Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Benefits of E-Journals to the libraries:

• Superior resource delivery 
• Delivery of service is faster 
• Improved service 
• Cost saving 
• Reduced shelving, binding, maintenance, etc. 
• Simultaneous access

1. In-exhaustible 

2. Exhaustible 

3. Renewable 

4. Non-renewable

Answer: Public company

• Human evolution states that humans developed from primate or ape like ancestors. 
• Human origin occurred in Central Asia and Africa, China, Java and India (Shivalik hills). 
• The first mammals were shrew like terrestrial, insectivores or rat like creatures. 
• The insectivorous mammals namely tree shrews gave rise to the primitive primates called prosomians which include tarsiers, lemurs and lories and anthropoids (marmosets, baboons, monkeys, apes and man). 
•  Modem man Homo sapiens belongs to class mammalia, order primata and suborder anthropoidea. 
• Dryopithecus africanus is regarded as common ancestor of man and apes. 
• It is lived about 20 – 25 million years ago (Miocene). 
• Dryopithecus gave rise to Rama pithecus; he appeared 14- 15 million years ago. 
• The fossil of Rama pithecus was discovered from Pliocene rocks of Shivalik hills of India by Edward Lewis. 
• Rama pithecus gave rise to Australo pithecus after a gap of 9 – 10 million years. 
• Rama pithecus the first ape man commonly called southern ape .He appeared about 5 million years ago (early Pleistocene). 
• Homo habillus lived in early Pleistocene about 2 million years ago. 
• He was the first tool maker or handy man. 
• Homo erectus is the direct ancestor of modern man. 
• Homo erectus evolved from homo habillus about 1-7 million years ago in middle Pleistocene. 
• Homo erectus include Java ape man, pieking man and Heidelberg man. 
• The Neanderthal man existed in the late Pleistocene he was roughly equal to the modem man. 
• Cro-Magnon is regarded as direct and most recent ancestor of the living modem man. 
• He lived about 34.0000 years ago in Holocene epoch. 
• The cranial capacity was about 1650cc and considered more intelligent than the man of today. 
• The modern man Homo sapiens arose in Africa about 25.0000 years ago in Holocene epoch. 
• It is believed that the man of today appeared about 11.000 or 10.000 years ago in the region around Caspian and Mediterranean seas from their members migrated west wards, eastwards and south wards respectively changing into present day white or Caucasoid, Monogoloid and black or Negroid races. 
•  Modern man underwent cultural evolution. Cave art developed about 18.000 years ago. 
• Agriculture came around 10.000 years back and human settlement started.

(b) First Law

An academic institution has opened its library in the basement. Its surroundings are dirty and filthy. First Law of library science is being violated by the Institute.

Categories of E-resource on the basic of contents:

• E-book 
• E-Journal 
• E-Newspaper 
• E-Database 
• Subject gateways 
• Other E-document

Cloud computing technologies are used in libraries to: 

a) develop cloud based digital libraries/repositories (e.g. DURACLOUD) 

b) share searchable library data 

c) host websites 

d) search scholarly content (e.g., Knimbus Knowledge Cloud) 

e) store files (e.g., Dropbox, Google Doc, SkyDrive) 

f) build networks with other libraries and people 

g) support library automation through cloud-based acquisition, cataloguing and processing services and hosting the entire data on the cloud which will cut down the costs for hardware and maintenance. (e.g., ExLibris, OSS Labs)

Following are the public health measures, considered safe against infectious diseases. 

1. Maintenance of personal and public hygiene like proper disposal of waste and excreta through proper sanitation. 

2. Provision of safe water supply, periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, and tanks, etc. 

3. Standard practices of hygiene in public health catering. 

4. Avoiding stagnation of water in and around residential areas to prevent breeding of mosquitoes and vectors. 

5. Spraying of insecticides like DDT in ditches, drainage areas, swamps, etc., to prevent mosquito breeding. 

6. Measures against vector borne diseases like dengue and chikungunya, include fixing of wire meshes to doors and windows to prevent the entry of mosquitoes. 

7. Regular health camps, immunization (Vaccination) programmes to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

The steps in Library Classification are:

Step 0: Write down the Raw Title (= Title as found in the document).

Step 1: Full title (= Title expressing each of the relevant basic and isolate ideas in the subject of the document, arrived at by filling up all the ellipses in the Raw title).

Step 2: Kernel Title (= Full title except the auxiliary or apparatus words and each composite term denotes a composite idea replaced by the fundamental constituent terms, which denote its fundamental constituent ideas).

Step 3: Analysed title (= Kernel Title with each kernel term marked by a symbol, which denotes the fundamental category of which the ideas denoted by the term is a manifestation and also the round and the level to which it is assigned in conformity to the postulates of classification).

Step 4 : Transformed Title (= Analytical title with the kernel terms rearranged according to the symbols of analysis attached to them).

Step 5: Title in standard terms (=Transformed title with the Kernal terms replaced, wherever necessary by their respective equivalents as given in the appropriate schedules). 

Step 6: Title in Facet Numbers (= Title in standard terms with the kernel terms replaced by their equivalent numbers). 

Step 7: Class number (got by removing the symbols of analysis and inserting the appropriate connecting symbols between the facet numbers in accordance with the Rules). 

Step 8: Translate the synthesized class number into natural language by way of verification. In this step, carry out facet analysis of the Class Number, giving a digit by digit interpretation and verifying the correctness of the number.

(a) Virtual Library

A library has no building. Its collection is available online. Users may access it 24/7 from anywhere. It is managed from remote. You will call this library a Virtual Library.

Library Automation:

The library automation is a process of developing a library system with the help of a mechanism and machines to get its work done automatically.

It is an application of Computer and Communication Technology in library operations and activities to eliminate/ reduce the manual work.

Operating System: A program which controls the overall internal operations of a computer system. 

It performs:

• Booting and rebooting functions 
• Schedule the tasks 
• Manage the files

Ex: - windows, Linux etc.

Aspects in the planning process of library Automation:

• Identification of the library functions to be automated 
• Feasibility Study 
• System requirement 
• Budget 
• Training

Correct option: b) Remove unwanted documents from collection

(a) Emasculation : 

The removal of anthers from the flower bud of a bisexual flower before the anther dehisces is called emasculation.

(b) Bagging : 

The process of covering the emasculated flowers with a bag of suitable size to prevent contamination with unwanted pollen is called bagging.

Two categories of Current Awareness Services are:

a. CAS directed towards individuals or group of users: This type of CAS includes communication of information to individuals or groups through informal conversation or by telephone or mobile phone; through electronic messages (SMS), messages sent on notification form, selective dissemination of information (SDI), selective dissemination of documents, routing of documents (periodicals), etc.

b. CAS directed towards all users of the services: This includes accession lists (new arrivals), bibliographies, indexing and abstracting services, literature surveys, bibliographic surveys, table of contents of periodicals, etc. The end products are current awareness bulletins which may include all the above elements.

NSCCL has developed a comprehensive risk containment mechanism for the F&O segment. Risk containment measures include capital adequacy requirements of members, monitoring of member performance and track record, stringent margin requirements, position limits based on capital, online monitoring of member positions and automatic disablement from trading when limits are breached. The salient features of risk containment mechanism on the F&O segment are:

There are stringent requirements for members in terms of capital adequacy measured in terms of net worth and security deposits.

1. NSCCL charges an upfront initial margin for all the open positions of a CM. It specifies the initial margin requirements for each futures/options contract on a daily basis. The CM in turn collects the initial margin from the TMs and their respective clients. 

2. Client margins: NSCCL intimates all members of the margin liability of each of their client. Additionally members are also required to report details of margins collected from clients to NSCCL, which holds in trust client margin monies to the extent reported by the member as having been collected from their respective clients. 

3. The open positions of the members are marked to market based on contract settlement price for each contract. The difference is settled in cash on a T+1 basis. 

4. NSCCL‘s on-line position monitoring system monitors a CM‘s open positions on a real-time basis. Limits are set for each CM based on his capital deposits. The on-line position monitoring system generates alerts whenever a CM reaches a position limit set up by NSCCL. At 100% the clearing facility provided to the CM shall be withdrawn. Withdrawal of clearing facility of a CM in case of a violation will lead to withdrawal of trading facility for all TMs and/ or custodial participants clearing and settling through the CM

5. CMs are provided a trading terminal for the purpose of monitoring the open positions of all the TMs clearing and settling through him. A CM may set exposure limits for a TM clearing and settling through him. NSCCL assists the CM to monitor the intra-day exposure limits set up by a CM and whenever a TM exceeds the limits, it stops that particular TM from further trading. Further trading members are monitored based on positions limits. Trading facility is withdrawn when the open positions of the trading member exceeds the position limit.

Transformation is the process by which plasmid or DNA can be introduced into a cell. 

1. Gene gun or particle gun or Biolistics method 

It is a popular and widely used direct gene transfer method for delivering foreign genes into any cells and tissues or even intact seedlings. 

• The foreign DNA is coated or precipitated onto the surface of minute gold or tungsten particles (1-3 pm). 
• It is bombarded or shot onto the target tissue or cells using the gene gun or micro projectile gun or shot gun.with a device much like a particle gun. Hence the term biolistics 
• The bombarded cells or tissues are cultured on selection medium to regenerate plants from the transformed cells. 

2. Micro injection 

In this technique a solution of DNA is directly injected in to the host nucleus using a fine micro capillary pipette or micro syringe, under a phase contrast microscope to aid vision.

Each Greek letter measures a different dimension to the risk in an option position. These are used by traders who have sold options in the market. Aim of traders is to manage the Greeks in order to manage their overall portfolio.

Delta (△) 

In general delta (△) of a portfolio is change in value of portfolio with respect to change in price of underlying asset. Delta of an option on the other hand is rate of change of the option price with respect to price of the underlying asset.

The △ of a call is always positive and the △ of a put is always negative. As the stock price (underlying asset) changes delta of the option also changes. In order to maintain delta at the same level a given number of stocks (underlying asset) need to be bought or sold in the market. Maintaining delta at the same level is known as delta neutrality or delta hedging.

Gamma (Γ)

Γ is the rate of change of the option‘s Delta A with respect to the price of the underlying asset. In other words, it is the second derivative of the option price with respect to price of the underlying asset.

Theta (Θ)

Θ of a portfolio of options, is the rate of change of the value of the portfolio with respect to the passage of time with all else remaining the same. Θ is also referred to as the time decay of the portfolio. Θ is the change in the portfolio value when one day passes with all else remaining the same. We can either measure Θ ―per calendar day‖ or ―per trading day‖. To obtain the per calendar day, the formula for Theta must be divided by 365; to obtain Theta per trading day, it must be divided by 250.

Vega (v) 

The vega of a portfolio of derivatives is the rate of change in the value of the portfolio with respect to volatility of the underlying asset. If v is high in absolute terms, the portfolio‘s value is very sensitive to small changes in volatility. If v is low in absolute terms, volatility changes have relatively little impact on the value of the portfolio.

Rho ( ρ ) The ρ of a portfolio of options is the rate of change of the value of the portfolio with respect to the interest rate. It measures the sensitivity of the value of a portfolio to interest rates.

Weeding is required due to:

i. Deteriorating physical condition 

ii. In complete back runs 

iii. Unused or infrequently used 

iv. Availability in alternate format 

v. Availability in Neighbouring libraries 

vi. Collection policies of the library

Method to protect library collection from theft and vandalism:

i. Manual:

• Control/guard at entrance and exit of library 
• No material goes out of the library without being issued 
• Monitoring and maintaining communication with theft reporting agencies.

ii. Electronic:

• Library materials should contain security device for detection.
• Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) system must be used to identify the persons

NSCCL-SPAN: The objective of NSCCL-SPAN is to identify overall risk in a portfolio of all futures and options contracts for each member. The system treats futures and options contracts uniformly, while at the same time recognizing the unique exposures associated with options portfolios, like extremely deep out-of-the-money short positions and inter-month risk. Its over-riding objective is to determine the largest loss that a portfolio might reasonably be expected to suffer from one day to the next day based on 99% VaR methodology.

Risk arrays: The SPAN risk array represents how a specific derivative instrument (for example, an option on NIFTY index at a specific strike price) will gain or lose value, from the current point in time to a specific point in time in the near future, for a specific set of market conditions which may occur over this time duration.

In the risk array, losses are represented as positive values, and gains as negative values. Risk array values are represented in Indian Rupees, the currency in which the futures or options contract is denominated.

Risk scenarios: The specific set of market conditions evaluated by SPAN, are called the risk scenarios, and these are defined in terms of:

SPAN further uses a standardized definition of the risk scenarios, defined in terms of:

1. The underlying price scan range or probable price change over a one day period, and

2. The underlying price volatility scan range or probable volatility change of the underlying over a one day period.

Scanning risk charge: As shown in the table giving the sixteen standard risk scenarios, SPAN starts at the last underlying market settlement price and scans up and down three even intervals of price changes (price scan range). At each price scan point, the program also scans up and down a range of probable volatility from the underlying market‘s current volatility (volatility scan range). SPAN calculates the probable premium value at each price scan point for volatility up and volatility down scenario. It then compares this probable premium value to the theoretical premium value (based on last closing value of the underlying) to determine profit or loss.

Calendar spread margin: A calendar spread is a position in an underlying with one maturity which is hedged by an offsetting position in the same underlying with a different maturity: for example, a short position in a July futures contract on Reliance and a long position in the August futures contract on Reliance is a calendar spread. Calendar spreads attract lower margins because they are not exposed to market risk of the underlying. If the underlying rises, the July contract would make a loss while the August contract would make a profit.

Short option minimum margin: Short options positions in extremely deep-out-of-the-money strikes may appear to have little or no risk across the entire scanning range. However, in the event that underlying market conditions change sufficiently, these options may move into-the-money, thereby generating large losses for the short positions in these options. To cover the risks associated with dee pout-of-the-money short options positions, SPAN assesses a minimum margin for each short option position in the portfolio called the short option minimum charge, which is set by the NSCCL. The short option minimum charge serves as a minimum charge towards margin requirements for each short position in an option contract.

Net option value: The net option value is calculated as the current market value of the option times the number of option units (positive for long options and negative for short options) in the portfolio.

Net option value is added to the liquid net worth of the clearing member. This means that the current market values of short options are deducted from the liquid net worth and the market values of long options are added thereto. Thus mark to market gains and losses on option positions get adjusted against the available liquid net worth.

Net buy premium: To cover the one day risk on long option positions (for which premium shall be payable on T+1 day), net buy premium to the extent of the net long options position value is deducted from the Liquid Net worth of the member on a real time basis. This would be applicable only for trades done on a given day. The net buy premium margin shall be released towards the Liquid Net worth of the member on T+1 day after the completion of pay-in towards premium settlement.

Overall portfolio margin requirement:

The total margin requirements for a member for a portfolio of futures and options contract would be computed by SPAN as follows:

1. Adds up the scanning risk charges and the calendar spread charges. 

2. Compares this figure to the short option minimum charge and selects the larger of the two. This is the SPAN risk requirement. 

3. Total SPAN margin requirement is equal to SPAN risk requirement less the net option value, which is mark to market value of difference in long option positions and short option positions. 

4. Initial margin requirement = Total SPAN margin requirement + Net Buy Premium.

Communication process in a simple model including the elements are

Source/ Communicator \(\overset{\text{Message}}{\underset{\text{Channel}}{\longrightarrow}}\) Audience/ Receiver

In this process one who communicate is known as source or communicator, to whom communicated is known as audience or receiver and what is communicated is known as message. One more factor is to be mentioned here is media or channel.

The amount of energy available at each step in food chain is called Trophic level.

The different trophic levels in a food chain are represented below

Grass → insect → frog → snake → hawk

Primary producer Primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer Top consumer trophic level

T₁ T₂ T₃ T₄ T₅

Earnings per Share (EPS): EPS measures the profit available to the equity shareholders on a per share basis, that is, the amount that they can get on every share held. It is calculated by dividing the profit available to the shareholders by number of outstanding shares. The profit available to the ordinary shareholders is net profit after taxes and preference dividend.

EPS = Net profit after tax/number of ordinary shares outstanding

Price to Earnings Ratio: The P/E ratio reflects the price currently being paid by the market for each rupee of currently reported EPS. It measures investors’ expectations and market appraisal of the performance of a firm. It is defined as:

Price to Earnings Ratio = Market Price of share/EPS

Information we will get from an Issue/Return system 

i. Who has borrowed a particular document.

ii. Which and how many documents subject wise have been borrowed on any date.

iii. Which books are due on any date. 

iv. How many books were returned on any date.

Benefits of digitization:

i. Provides access to the collections and reduces handling of originals. 

ii. Value addition to the collection by providing functionalities like zooming, searching etc 

iii. It facilitates access to unlimited number of users simultaneously 

iv. Enhance the use of collection 

v. It helps in preservation

Corporate hierarchy In the F&O trading software, a trading member has the facility of defining a hierarchy amongst users of the system. This hierarchy comprises corporate manager, branch manager dealer and admin.

Corporate manager: The term is assigned to a user placed at the highest level in a trading firm. Such a user can perform all the functions such as order and trade related activities of all users, view net position of all dealers and at all clients level, can receive end of day consolidated trade and order reports dealer wise for all branches of the trading member firm and also all dealers of the firm. Only a corporate manager can sign off any user and also define exposure limits for the branches of the firm and its dealers.

Branch manager: This term is assigned to a user who is placed under the corporate manager. Such a user can perform and view order and trade related activities for all dealers under that branch.

Dealer: Dealers are users at the bottom of the hierarchy. A Dealer can perform view order and trade related activities only for oneself and does not have access to information on other dealers under either the same branch or other branches.

Admin: Another user type, Admin‘ is provided to every trading member along with the corporate manager user. This user type facilitates the trading members and the clearing members to receive and capture on a real-time basis all the trades, exercise requests and give up requests of all the users under him. The clearing members can receive and capture all the above information on a real time basis for the members and participants linked to him.

1. Market Capitalization Ratio: The market capitalization ratio is defined as market capitalization of stocks divided by GDP. It is used as a measure of stock market size.

2. Turnover: Turnover for a share is computed by multiplying the traded quantity with the price at which the trade takes place. Similarly, to compute the turnover of the companies listed at the Exchange we aggregate the traded value of all the companies traded on the Exchange.

3. Turnover Ratio: The turnover ratio is defined as the total value of shares traded on a country’s stock Exchange for a particular period divided by market capitalization at the end of the period. It is used as a measure of trading activity or liquidity in the stock markets.

Turnover Ratio = Turnover at Exchange / Market Capitalization at Exchange

Users of the Academic Libraries are Students, Teachers and Research scholars.

a) School Librarian, College Librarian and University Librarian

General Creative Concept

Mode of Acquisition

The method of acquisition of information sources is popularly known as 'mode of acquisition'. Traditionally, the three modes of acquisition are Purchase, Gift and Exchange.

i. Purchase 

After selection process, the selected materials can be purchased directly from the publishers or their agents, distributors or any vendors depending upon the policy of the library.

ii. Gift 

Non-commercial organizations, educational institutions and people who have strong affinity with the libraries from time to time donate their collection or information materials to libraries. Occasionally an author may also gift a personal copy of his/her book to the library. Therefore, gifting is also one of the established methods of acquiring materials.

iii. Exchange 

The library may acquire materials, especially the publications of other institutions in exchange of its own publications.

iv. Online Acquisition 

Online acquisition method is more suitable for digital materials. In this process, a library can download material from the publishers' or vendors' portal and make payment online.

The couple can be assisted to have children through certain special techniques known as assisted reproductive technologies 

(ART). 

1. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) 

• In this technique egg cells are fertilized by sperm (usually 100,000 sperm / ml) outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body. 
• In this process Ova from the wife or donor female and sperm from husband or donor male are allowed to fuse in shallow containers called Petri dishes. (Made of glass or plastic resins) Under laboratory condition. 
• The fertilized egg (zygote) is then transferred to the patient’s uterus this called embryo transfer (E.T.), Where she provides suitable conditions for the development of embryo. 
• The baby born by this technique is called test tube baby. 

2. ZIFT ( Zygote intra fallopian transfer) 

Zygote or early embryo up to eight blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube. 

3. Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) 

Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor to fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ova, but provide suitable conditions for fertilization and further development up to parturition. 

4. Intra uterine transfer (IUT) 

Embryo with more than eight blastomeres is transferred in to the uterus. 

5. Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 

The sperm is directly injected into the cytoplasm of the ovum to form an embryo in the laboratory and then embryo transfer is carried out. 

6. Artificial insemination (AI) 

• This method is used in cases where infertility is due to the inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates. 
• In this method, the semen collected from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (IUI – Intra uterine insemination).

Correct option: (d) Number of Staff in the Library

General Creative Concept

Mass media is a technology which makes communication possible between sender and receiver of any signal. 

Functions of mass media are:-

1.All pervasive:-impacts every aspect of our lives.

2.Inclusive:- includes all aspects of society. 

For example, the role of media in depicting various parts of India as parts of the whole. 

3.Socialiser:-tells us about the acceptable modes of behaviour and the unacceptable modes of behaviour. 

For example, the role of media in encouraging people to give polio vaccines to children. 

4.Influencer:-influences behavior.

For example, the role of media in encouraging people not to drink and drive. 

5.Aspiration driver:-for example, the role of media in encouraging consumption patterns such as the use of microwaves or modular kitchens. 

6.Persuader/seller/Nagger:-

For example, advertising and how it acts on the psyche, especially minds of youth. 

7.Awareness creator/Informer:- the role of media in propagating spread of information-be it news or current affairs or government policies. 

8.Education:-The role of media in spreading education.

The mode (s) of acquisition of information sources is/are Purchase, Gift and Exchange.

A budget is an estimate of Revenue and Expenditure for the coming year. 

Correct option: a) Selection, Ordering, Receiving and Accessioning

Selection of books is done by Acquisition section.

Correct option: (d) Staff

c. Recurring fashion

The trend of low waist saree was popular in the decade 1960s. Eventually people lost interest; soon it was rejected and later it was out of trend. And then it resurfaced after gap of 40 years i.e. in the year 2000 but with some modifications. The acceptance and discontinuation of a particular style is indicated through fashion cycle. Name the fashion cycle discussed above is Recurring fashion.

Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. 

The word development is used in two senses: 

1) Make economic grow that a high rate, achieve certain goals, complete various projects. 

2) Development brings prosperity to people and their standard of life gets better. Development aims at gains. Only if there are gains, there can be development.

Development and lifestyle should conform to the environmental well-being. People should try to protect natural resources and use renewable energy sources. Rainwater harvesting, solar and biogas plants, small scale hydroelectric projects, manufacturing organic fertilizers, etc. are related to lifestyle.

Development has meanings at two levels – narrow and broad. In its narrow sense, it means increasing the rate of economic growth or modernizing the society. In its broad sense, it means bringing progress, welfare, prosperity and the desire for a better life.

Some of the factors standing in the way of India’s development are poverty, unemployment, feudalism, inequality, casteism, corruption, communalism, nepotism, lack of basic infrastructure, illiteracy, lack of capital, energy crisis, lack of latest technology and environmental challenges.

The more important challenges of development are poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of basic infrastructure. In India, there are Constitutional provisions and some other Agencies that work for the social and economic development of the country. The primary aims of the Constitution are justice, equality, freedom, and fraternity. Governments exist for the realizing the goals set by the Constitution and to bring progress in all spheres, especially social and economic development.

There are certain shortcomings in the present development models. By solving those shortcomings and employing a new strategy we can bring progress in all spheres. 

Here are some suggestions: 

a) Respect people’s rights: When development projects are implemented, it may be beneficial to some sections of the society but harmful to others. For example, when an airport’ is constructed it will help in increasing travel facilities but it will adversely affect many others who will have to be relocated to other places. Their rights for equality, freedom, justice, and democracy are also to be respected in the alternative concept of development. 

b) Another problem that is stressed in the alternative concept of development is about the ownership of natural resources. Whose are they? Are they of the local people, of the nation or of the entire humanity? If the natural resources are owned by mankind, even the future generation has some claim on them. It is the duty of the government to solve all these problems. 

c) Ensure people participation in the development models. 

d) Development and environmental protection should go hand in hand

The HDI is used to measure the welfare of a country. It is the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) that prepares this. Three things are taken into consideration for making HDI. 

They are: 

a) Life Span, 

b) Education and 

c) Standard of Living.

According to the 2010 HDI, India’s rank is 119.