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Hardness of water is due to Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺ 

a) Rabis – rabies spread through animals, others spread through mosquitoes.

b) Malaria – Malaria is caused by protozoa, others are caused by virus.

\(\frac{P_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2}{T_2}\)

\(\frac PT = \frac{1.04P}{(T +1)}\)

(T + 1) = 1.04

T = 0.04 K = 4 x 10^-2 K

X = 4

Ammonia acts as a Lewis base

Correct option is (4) Statement-I

According to Lewis concept water act as Base.

(d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.

The amphoteric behavior of H₂O is explained by Bronsted acid base theory and H₂O acts as acid with NH₃ & as a base with H₂S

(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

The amount of oxygen required by bacteria to break down the organic matter present in a certain volume of a sample of water, is called Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Highly polluted water could have a BOD value of 17 ppm or more.

Correct option is (b) 17 ppm 

Polluted water has BOD value > 10 ppm

(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Since eutrophication is result of excessive growth of weed in water bodies, which consume dissolved oxygen of water bodies. 

∴ Eutrophication decreases amount of dissolved oxygen in water bodies. 

Polluted water has low value of dissolved oxygen, but high value of BOD (Biological oxygen demand), since chemical and organic matter requires dissolved oxygen to get decompose

(a) Clean water < 5ppm, Polluted water < 10ppm

BOD of clean water is 3-5 ppm and polluted water is 6-9 ppm.

Evolution is a change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population. 

For example, the three characteristics of Neanderthal man are: (who lived in east and central asia) 

i. Bipedal locomotion 

ii. Deep jaw with no chin 

iii. Prominent brow ridges and thick skull bones. 

Homologous characteristics: 

The structures which have the same anatomy, morphology, embryology and genetics but are dissimilar in their functions are called homologous structures. 

Analogous characteristics/ structures:

Structures that are externally similar but are still dissimilar doing the same function are known as analogous structures.

The main difference between homologous and analogous structures is the origin of each species.

Answer (a) Asteraceae and Grass

Genetic modifications of organisms show unpredictable reseltes when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem.

The modification and use of living organism for public services creates problems related to patents and claims.

E.g.: American company get patent rights for pasmatic rise in 1997.

The differences between male and female sexes are anatomical and physiological. "Sex" tends to relate to biological differences. A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Most organisms that create their offspring using sexual reproduction have two sexes.

Types 

XO type of sex determination 

• Other than autosomes, at least one X chromosome is present in all insects. 
•  Some sperms contain X chromosomes, while some do not. 
• Eggs fertilised by sperms having X chromosomes become females. So, females have two X chromosomes. 
• Eggs fertilised by sperms not having X chromosomes become males. So, males have only one X chromosome. 
•  Example of organisms with XO type of sex determination − Insects

● XY type of sex determination 

• Males have X chromosome and its counterpart Y chromosome, which is distinctly smaller. Hence, males are XY. 
• Females have a pair of X chromosomes. Hence, females are XX. 
• Example of organisms with XY type of sex determination − Humans and Drosophila

Male heterogamety − XO and XY types of sex determination are examples of male heterogamety. 

• In XO type, some gametes have X chromosomes, while some gametes are without X chromosomes. 
• In XY type, some gametes have X chromosomes, while some gametes have Y chromosomes.

Female heterogamety − ZW type of sex determination is an example of female heterogamety. 

• In ZW type, the female has one Z and one W chromosome, while the male has a pair of Z chromosomes.

Commensalism: This is the interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited. An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch, and barnacles growing on the back of a whale benefit while neither the mango tree nor the whale drives any apparent benefit. In commensalism on the other hand one species is harmed whereas the other is unaffected.

Answer (b) Increased phagocytosis of spermatozoa due to release of copper ion

Differences are-

Answer (b) 400

Cancer is defined as an uncontrolled division or proliferation of cells without any differentiation.

- The cells divide repeatly with uncontrolled cell division

- cancer cells lost the property of contact inhibition

- Cells form a large mass called cell tumour

→ They travel from one part to other via body fluid called metastasis.

Plsciculture includes catching, processing or selling of fish, shell fish or other aquatic animals.

→ A large part of human population depends on fish and fish products for food

→  It gives income and employment to a large number of fisherman in coastal states

→ Fish liver oil used in medicines.

The cultivation of fishes is called pisciculture. Fishery is an industry devoted to the catching, processing or selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals. A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products and other aquatic animals such as prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc., for food. Some of the freshwater fishes which are very common include Catla, Rohu and common carp. 

Some of the marine fishes that are eaten include – Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel and Pomfrets. Find out what fishes are commonly eaten in your area. 

Fisheries has an important place in Indian economy. It provides income and employment to millions of fishermen and farmers, particularly in the coastal states. For many, it is the only source of their livelihood. In order to meet the increasing demands on fisheries, different techniques have been employed to increase production. For example, through aquaculture and pisciculture we have been able to increase the production of aquatic plants and animals, both fresh-water and marine. 

(d) Cortisol and aldosterone are steroid hormones.

Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transports oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration. Therefore, deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can affect the oxygen supplying capacity of blood which leads to deficiency of oxygen in the body cells. It can also lead to a disease called anaemia.

Contraction of heart is called Diastole.

Disease caused by iodine deficiency Goiter.

By Pseudopodia amoeba ingest its food.

No, I don't support Sravya. Because diabetes is not a vitamin deficiency diseases. It is due to low secretion of insulin harmones by pancreas. 

Cuscuta plants are example for parasitic nutrition. Haustoria help them to absorb nutrients from host plants. 

Correct option is  B) that