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(C) Magnesium

All the specimen of the series, when there id no holotype Hetrotype.

After the holotype is labelled, Each specimen of the remaining of the types Paratype.

(D) Microsomes

c. Both animals and plants 

If the description of new species is based on single specimen of type series Holotype.

 (D) α, β and γ bands

Stridulation is a method of producing sound by Striking the substrate.

a. Neutral interaction

The excretory function of Malpighian tubules is observed by Herold (1816).

a.  Imprinting.

Insects that share a common nest site but do not care for their young are said to be Semisocial.

In Protura, first pair of Legs perform the function of antemae.

Pepsin acts only in Acidic medium.

Labiidae belongs to the order Dermaptera.

b. Anamarphosis

Hemicellulases can hydrolyze the Hexosan only & Pentosan.

Phasma means A ghost.

Embios means Lively.

a. Chordotonal organs and tympana

Most of the caterpillar have legs or abdominal legs on segments  3-6 & 10.

Higher termites digest the cellulose with the help of Bacteria.

Ephemeros means Short lived.

A firefly would most likely be classified as a Crepuscular insect.

b. They have cerci and chewing mouthparts

c. Collembola 

The nymphs of Mayflies are aquatic and called naiads.

Thysanoptera order is both ectognathous and wingless.

Formation of new epicuticle part of a molt does not occur during apolysis.

Formation of new epicuticle part of a moult does not occur during apolysis.

a. Soldier pheromone is too high 

The mentioned individual will produce eight different types of gametes (attention, gametes and not zygotes). To determine the number of different gametes produced by a given multiple genotype the number of heterozygous pairs is counted (in the mentioned case, three) and the result is placed as an exponent of two (in the example, 2³ = 8). 

Parental genotypes: AABB, aaBB. Gametes from the parental generation: Ab and aB. Thus F₁ will present 100% AaBb gametes (and the phenotypical correspondent form).

As F₁ are AaBb individuals the gametes from their crossing can be: AB, Ab, aB and ab. The casual combination of these gametes forms the following genotypical forms: one AABB, two AABb, two AaBb, four AaBB, one Aabb, one Aabb, one aaBB, two aaBb and two aabb. The phenotypical proportion then would be: nine A_B_ (double dominant); three A_bb (dominant for the first pair, recessive for the second); three aaB_ (recessive for the first pair, dominant for the second); one aabb (double recessive).

Mendel’s second law is only valid for genes located in different chromosomes. For genes situated in the same chromosome, i.e., linked genes (genes in linkage) the law is not valid since the segregation of these genes is not independent.

Mendel’s second law postulates that two or more different traits are also conditioned by two or more pair of different factors and that each inherited pair separates independently from the others. In other words, gametes are formed always with an aleatory representative of each pair of the factors that determine phenotypical characteristics.

Mendel’s second law is also known as the law of independent segregation of factors, or law of independent assortment.

Formation of new epicuticle part of a molt does not occur during apolysis.

Monohybridism is the study of only one characteristic in the crossing of two pure individuals (hybridization) for that characteristic.

In this monohybridism one of the colors does not appear in the F₁ generation because their parental generators are pure, i.e., homozygous, and in F₁ all descendants are heterozygous (each parental individual forms only one type of gamete). Since only heterozygous genotypes appear and red is dominant over yellow the individuals of the F₁ generation will present only red flowers.

Heterozygous individuals, for example, AA, produce two different types of gametes: one containing the allele A and another type containing the allele a. The proportion is 1:1.

The Mendel’s first law postulates that a characteristic (trait) of an individual is always determined by two factors, one inherited from the father and the other from the mother and the direct offspring of the individual receives from it only one of these factors (aleatory). In other words, each trait is determined by two factors that segregate during gamete formation.

The Mendel’s first law is also known as the law of purity of gametes. Mendel deduced the way genes and alleles were transmitted and traits were conditioned without even knowing of the existence of these elements.

If an individual is dominant homozygous, for example, AA, it will produce only gametes having the allele A. The proportion thus is 100% of AA gametes.

If an individual is recessive homozygous, for example, aa, it will produce only gametes having the allele a, also in a 100% proportion.

In the monohybridism conditioned by two different alleles the F₁ generation presents only heterozygous individuals (Bw). In F₂ there is one individual BB, two individuals Bw and one individual ww. In relation to the phenotype there are in F₂ two black individuals and one white individual, since black is the dominant color. So the proportion is 3:1, three black-haired to one whitehaired.

To say that gametes are pure means that they always carry only one allele of the referred trait. Gametes are always “pure” because in them the chromosomes are not homologous, they contain only one chromosome of each type.

In the mentioned hybridization the genotypical forms in F₂ will be TT, tt and Tt. Therefore there will be three different genotypical forms and two different phenotypical forms (considering T dominant over t).

In relation to genotypes and phenotypes the hybridization comprises of: parental generation (P): RR (read), yy (yellow). F₁ generation (RR x yy): Ry (red). F₂ generation (Ry x Ry): RR (red), Ry (red), Ry (red) and yy (yellow). 

In the F₁ generation the proportion of red flowers is 100%. In the F₂ generation, the phenotypical proportion is three red (75%) to one yellow (25%).

From the crossing of an individual having recessive phenotype with another having dominant phenotype (for the same trait) it is possible to determine whether the dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous. This is true because the genotype of the recessive individual is obligatorily homozygous, for example, aa. If the other individual is also homozygous, AA, the F₁ offspring will be only heterozygous (aa x AA = only Aa). If the other individual is heterozygous there will be two different genotypical forms, Aa and aa in the 1:1 proportion. So if a recessive phenotype appears in the direct offspring the parental individual that manifests dominant phenotype is certainly heterozygous.

In genetic family trees the male sex is usually represented by a square and the female by a circle. Crossings are indicated by horizontal lines that connect squares to circles and their direct offspring are listed below and connected to that line. The presence of the studied phenotypical form is indicated by a complete hachure (shading) of the circle or the square correspondent to the affected individual. It is useful to enumerate the individuals from left to right and from top to bottom for easy reference.

Genetic family tree is a schematic family tree that shows the biological inheritance of some trait through successive generations. 

Genetic family trees are useful because it is practically impossible and ethically unacceptable to make experimental crossings for genetic testing between human beings. With the help of family tress the study is made by analysis of marriages (and crossings) that have already occurred in the past. From the analysis of family trees, for example, information on probabilities of the emergence of some phenotype and genotypes (including genetic diseases) in the offspring of a couple can be obtained.

Step 1: to determine whether the studied phenotypical form has a dominant or recessive pattern. Step 2: to identify recessive homozygous individuals. Step 3: to identify the remaining genotypes.

Trichoptera is exclusively herbivorous.