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Genetic Code:

During replication and transcription a nucleic acid was copied to form another nucleic acid. Hence these processes are easy to conceptualise on the basis of complementarity. The process of translation requires transfer of genetic information from a polymer of nucleotides to a polymer of amino acids.

The salient features of genetic code are as follows:

(i) The codon is triplet, 61 codons for amino acids and 3 codons donot code for any amino acids, hence they function as stop codons.

(ii) Some amino acids code for only one amino acid, hence it is ambiguous and specific.

(iii) Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon, hence the code is degenerate.

(iv) The code is nearly universal, for example, from bacteria to human UUU would code for phenyl alamine (Phe).

(v) The codon is read in mRNA in a contiguous fashion. There are no punctuations.

(vi) AUG has dual functions. It codes for methionine (met), and it also act as initiation codon.

About 2000 million years ago (mya) the first cellular forms of life appeared on earth. Some of these cells had the ability to release O₂. Slowly single celled organisms become multicellular life forms. By the time of 500 mya invertebrates were formed and active. Jawless fish probably evolved around 350 mya. Sea weeds and few plants existed probably 320 mya. The animals called lobefins evolved into the first amphibians that lived on both land and water. The amphibians evolved into reptiles. In the next 200 millions years or So, reptiles of different shapes and siges dominated on earth. The first mammals were like threws. Their fossil are small sized. Mammals were viviparous and protected their unform young inside the mother's body.

Southern blotting technique is used for reporting DNA fragments and identification of cloned genes. It is used in DNA fingerprinting technique.

Reserved areas:

The areas which are occupied by the government for creating safe ground for animals and plants are called reserved areas. The reserved areas indude zoological parks, museums, botanical gardens, Herbarims and other such parks.

(a) B-Lymphocytes

RBC type of cells lack nucleus

Rabies is a 100% fatal disease. It is caused by a rabies virus. The virus enters the human body with saliva of an infected (rabid) animal, generally by the bite of a dog but also of cat. Viruses induces biting behaviour in its victim. Fear of water is the main symptom, hence hydrophobia. Sympatoms of rabies in dogs are madness, changed voice and excessive salivation. Rabid dogs should be immediately killed.

1. Beta wave: These are the waves of normal EEG, whereas all others are the components of a normal ECG. 

2. Pulmonary artery: This blood carries deoxygenated blood whereas all others carry oxygenated blood. 

3. Lymph node: It is found in lymphatic system whereas all other structures are found in the mammalian heart related to auto rhythmicity.

2. The blood groups commonly known as Universal donor and Universal recipient.

• Universal donor: ‘O’ group. 
• Universal recipient: ‘AB’ group.

HP No. of heartbeats/min = 72 

Stroke volume = 70 

Cardiac output = 70 × 72 = 5040 ml

Red Data book:

The red data book is a book in which the species which are extinct, the species which are vulnerable and the most endangered species are classified. The book contains the information about the remaining species of animals.

Four hybrid varieties of wheat are Norin-10, Sonora-64, Lerma Rojo-64 and Sonalika. The characteristics of hybrid varities of wheat are:

(a) I wheat production doubled on the same plot of land.

(b) More proteins and carbohydrates were found.

Correct option is A) by on

Fried items and bakery items must not be used. Sugar and sugary materials should be avoided. Fiber-rich vegetarian food is recommended.

Correct option is B) get by

More than two i.e., three alleles governing the same character is known as multiple allelism. ABO blood grouping is a good example of multiple allelism ABO blood groups are controlled by the gene I. The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protude from its surface and this kind of sugar is controlled by the gene. The gene I has three alleles I^A, I^B and i. The alleles I^A and I^B produce a slightly different form of the sugar while allel i doesn't produce any sugar.

1. The to and fro circulation between the lungs and heart is known as Pulmonary circulation. The purpose of pulmonary circulation is oxygenation of blood. 

2. In human circulation is double circulation, it involves Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Right half receives and pumps the deoxygenated blood while the left half the oxygenated blood.

(a) Hypertension 

(b) Coronary Artery Disease.

Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins are the major proteins. Fibrinogens are needed for clotting or coagulation of blood. Globulins primarily are involved in defense mechanisms of the body and the albumins help in osmotic balance.

The five classes of antibodies are:

(a) IgG: Main antibody type in circulation, attacks microorganisms and their foxins.

(b) IgA: Main antibody type in secretions, such as saliva and milk attacks microorganisms and their toxins.

(c) IgE: Antibody responsible for allergic reactions.

(d) IgM: Antibody type found in circulation, largest antibody with 5 submits.

(e) IgD: Antibody type found in immunoglobins.

A large number of cells all over the world including India are infetile i.e., they are unable to produce children inspite of unprotected several cohabitation. The reasons for this could be many-physical, congential, diseases, drugs, immunological or even psychological. Specialised health care units (infertility clims, etc) could help in diagonisis and corrective treatment of some of disorders and enable these couples to have children.

1. The technique or process of maintaining or cultivating cells or tissues derived from a living organism in a culture medium. 

2. A culture of cells or tissue grown by this technique or process.

The correct option is (a) 1.

• Polyribosomes/Polysomes are a group of ribosomes attached to a single mRNA at several points and translate the mRNA into the same copies of a single polypeptide or protein.
• These are developed during the elongation phase in concern with the ribosomes and elongation factors.
• Polysomal profiling is a technique used to determine the level of gene expression.
• These are found either free in the cytosol or attatched to the endoplasmic reticulum.
• Free Polyribosomes synthesise a protein that remains in the cell. eg. Haemoglobin in RedbloodCells while those attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins for the export from the cell or to be placed in the plasma membrane.

A rainbow is regarded as one of the most spectacular light shows observed on the earth. A rainbow is a multi coloured arc formed by light striking water droplets. Rainbows are created after rain by the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets. All of these events produce a light spectrum in the sky, which is known as a rainbow.

Primary rainbow

One total internal reflection and two refractions of white light by water droplets produce the primary rainbow.

Secondary rainbow

Two total internal reflections and two refractions of white light by water droplets produce a secondary rainbow. The colour of a secondary rainbow is brighter than that of a primary rainbow.

Those hydrophytes whose flowers emerge above the surface of water, are pollinated by insects or wind, e.g., water hyacinth and waterlily are pollinated by insects