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(a) Product mix: Product means goods or services or ’anything of value’, which is offered to the market for sale. In other words, product means anything that satisfies needs of the consumers. 

(b) Price mix: Price is the exchange value of goods and service represented in terms of money. Pricing is the process of fixing or determining reasonable price to the product or service. 

(c) Place mix: Place or distribution mix refers to providing the product at a place which is convenient for consumers to access. It includes two aspects viz: 

• Physical distribution 
• Channels of distribution. 

(d) Promotion mix: Promotion is a process of communication with the potential buyers involving information persuasion and influence.

• Any consumer 
• Any registered consumer’s association 
• The central government or any state government.

Benefits of training and development to the organisation: 

• Training is a systematic learning, always better than hit and trial methods which lead to wastage of efforts and money. 
• It enhances employee productivity both in terms of quantity and quality, leading to higher profits.
• Training equips the future manager who can take over in case of emergency.
• Training increases employee morale and reduces absenteeism and employee turnover. 
• It helps in obtaining effective response to fast changing environment technological and economic.

Financing Decision: This decision is about the quantum of finance to be raised from various long-term sources. It involves identification of various available sources. It has to make a judicious combination of these sources namely debt, equity preference share capital and retained earnings. 

The financing decisions are affected by various factors which are as follows:

Cost: The cost of raising funds through different sources Is different. A good financial manager would normally opt for a source which is the cheapest. 

Risk: The risk associated with each of the sources is different. 

Flotation Costs: Higher the flotation cost, less attractive is the source. 

Cash Flow position of the company: A stronger cash flow position may make debt financing more viable than funding through equity.

Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get the minimum basic necessities of life, i.e., food, clothing and shelter for his or her sustenance.

Usually the indicators used relate to the levels of income and consumption. But now poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc.

Though poverty has declined in India, poverty reduction remains India’s most compelling challenge. We will have to do something special to fight against wide regional disparities. We must broaden the definition of poverty from ‘a minimum subsistence level of living to a reasonable level of living’. Bigger challenges before us are: providing health care, education and job security for all the achieving gender equality.

Controlling is a systematic process involving the following steps: 

i. Setting performance standards: The first step in the controlling process is setting up of performance standards. Standards are the criteria against which actual performance would be measured. Standards can be set in both quantitative as well as qualitative terms. 

ii. Measurement of Actual Performance: Once performance standards are set, the next step is measurement of actual performance. It is generally believed that measurement should be done after the task is completed. 

iii. Comparing actual performance with standards: This step involves comparison of actual performance with the standard. Such comparison will reveal the deviation between actual and desired results. Comparison becomes easier when standards are set in quantitative terms. 

iv. Analysing deviations: Some deviation in performance can be expected in all activities. After identifying the deviations that demand managerial attention, these deviations need to be analysed for their causes. These causes may be unrealistic standards, defective process, inadequacy of resources, structural drawbacks etc. It is necessary to identify the exact cause of deviation, failing which an appropriate corrective action might not be possible. 

v. Taking corrective action: The final step in the controlling process is taking corrective action. No corrective action is required when the deviations are within acceptable limits. When the deviations go beyond the acceptable range, it demands immediate managerial attention. Corrective action might involve training of employees if the production target could not be met.

(c) Public hearing

Debt-trap is a situation in which a person after taking a loan is not able to pay back the loan.

It is more common in rural areas because

(i) A borrower repays a loan by selling the agricultural produce, which sometimes may not be enough to repay the loan.

(ii) Rural borrowers normally depend on informal sources of credit who charge a high rate of interest. This repayment of larger amounts may sometimes be larger than their income.

Thus, it can be concluded that loans from banks always help to raise people’s earning capacity.

Controlling is a systematic process involving the following steps: 

1. Setting performance standards: The first step in the controlling process is setting up of performance standards. Standards are the criteria against which actual performance would be measured. Standards can be set in both quantitative as well as qualitative terms.

2. Measurement of Actual Performance: Once performance standards are set, the next step is measurement of actual performance. It is generally believed that measurement should be done after the task is completed.

3. Comparing actual performance with standards: This step involves comparison of actual performance with the standard. Such comparison will reveal the deviation between actual and desired results. Comparison becomes easier when standards are set in quantitative terms.

4. Analysing deviations: Some deviation in performance can be expected in all activities. After identifying the deviations that demand managerial attention, these deviations need to be analysed for their causes. These causes may be unrealistic standards, defective process, inadequacy of resources, structural drawbacks, etc. It is necessary to identify the exact cause of deviation, failing which an appropriate corrective action might not be possible.

5. Taking corrective action: The final step in the controlling process is taking corrective action. No corrective action is required when the deviations are within acceptable limits. When the deviations go beyond the acceptable range, it demands immediate managerial attention. Corrective action might involve training of employees if the production target could not be met.

After screening the applications, eligible candidates are asked to appear for selection tests. 

The following tests are usually conducted to measure the intelligence, aptitude, proficiency, personality, etc.

a. Intelligence tests: These tests are used to judge the mental capacity of the applicant. Intelligence tests evaluate the ability of an individual to understand instructions and make decisions.

b. Aptitude tests: Aptitude means the potential which an individual has for learning new skills. Aptitude test indicate the person’s capacity and his potential for development.

c. Trade or proficiency tests: These tests are designed to measure the skills already acquired by the individuals. They measure the level of knowledge and proficiency in the area of profession or technical training.

d. Personality tests: These tests probe for the overall qualities of a person as a while. They provide clues to a person’s emotional reactions, maturity level, value system, etc.

e. Interest tests: These tests identify the areas in which a candidate has special concern, fascination, involvement, etc. These tests suggest the nature of job liked by a candidate which may bring him job satisfaction.

Types of plans: 

1. Single-use plans: 

A single-use plan is developed for a one-time event or project. The examples are

1. Budgets 

2. Programmes 

3. Projects 

2. Standing Plans:

A standing plan is used for activities that occur regularly over a period of time. The examples are

1. Policies 

2. Procedures 

3. Methods 

4. Rules 

1. Policy:

1. Policies are general statements that guide thinking. 

2. Policies provide a basis for interpreting strategy. 

3. Policy is a guide to managerial action and decision in the implementation of strategy. 

4. Strategies are formulated by the top management.

Formulation of strategy involves the following aspects: 

1. Determination of the long term objectives 

2. Adopting a course of action to achieve the objectives and 

3. Allocating resources necessary to achieve the objectives. 

2. Procedure:

1. Procedures are routine steps on how to carry out activities.  They detail the exact manner in which any work is to be performed.

2. Procedures are the guidelines to action and they are usually intended to the works which are repetitive in nature. 

3. Examples of procedure include procedure for execution of the customer’s order for supply of goods and procedure for recruitment of employees in an organisation.

External factors are those influences, circumstances or situations that a business cannot control that affect the business decisions that the business owner and stakeholders make. The are a large number of external factors can have a direct impact on the ability of your business to achieve its strategic objectives.

The importance of business environment can be explained in the following points:

1. Identification of opportunities: Business environment enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage. Environment provides numerous opportunities for business success. Early identification of opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first to exploit them instead of losing them to competitors. 

2. Identification of threats: The study of business environment helps the firm to identify threats and helps to know early warning signals. 

3. Helps in tapping useful resources: Environment is a source of various resources for running a business. To engage in any type of activity, a business enterprise assembles various resources called inputs like finance, machines, etc from its environment. The business enterprise supplies the environment with its outputs such as goods and services for customers etc.

Because the enterprise depends on the environment as a source of inputs and as an outlet for outputs, the enterprise designs policies that allow it to get the resources that it needs so that it can convert those resources into outputs that he environment desires. This can be done better by understanding what the environment has to offer.

4. Coping up with rapid changes: Today’s business environment is getting increasingly dynamic. All business enterprises are facing increasingly dynamic environment. In order to effectively cope with these significant changes, managers must understand and examine the environment and develop suitable courses of action.

5. Assistance in planning and policy formulation: Since environment is a source of both opportunities and threats for a business enterprise, its understanding and analysis can be the basis for deciding the future course of action or training guidelines for decision making.

6. Improved performance: The future of an enterprise is closely bound up with what is happening in the environment. And the enterprises that continuously monitor their environment and adopt suitable business practices are the ones which not only improve their present performance but also continue to succeed in the market for a longer period

Correct option is

c. Workmen Compensation Reserve A/c Dr 30,000 

To X’ Capital or current A/c 12,000 

To Y’ Capital or current A/c 6,000 

To Z’ Capital or current A/c 12,000

Correct option is b) Sacrifice 1/8

Scientific management refers to the use of scientific and standardized tools, methods and trained workers in all organisational activities in order to increase the total production with minimum cost and wastage. 

Following are the principles of scientific management contributed by FW Taylor.

1. Science not Rule of Thumb: Taylor was the first person to introduce the method of scientific inquiry into the domain of management practice. He believed that there was only one best method to maximise efficiency i.e., by scientific way. Scientific management includes scientific selection of workers, placement and training, work-study motion study fatigue study, time – study, gradation of equipments and machinery, payment of wages according to work done, etc.

2. Harmony, Not discord: There should be harmonious relationship between management and workers. Both should realise that each one is important. This avoids class-conflict. To achieve this, Taylor introduced mental revolution. Both management and workers should transform their thoughts in order to achieve harmonious relationship amongst them.

There should be a two way communication between management and workers. According to Taylor, there should be almost equal division of work and responsibility between workers and management.

3. Cooperation, Not individualism: There should be complete cooperation between the labour and the management instead of individualism. Competition should be replaced by cooperation. Both should realise that they need each other. To achieve this fact, the management should consult their employees while taking important decisions. There should be a two way communication between management and workers. According to Taylor, there should be almost equal division of work and responsibility between workers and management.

4. Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity: Industrial efficiency depends on personnel competencies. According to Taylor, efficiency could be achieved from the beginning i.e., from the time of selection of employees.

Each person must be scientifically selected. Work should be assigned according to his mental and intellectual capabilities Proper training should be given to improve his/her skill. This will contribute to their greatest efficiency and prosperity for both organisation and workers.

Taylor argued that the principle object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee.

The fundamental principles that Taylor saw underlying the scientific approach to management may be summarized as follows:

1. Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.

2. Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.

3. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed.

4. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work, and the workers actually perform the tasks.

Some of the most important goals of employee training include:

• Better productivity
• Positive work attitude
• Risk acceptance
• Better communication
• Interpersonal growth
• Skills grooming for professional growth

External sources refer to the sources that are exogenous to the organisation,i.e.they are available outside the organisation. The following are the benefits of external sources of recruitment.
(i)Infusion of new talent:When vacancies are filled through external sources of recruitment, there is infusion of new blood in the organisation. This improves the scope for increasing the organisational efficiency.
(ii)Wide range of choice: External sources have a benefit over internal sources as they provide a wide range of choices for selection.In internal sources, this choice gets restricted to a very few people. When external sources, such as advertising or placement agencies, are used for recruiting,a wide variety of applicants apply for the job vacancies and hence the organisation gets various option to select from.

Internal recruitment usually occurs when an existing employee is seeking a promotion or wishes to work in a different role in the business.

Answer:  Trademark

• Country risk refers to the uncertainty inherent with investing within a given country.
• Country risk most often refers to the possibility of default on locally issued bonds.
• The United States is considered the benchmark for low country risk.

Most plants continue to grow throughout their lives. Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. As plant cells grow, they also become specialized into different cell types through cellular differentiation. Once cells differentiate, they can no longer divide.

Correct option (D) Ig G

The immunoglobulin which can cross the placenta is IgG. 

Following enzymes are employed in genetic engineering:– 

(a) Lysing enzymes – Lysozyme 

(b) Cleaving enzymes 

(i) Exonuclease (ii) Endonuclease (iii) Restriction endonuclease 

(c) Synthesizing enzymes 

(i) DNA polymerase 

(ii) Reverse transcriptase 

(d) Joining enzyme 

(e) Alkaline phosphotase

(A) Hemosiderin

Cholera – Vibrio cholerae 

Tuberculosis – Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Titanus – Clostridium tetani 

Pneumonia – Streptococcus pneumoni

Vegetative reproduction is an asexual reproduction. It is the process of multiplication in which a portion or fragmentation of plant body functions as a propagule and develops into a new individual. Example – Leaf notch and Auxillary bud in potato tubers. 

Parturition is the process of giving birth to a baby as the development of the foetus gets completed in the mothers wombs. Oxytocin, Cortisol and estrogen hormones are involved in the process of parturition.

Generally sex linkage genes are present on X-chromosome and son’s X-chromosome inherited from his mother not from father. Therefore a man cannot pass on sex-linked gene to his son.  

It is a cap like structure present in the anterior part of the head of sperm. It is filled with enzymes that help in fertilization of the ovum.

Transfer RNA – A transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule has the form of a clover leaf that results from self folding and base pairing, creating paired stems and unpaired loops. It has four regions (a) carrier end (b) Recognition end (c) Enzyme site (d) Ribosome site. It forms about 10-15% of the total RNA.  

The allelic frequency of organism in number and their locus become constant and continued from one generation to another is the Hardy & Weinberg principle. Such type of stability is called hereditary equilibrium. 

Antihistamine is used to diminish the symptoms of allergy.

When a person depends upon a drug without which he cannot live and finally became habituated, the phenomenon is called drug addiction. 

The reaction against immune system by environmental antigens is called Allergy.

The responses of immune system of the body against some antigenic substances present in the environment is called Allergy. Such substances which cause allergy in the body are called allergens. 

• Pollen grains are a type of allergen.
• The body produces IgE antibodies, which cause the release of histamines and serotonin from mast cells.
• Sneezing, watery eyes, difficulty in breathing and running nose are the symptoms.

The correct answer is Archie Thompson.

• Archibald Gerald Thompson is an Australian professional footballer.
• He also is serving as a club ambassador for Melbourne Victory FC. Born in New Zealand.
• In international football, the record for the number of goals scored by a single player in one match is held by Australian Archie Thompson, who scored 13 goals for the Socceroos in their 31-0 victory over American Samoa.
• Cristiano Ronald is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Juventus and captains the Portugal national team.
• Lionel Andrés Messi is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and captains the Argentina national team. 

Correct option is B) products

Correct option is C) exciting

Correct option is B) useful

Correct option is D) homeless

Correct option is B) exciting

Correct option is C) painless

• Use devices of good efficiency. 
• Use electricity only when required. 
• Reduce cooking using electricity. 
• Reduce the use of air conditioners and refrigerators. 
• Use LED bulbs instead of other bulbs.

Michael Faraday, an eminent scientist in the fields of physics and chemistry. He made his first invention in 1821. He proved that when a wire is kept in the magnetic field and current is passed through it, the wire moves.

By the series of experiments conducted in 1831 by using magnetic power Faraday found the important theory of production of current. He was called the father of electric current. He made valuable contributions in the field of chemistry also. It is wonderful to know that he didn’t get any formal education.

a. No 

b. Earth wire should carry all charge from the metal body of an electrical device to the earth effectively.

• Wire of suitable thickness must be used. 
• Pits must be prepared to ensure effective earthing.
• Metal plates having large area as in plate earthing can be used.

In mobile phones, instead of earth pin, a plastic pin is used. For safety purpose, the phone neutral socket will have caps. Only if the pin enters the earth socket the other two sockets will open. It will be difficult to connect two-pin in such sockets. To solve this problem in mobile charges three-pin plug can be used.

a. X wire is to be connected’ to earth pin. So connection should be made to be B. A and C must be connected to the wires Y and Z respectively. 

b. Do not agree. 

Insulation damage will carry electricity to the metallic part of electric iron. If one touches the metallic part he will get a electric shock. If the metallic part is earthed the charge will flow to the earth through the less resistance path.

Due to low resistance path the electric flow increases and the fuse burns out, thus safety is ensured or Agree. Special techniques are employed in new type iron boxes for avoiding shocks. Two pins shall be used only in such type appliances.