against the British with the help of the leaders of Kurichias. Pazhassi was killed in the fight against British.

Velu Thampi and Paliyath Achan:

• Velu Thampi, the Dewan of Travancore and Paliath Achan, the Dewan of Kochi reacted against the uncontrolled intervention of British Resident in their internal affairs. 
• Velu Thampi sought the support of the people and called for armed fight against the British through the Kundara Proclamation issued on 11 January 1809.
• The combined army of Travancore and Kochi attacked the official residence of the British Resident Macaulay. 
• The British army suppressed the revolt raised by Veluthampi and Paliath Achan. 
• Veluthampi committed suicide at Mannadi Temple. The British deported Paliyath Achan to Madras.

The importance of the notion of a united Kerala reached the people along with the emergence of the national movement. The people of Kerala, in spite of speaking the same language, had earlier the experience of living under different political systems. The distinct existence of the regions of Travancore, Cochin and Malabar stood in the way of the Malayali’s sense of unity

On the occasion of the meetings of different organizations, resolutions in favour of a united Kerala were adopted. The Congress Session held at Payyanur in 1928 demanded that Kerala should be reorganized as a separate state when a constitution for independent India would be given shape.

Going beyond resolutions, the demand for a united Kerala took shape as part of the freedom struggle. Indeed, in the Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 and the Guruvayur Satyagraha of 1931-1932, people from all parts of Kerala were participants. A committee to discuss the formation of a united Kerala was constituted in 1945.

A United Kerala Convention was held at Thrissur in 1947 on this basis: Its President was K. Kelappan and it was inaugurated by then Raja of Cochin. The Dhar Commission appointed by the Constituent Assembly came to Kerala and collected evidence.

With the merger of Travancore and Cochin on 1 st July 1949, the movement for a united Kerala gained strength. The legitimacy of a united Kerala was brought home by a book Onnekalkodi Malayalikal by

E.M.S.Namboodirippad. The self sacrifice of Potti S.reeramulu in Andhra accelerated the process of state formation on linguistic basis.

When, finally, the state of Kerala came into existence by joining together the regions where Malayalam is spoken, the Thovala, Agastheesvaram, Kalkkulam and Vilavankodu taluks of Trivandrum district became part of Madras State. Similarly the Kasargode and Hosdurg taluks, which were parts of the district of South Canara, were added to the State of Kerala. Thus came into existence a new state of Kerala comprising Malabar, Cochin and Travancore.

Untouchability and unapproachability prevailed in Kerala where caste system was strong. Evil practices and superstitions prevailed in all communities. Modern education and western thoughts motivated the educated people to fight against this injustice. Channar revolt by Channar women for the right to cover the upper part of the body, consecrations of the Siva idol at Aruvippuram are examples for this.

Vaikom Satyagraha under the leadership of T.K. Madhavan and Saravarna Jatha under the leadership of Mannath Padmanabhan won the right for lower caste people to walk on the road near the temple. The Guruvayoor Satyagraha under the leadership of P. Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan, the Travancore Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936 followed by temple entry proclamation of Kochi and Malabar gave right for the lower caste to enter the temples.

The Portuguese gained a stronghold in India after defeating the Zamorln of Calicut. The word Zamorin stands for Sealord.

• Local chieftains and landlords were made owners of the land. 
• Tax was pre-determined.
• The local chieftains collected huge amount as tax from tenants.
• The tenants were evicted. 
• Life became miserable for tenants.

• The Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was a major struggle in Kerala for the right to travel. 
• The Satyagraha was organised under the leadership of T.K.Madhavan for the right of lower caste Hindus to travel through the roads around the Vaikom temple. 
• Expressing solidarity with the Satyagraha, a procession (Savama Jatha) was organised from Vaikom to Trivandrum under the leadership of Mannath Padmanabhan and submitted a memorandom to the Maharaja of Travancore. 
• Following the Satyagraha, the lower caste . Hindus secured permission to travel through the roads around the Vaikom temple.

• The British rule made drastic changes the pattern of land ownership of different sections of people. 
• The local chieftains and landlords were treated as owners of land and the tax that they had to pay to the British was pre-determined.
• The local rulers and landlords collected taxes from the tenants in excess and often evicted them from their land.
• This made the life of the peasants of Malabar miserable. This led to peasant agitations called Mappila revolts in Malabar.

Sreeranga Papattanam Treaty of 1792.

By the Treaty of Sreerangapattanam signed in 1792, the British got Malabar from Mysore rulers.

Concept Used:

If a person can do a task in x days then in 1 day work will be complete 1/x part

Calculation:

1/A + 1/B = 1/10

1/B + 1/C = 1/15

1/A + 1/C = 1/20

Then,

⇒ 1/A - 1/C = 1/30

Solving,

⇒ 1/C = 1/120

∴ In 120 days, C alone can finish the work.

The Arabs and the Chinese were the prominent foreigners who had trade relations with Kerala before the coming of the Europeans. The Portuguese aim was to end the monopoly of the trade of the Arabs and the Chinese and to get the monopoly of trade in Kerala.

So they demanded Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut to expel the Arab merchants from Kozhikode. The Zamorin rejected their demand and this enraged the Portuguese. This strained the relation between the Portuguese and the Zamorin.

Kunjali Marakkars were the captains of the naval fleet of Zamorin. Their headquarters was the Marakkar Fort at Puthuppanam near Vadakara in Kozhikode district. There were four of them from Kunjali I to Kunjali IV. Kunjali III helped the Zamorin to regain the Chaliyam fort from the Portuguese. The Portuguese captured Kunjali IV, took him to Goa and executed him.

• The battle of Colachel was fought in 1741 between Marthanda Varma, the ruler of Travancore and the Dutch. The Dutch were defeated in the battle. 
• The Dutch hope of capturing the whole of Kerala ended with this battle. They had to leave Kerala after the battle.

Social change. The Channar women of southern Travancore fought for the right to cover their upper body. As a result, Uthram Thirunnai Maharaja was forced to permit the channar women to weer jackets in 1859.

The Vaikkom Satyagraha (1924), led by T.K. Madhavan was one of the major struggles that took place in Kerala for claiming the right to travel. Ex-pressing solidarity with the satyagraha, Mannath Padmanabhan organized the Savarna Jatha. Following this struggle, the lower castes secured permission to travel through the reads around the Vaikom temple.

Similarly under the leadership of K. Kelappan, an agitation was launched demanding entry for all castes of kindly into Guruvayoor temple (1931) A.K. Gopalan was the volunteer captain of this struggle. P. Krishna Pillai was callously attacked during this satyagraha. Following these popular protests, the temple entry proclamation was announced on 12 November 1936 in Travancore.

The national struggle which held for India’s independence was strong in Kerala also. The national struggle was so strong in Malabar because Malabar was under the direct control of the British. But the struggle was strong in Kochi and Travancore also. Along with Indian National Congress, the Khilafat movement, Kochi Rajya Prajamadalam, and the community’s party strengthened India’s national struggle for independence.

• Gave practical form to social change. 
• Works of renaissance leaders for the creation of modem Kerala.
• Influence among’ the social workers of the later period. 
• The activities against superstitions and caste system led to social transformation.

a) Vaikunda Swamikal: He realized the ‘hollowness of caste system’ and installed a mirror in the temple to enlighten the people the oneness of the godliness. 

b) Chattambi Swamikal: He opposed the caste system and propagated the vision of ‘Adwaida’ means oneness of godliness. Swamikal was known as ‘Sarva Vidyarthi raja’ 

c) Sree Narayana Guru: Sree Narayana Guru is the symbol of love and humanity. He stood strongly against the priesthood of Brahmins, their nobility and the caste system and propagated equality and humanity of man. He exhorted the people to be strong by unity and to awaken by knowledge. 

d) Ayyankali: Ayyankali played a prominent role to instill self confidence and sense of unity among them. He spoke for the right to enter government schools. He organized and prepared the agricultural laborers to struggle for their rights who were subjected to all kinds of exploitation. 

e) Vakkom Abdul Khadar Moulavi: The leader among Muslims who propagated modern education among Muslims. He took initiative to eliminate the evils of religious customs. 

f) V.T. Bhattathirippad: He was a nobleman of modem thought. He raised his voice against evil customs in Namboodiri community and worked for the freedom of women. 

g) Sahodaran Ayyappan: He tried to prove that polytheism was irrational and fought against alcoholism and exploitation of peasants and for this started interdining. All these leaders were trying to reform the society.

• The Nagpur session of the Congress held in 1920. 
• The first Kerala State Political Conference held of Ottapalam in 1921.
• Formation of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee. 
• The Payyannur Congress Conference. 
• The united Kerala conferences and the united Kerala resolution.
• Formation of the state of Thiru-Kochi in 1949. 
• Formation of the state of Kerala in 1956.

• Political reforms 
• Tenants’problem 
• Khilafat

• The rulers of Travancore adopted a policy of promoting modem industries. 
• The British provided the financial and technical assistance for industries.
• The establishment of Pallivasal hydroelectric project propelled the development of modem industries.

• The JenmiKudiyan Act was passed in 1896 in Travancore. 
• As per this Act, the tenants in Travancore got the ownership right on land. 
• Majority of the tenants became owners of land at least in name.
• In return, they had to pay high tax to the government.

• Channar Revolt was a struggle staged by the Channar women of South Travancore from 1822 onwards for the right to cover their upper body. 
• Following the prolonged struggle, Uthram Thirunal, the Maharaja of Travancore had to issue an order in 1859 allowing Channar women to wear jackets.

• The British reformed the system of law and justice in Kerala which tried and punished people on the basis of caste. 
• They introduced unified punishments after hearing the accused, depending on the nature of the guilt. 
• Principle of equality before law irrespective of caste was established. 
• Trial courts were set up in different places of Kerala.

In Kerala, strong programs of propaganda were organized as part of Salt Satyagraha, A batch of volunteers under the leadership of K Kelappan took out a procession from Calicut to Payyanuron foot to break the Salt Law. Another group under the leader-ship of T.R. Krishna swami lyertoo went there. The processions proceeded accepting greetings of people on route.

The style of the struggle underwent a change following the arrest of the Mahatma on 5th May. The police brutally suppressed the satyagrahis who came to break the salt Law at Calicut beach on 12th may Mohamed Abdul Rahiman Sahib, P. Krishna Pillai, R.V. Sharma, T.R. Krishna swami Iyer, and K. Madhavan Nair were sentenced to rigorous imprisonment.

The natives who were furious over making Anchuthengu fort an important military base killed about 150 English men who were on their way to hand over gifts to the queen of the Attingal in 1721. This is known as Attingal Revolt.

Attingal Revolt the first organized revolt against the British in Kerala.

• Opposed caste system and evil practices.
•  Advocated for social and economic progress of the backward classes.

• Beginning of printing 
• Service of the Jesuit missionaries
• Dictionary and grammar book
• The concept of education for all irrespective of caste.
• Early Malayalam newspapers 
• Beginning of schools and colleges.

i – b, 

ii – c, 

iii – d, 

iv – a

• Mannath Padmanabhan organized the Savarna Jatha from Vaikom to Trivandrum to support the Vaikom Satyagraha organized under the leadership of T.KJMadhavan. 
• The importance of the Savarna Jatha is that the upper caste Hindus supported the right of passage of lower caste Hindus.

Correct answer is (ii) Attingal Revolt 

Pazhassi Raja

The first railway line in Kerala was built by the British in 1861. It connected Bepore with Tirur.

• Attingal Revolt – 1721 
• Battle of Colachel – 1741 
• Kundara Proclamation – 1809 
• Pandarappatta Vilambaram – 1865

The British took away the raw materials necessary for their industries of England and the other products from Kerala at cheap prices. The English products were imposed on the native people at high prices. This led to the decline of the self sufficient village economy of Kerala.

Results:

• Foreign trade increased on a large scale. 
• Kerala became a part of world market.

Velu Thampi, the Dewan of Travancore issued the Kundara Proclamation on 11 January 1809.