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Law as a force or a set of rules/guidelines necessary for securing peaceful co-existence or as that essentially influenced by the socioeconomic structure and, thus, susceptible to a large extent to be used for maintenance and reinforcement of that structure. Law is a set of rules that are binding in nature and enforced by the state. The rule of law means is that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law.  

Children have little exposure to laws, therefore, while discussing laws, it is important that 

• Teachers should give many examples related to familiar contexts so that students can review different types of law and would understand them.
• It is through this they can figure out that laws are meant to apply in an equitable manner. 
• Students must be aware of all the laws so that they can relate to them.

Thus it is clear that children have little exposure to laws, therefore, while discussing laws, it is important that teachers should give as many examples from familiar context.

Today most countries in the world have a Constitution. While all democratic countries are likely to have a Constitution, it is not necessary that all countries that have a Constitution are democratic. 

• A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed.
• This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold.
• The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out certain important guidelines that govern decision-making within societies.

• The discussion on the Indian Constitution is situated within a historical context.
• This has been done with the express intent that students become aware of the major influence that our anti-colonial struggle had on Indian democracy. 
• It influences the making and framing of laws in the constitution.

Hence, it is concluded that in a discussion on the constitution, it is important that is it discussed in a historical context so that students become aware that the anti-colonial struggle had its major influence.

With the growing trend of technological advancement, it has become imperative to align learning, with attributes such as just in time, skill-based and adaptive, to meet the desired business need. So outcome-based learning becomes key to meeting the growing and changing business requirement of having access to the right knowledge at the right time.

• “Outcome-based education (OBE) is a process that involves the restructuring of curriculum, assessment and reporting practices in education to reflect the achievement of high order learning and mastery rather than the accumulation of course credits”.

OBE is a student-centred learning approach that assists teachers in planning course delivery and assessment with the end goal in mind. The outcome-oriented student learning model in Social Science will focus primarily on Learning objectives, learning activities, formative and summative assessments.

• Learning objectives:- Objectives that are achieved after finishing the particular topic or chapter.
• Learning activities:- Activities that are included for explaining the topic or chapter.
• Formative assessment:- It is an in-process evaluation conducted during the lesson or topic.
• Summative assessment: It is taken after the particular topic or lesson is over.

Thus, it is concluded that the outcome-oriented student learning model in social science will focus primarily on learning objectives, learning activities, formative and summative assessments.

Social Sciences constitute a broad field of knowledge and deal with human beings in relation to their social behaviour. Social Sciences study the concepts or issues like culture, tradition, lifestyles, places, and environment, power and authority, governance, economy, civic sense, etc. which have social implications. While physical sciences are concerned with physical concepts or issues like stone, matter, force, area, distance, heat, etc., social sciences deal with human beings and their relation to each other in society at different places and times. 

NCF 2005: 

• It is a document that seeks to provide a framework within which teachers and schools can choose and plan experiences that they think children should have.
• It addresses four issues such as educational purpose, educational experience, organization of experience, and assessing the learner. 

• According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the social science curriculum should attempt to raise students' knowledge by critically analysing and questioning common social facts. There are several opportunities to incorporate new aspects and issues, particularly in light of students' own life experiences. As a result, selecting and structuring content into a relevant curriculum that would allow pupils to develop a critical perspective of society is a difficult endeavour.
• The aim of education in Social Science should be to enable students to analyze socio-political reality. These are issues that are regulated by a political policy that affect whole societies like global warming, communicable disease control, radioactive waste disposal, resource management, fish and wildlife, and biotechnology. 
• Developing concepts and the ability to assess social reality must take precedence over simply remembering facts without understanding them.

Hence, it is concluded that according to NCF 2005, the aim of education in Social Science should be to enable students to analyse socio-political reality.

Thinking is the basis of all cognitive activities or processes and is unique to human beings. It involves the manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment. There are different kinds of thinking styles which include creative, logical, concrete thinking, etc. 

• Creative thinking aims at novelty in the first instance rather than truth.
• Creative thinking is always 'constructive' as it aims at novelty. It necessarily has to be different from the conventional modes of thinking.
• Creative thinking is labelled in psychology as divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach. 

Creative children:

• Creativity is the recombination of ideas or restructuring of ideas that leads to a new thought, a new output, or a new product.
• A creative child is associated with divergent thinking.
• universal and innate as well as required.
• Ideational fluency, flexibility and imagination of thinking, originality, and elaboration are elements of creativity.
• have a strong conviction in their beliefs and values.

• Thinking and a decision to think in new ways.
• Fluent and elaborative, anyone can understand their concern.
• Flexible to change.
• Synthesis from a variety of sources.
• Original and practical with life and relations.
• Purposeful, reflective judgement.
• Non- conventional (do not base on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed).
• Decide how to respond in the face of the nearly omnipresent environmental challenges.
• Creative ideas are both novel and valuable.
• Receptivity, Curiosity, Wide range of interest, Complexity.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that all are the characteristics of creative thinking except the ability to always produce the right answers to problems posed.

(b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I) 

In order to make the learning of social science more enjoyable and effective, there is a need for innovations in teaching methods. During Social Science class, students begin to discuss whether a mobile tower should be allowed to install in the proximity of their school or not.

A student says that the radiation from the tower would make students sick. Another student says I heard on the news that mobile towers do not make people sick. As a teacher, I would motivate students to collect evidence that will help them assess the situation objectively.

• Children learn in a variety of ways—through experience, making and doing things, experimentation, reading, discussion, asking, listening, thinking and reflecting, and expressing oneself in speech, movement, or writing—both individually and with others. They require opportunities of all these kinds in the course of their development.
• In this discussion, a teacher should motivate students to gain real hand experiences by collecting the evidence for the mobile tower and their radiations and later on discuss these things. From that, they will gain knowledge about it and understand the situation practically.
• Such experiences and post-experience activities would be valuable for them. Language is key to organizing experiences. Hence, there should be proper coordination between the kind of experience and the level of language development.

Thus it is cleared that as a teacher you would motivate students to collect evidence that will help them assess the situation objectively.

Concept:

SHF (Sensible Heat Factor):

It is defined as a sensible heat load divided by total heat load.

\({{S}}.{{H}}.{{F}} = \frac{{{{S}}.{{H}}}}{{{{T}}.{{H}}}}=\frac{S.H}{S.H\;+\;L.H}\)

where, T.H = S.H + L.H

S.H = Sensible heat, T.H = Total heat, L.H ⇒ Latent heat 

Calculation:

Given:

S.H = 30 kJ/sec, L.H = 20 kJ/sec

\({{S}}.{{H}}.{{F}} =\frac{S.H}{S.H\;+\;L.H}\)

\({\rm{S}}.{\rm{H}}.{\rm{F}} = \frac{{30}}{{30 + 20}} = \frac{3}{5} = 0.60\;\)

The following table gives information about all the wires and their colors:

Live wire:

Live wires or phase wires are the wires that supplies power from the source carrying current to the load.

Neutral wire:

Neutral wires are the wires that carry current back after driving the load especially in a single phase system.

Earth wire:

It is the wire that connects ground or neutral wire to earth.

 The correct answer is None of the above.

• The following rates are fixed by banks themselves and are not considered to be key policy rates
  • Base Rate
  • Interest Rates on Saving Accounts
  • Interest Rates on Current Accounts

• RBI lends to the commercial banks through its discount window to help other banks meet depositors’ demands and reserve requirements.
• The interest rate that the RBI charges the banks for this is called the Bank rate.
• If the RBI wants to increase liquidity and money supply in the market, it will decrease the bank rate, and vice versa.
• Bank Rate and Repo Rate are two rates on which RBI lends to other banks.
• However, the key difference is that Repo Rate is the rate at which RBI lends to banks for short periods.
• In Repo Rate, there is no direct lending but the lending is done by RBI buying government bonds from banks with an agreement to sell them back at a fixed rate.
• Reverse repo rate is the rate of interest at which the RBI borrows funds from other banks in the short term.
• Opposite to Repo, Reverse Repo is done by RBI selling government bonds to banks with the commitment to buy them back at a future date.

The correct answer is RBI.

• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central bank, which is responsible for issuing and distributing the Indian rupee and controlling the Indian banking system.
• It also operates the key payment networks of the nation and works to facilitate its economic growth. 
• RBI began its operations on 1 April 1935 in compliance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• The RBI was nationalized on 1 January 1949 following India's independence on 15 August 1947.

• A credit rating agency (CRA, also referred to as a rating service) is a corporation that issues credit ratings that rate the ability of a debtor to pay back loans by making regular payments of principal and interest and the risk of default.
• Credit Review & Research Ltd (CARE) which started operations in 1993, is one of India's leading credit rating firm which offers multiple credit scores that help businesses raise money for their diverse needs and help investors make educated investment decisions based on credit risk and their own perceptions of risk-return.
• ICRA is one of the most experienced credit rating companies in India which rates rupee-denominated loan instruments offered by manufacturing undertakings, commercial banks, non-banking undertakings, public sector undertakings, municipalities and financial institutions.
• CRISIL Ltd is a global analytical firm offering ratings research and risk and strategy advisory services, and also provides the world's largest banks and major companies with high-end research.

Procurement Process:

The procurement process is the series of actions required to obtain goods or services from an outside source.

This process includes researching vendors, order requests, budget negotiation, purchases, and audits.

Steps of a Procurement Process:

Step 1: Identify Goods or Services Needed or Demand

Step 2: Consider a List of Suppliers

Step 3: Negotiate Contract Terms with Selected Supplier

Step 4: Finalise the Purchase Order

Step 5: Receive Invoice and Process Payment

Step 6: Delivery and Audit of the Order

Step 7: Maintain an Accurate Record of Invoices

For a hydro-electric plant with low head and large water storage Kaplan turbine is the most suitable turbine.

The correct option (2) 641   

Explanation:

dSinθ = nλ(θ = 30°) => n = 320

So, Number of maxima (Including central maxima) = 2n + 1 = 641

(d) follows all the above

Correct option is (d) brine.

(d) Increases the plant efficiency and reduces work ratio

For carnot cycle, the efficiency will be increased as a consequence of cycle undergoing ideal.

Work ratio will be reduced due to high compressor work.

(b) 1 and 2 are correct 

(a) increases the refrigerating effect

(c) temperature and entropy 

The correct option (3) 0.4 V

Explanation:

Initiall current will flow through Ge diode drop will be 0.3v.

In the second case, Si diode wll conduct and drop across the combination is 0.7v. so, change in Voltage =0.4V 

Correct option is (4) \(\frac{Mv^2}{5R}\) 

For gas \(\frac{C_P}{C_V}=1.4\) 

\(\cfrac{(\frac f2+1)R}{(\frac f2)}\) = 1.4

⇒ f = 5

\(\therefore\) \(\triangle\)U = nCv(\(\triangle\)T)

Cv = \(\frac f2R\)

ΔU is equal to change in internal energy of gas = 1/2 Mv²

So,\(\frac12\)Mv² = 1 x \(\frac52\)R(ΔT)

ΔT = \(\frac{Mv^2}{5R}\)

(b) The right side of the equation reduces to R for an ideal gas

Answer is (i) the current is reduced and consequently, the I²R loss is cut down

i.e. current is reduced if voltage is stepped – up so corresponding I²R losses are cut down.

Answer is (iii) 400

Given E_i = 2300V

E₀ = 230V

N_p = 4000

N_s = ?

\(\frac{E_i}{E_0}=\frac{N_p}{N_s}\)

\(\frac{2300}{230}=\frac{4000}{x}\)

x = 400 = N_s = No of turns in secondary coil

E. All of these travel at the same speed

Correct option is (B) 20 m

Given: Frequency f₁ = 6MHz 

Frequency f₂ = 10MHz

\(\lambda_1 = \frac c{f_1}\)

\(\lambda_2 = \frac{c}{f_2}\)

Wavelength bandwidth = \(\lambda_2\) - \(\lambda_1\) = 20 m

The frequency of an electromagnetic wave produced by the oscillator is the same as that of a charged particle oscillating about its mean position i.e., 10⁹ Hz.

Amplitude of magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum,
B₀ = 510 nT = 510 × 10⁻⁹ T
Speed of light in a vacuum, c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Amplitude of electric field of the electromagnetic wave is given by the relation, 

E = cB₀ = 3 × 10⁸ × 510 × 10⁻⁹ = 153 N/C 

Therefore, the electric field part of the wave is 153 N/C.

The answer is (4) CCl₄

CCl₄ → Non-conductor in solid and liquid phase.

Correct answer is (a) 1/3

On a through of a dice 6 possible outcomes are possible.

There are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Among which only 4 and 6 are composite numbers i.e. two  numbers are composite.

Now from the definition of probability, the probability of getting a composite number on the throw of dice is 2/6 = 1/3.

Correct answer is (a) √3/2

Given,

sin α = √3/2

sin α = sin 60°

α = 60°

tan β = 1/√3

tan β = tan 30°

β = 30°

∴ cos (α - β)

= cos (60° - 30°)

= cos 30°

= √3/2

GIVEN:

sin ɑ  =  √3 / 2

sin ɑ  =  sin 60°  [Standard value of ratios]

ɑ  =  60°

tan β  =  1/√3

tan β  =  tan 30°  [Standard value of ratios]

β  =  30°

So,

cos (ɑ - β)

=  cos (60 - 30)

= cos 30°

=  √3 / 2

Hence, the correct answer is :

(A) √3 / 2

I asked him what the secret of his energy was.

Note:

Since it is not defined whom this speech is being given to, we can also say that:

I asked her/them what the secret of her/their (Use appropriately) energy was. 

The correct answer is:

Despite being wealthy, he was a miser.

Given f = 1 mm

f = 1 x 10^-3m

Power of concave lens P = 1/f

P = \(\frac1{1\times10^{-3}}\)

P = 1000 D