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Fossils are the remains of organisms that once existed on earth. They represent the ancestors of plants and animals that are alive today. They provide evidences of evolution by revealing the characteristics of the past organism and the changes that have occurred in these organisms to give rise to the present organisms.

The variations in size, colour and looks are a result of the different levels of expression of traits. Human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks are said to belong to the same species because: 

i. They have the similarities in the DNA sequences 

ii. They have descended from the same ancestor 

iii. They can reproduce among themselves.

Evolution cannot always be equated with progress or better body designs. Evolution simply creates more complex body designs. However, this does not mean that the simple body designs are inefficient. In fact, bacteria having a simple body design are still the most cosmopolitan organisms found on earth. They can survive hot springs, deep sea, and even freezing environment. Therefore, bacteria, spiders, fish, and chimpanzees are all different branches of evolution.

A species is a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce a fertile offspring. Skin colour, looks, and size are all variety of features present in human beings. These features are generally environmentally controlled. Various human races are formed based on these features. However, there is no biological basis to this concept of races. Therefore, all human beings are a single species as humans of different colour, size, and looks are capable of reproduction and can produce a fertile offspring.

a. Period = Time taken to complete one full rotation.

Period = \(\cfrac{Time\,taken\,for\,rotation}{Number\,of \,rotations}\) = \(\cfrac{30}{60}\) = \(\cfrac{1}{2}\)

= 0.5 s

When the Armature ABCD rotates, change in the magnetic flux depends on its direction and intensity.

b. only of a rotation. 

T = 1/2, T/2, 1/4

c. 250V

Power generator → Power transformer → Substation → Distribution transformer.

i. Earth line. 

ii. 1. fuse is connected to the neutral 

2. The switches S and S are connected to the neutral. 

3. Three-pin socket is connected to the earth.

a. MCB is connected to the main fuse board.

b. Prevents loss of. electricity through the circuits.

a. Step-up transformer 

b. Electromagnetic Induction 

c. Power in the primary P = VI 

= 150 × 1 = 150 W

Power in the secondary = VI 

= 1000 × 1/10 = 100 W 

Power loss = 150 – 100

= 50 W

a. (ii) and (iv).

b. Electromagnetic induction.

Medium will light have the highest speed - Water

Yes. This lens gives a complete real image of an object. However, the intensity of image may be less.

Correct option is C) tomato

The Castner-Kellner cell consists of large rectangular trough divided into three compartments with partition short of reaching the bottom of the tank Thus mercury in one compartment can flow into another but solution cannot mix. Graphite anodes are used in outer compartments filled with NaCl solution. The middle compartment contains very dilute solution of caustic soda and filled with iron rods as cathode.

On passing electric current Cl₂ is liberated in outer compartments and sodium liberated at cathode. Mercury forms amalgam which is passed into middle compartment in which mercury acts as anode (having induced +ve potential). 

At anode Na⁺ + e^- → Na 

At cathode Na + Hg → Na – Hg 

2 (Na – Hg) + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + Hg + H₂ 

The concentration of NaOH goes on increasing in the middle compartment. 

When the concentration of NaOH reaches 20% the solution is replaced by dilute solution.

In case of oxidative bleaching, Chlorine is the basis for commonly used bleaching agents like sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder and sodium chlorite. While, the non chlorine containing oxidative chemicals are hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulphate, sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate and peracetic acid.

When the basket is made directly a player gets two points. If it is made from free throw then there is one point. If the basket is made outside the shooting area, then there will be three points.

Stage – 1 : Heat energy releases from water vapour at 100°C

When converts into water at 100°C

Q₁ = Latent heat of vapourization (L) = 540 Cal.

Stage – 2 : Heat energy releases from water at 100°C.

When converts into water at 0°C.

Q₂ = mSΔT. Here m = 1 gm; S = 1 Cal/gm°C

ΔT = 100°C – 0°C ⇒ 100°C = 1.1.100 = 100 Cal

Stage – 3 : Heat energy releases from water (0°C)

When converts into ice (0°C)

Q₃ = Latent heat of fusion (L_fusion) = 80 Cal.

Total energy releases = Q₁ + Q₂ + Q₃ = 540 + 100 + 80 = 720 Cal.

(a) Owners of the Company 

 \(\mathrm{Proprietary \,Ratio = \frac{Proprietor's \,Fund }{Total \,Assets}}\)

Total Assets = Debts × 2

= Rs. 5,00,000 × 2 

= Rs. 10,00,000

Proprietor’s Funds = (Equity Share Capital) + (Preference Share Capital) + (Surplus)

= (5,00,000 × 0.5) + (5,00,000 × 0.5 × 25%) + (10,00,000 – 40% of 10,00,000)

= 2,50,000 + 62,500 + 6,00,000

= Rs. 9,12,500

Proprietary Ratio = \(\frac{9,12,500}{10,00,000}\)

= 0.912 : 1

(d) Quick assets

(a) Proprietary ratio

(b) Rs. 3,000 

The correct answer is : (c) 2:1 

The correct answer is : (d) 1:2

The correct answer is : (c) 5:3

Correct option is: (B) 25 %

The correct answer is : (c) 5:3

(d) Goodwill

(c) The value of reputation of a firm 

(d) Allowed @ 6% per annum 

(c) Rs. 20,000 

(a) Goodwill is an intangible asset