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(d)  All of these

A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks may also provide financial services such as wealth management, currency exchange, and safe deposit boxes. In most countries, banks are regulated by the national government or central bank.

(c)  Reserve and surplus

Features of Bank Loans: Bank loans have the following characteristics: 

• A bank loan may be either secured or unsecured depending upon the circumstances. 
• The interest charged by the bank on such a loan may be either fixed rate or at variable rate. 
• If mortgage loan is to be obtained, the borrower has to pay a number of fees such as title searching fees, application fees, inspection fees, etc. 

In the event the borrower fails to repay the loan with interest, the bank will be able to liquidate the security (after giving sufficient notice to the borrower) and appropriate the proceeds towards the dues of the borrower. If the sale proceeds of the securities exceed the dues of the borrower, the excess amount is given back to the borrower.

Interest on debentures is paid At fixed rate

(b)  Debenture redemption reserve

Generally debentures are  secured

Ordinarily debentures are Secured.

CBS helps in customer convenience through Anytime and anywhere Banking.

• E-banking provides 24 hours, 365 days a year services to the customer of the bank. 
• It offers convenience to customers as they are not required to go to the bank’s premises. 
• The customer can obtain funds at anytime from ATM machines.
• The customer can easily transfer the funds from one place to another place electronically.

The limitation of e-business are: 

1. Inability to Experience the Product before Purchase: There are many products that consumers want to touch, feel, hear, taste and smell before they buy. E-commerce takes away that luxury. 

2. Less Security: The biggest obstacle in the growth of ecommerce is the issue of security. Internet is not a secured medium of communication. There are tools or options available to hackers whereby they cannot only monitor but also control any data communicated over the internet. 

3. Dependent on Internet: E-business is dependent on internet. Mechanical failures in system can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes. 

4. E-commerce Delays Goods: E-business takes more time to deliver the goods into consumer hands when compared to traditional business.

Social responsibility of business towards shareholders: 

• A fair rate of dividend should be regularly paid by the business enterprises to their owners. 
• Management techniques should be effective and efficient so that the net present value of the business is maximized. 
• Owners should be given the right to participate in the affairs of the enterprise.
• The tendency towards the growth of ‘Oligarchic management’ should be arrested. 
• The owners should be given the full information regarding the working of the company. In other words, accurate and comprehensive reports have to be supplied. 
• Financial information has to be disclosed and doubts have to be clarified. 
• Chairman and directors of the company should be easily accessible to the owner.

Social responsibility of business towards consumer: 

• Ensuring availability of products in the right quantity, at the right place and at the right time. 
• Maintaining the quality of the goods, increasing the quality to maximum extent so as to compete with any international product. 
• Charging reasonable prices to its products.

 Correct weights and measures have to be used. 

• The company must provide after sale service for maintenance of goods. 
• The business firms should avoid restrictive trade practices and see that full justice is done to the amount that is spent by a consumer. 
• Constant investigation and discovery of growing wants of consumers, giving importance for research and development of new products that satisfy their wants. 
• Taking all such measures which promote consumer satisfaction, interest and welfare.

1. Name Clause: It contains the name by which the company will be established. The approval of the proposed name is taken in advance from the Registrar of the companies.

2. Objects Clause: it contains detailed description of the objects and rights of the company, for which it is being established.

3. Capital Clause: It contains the proposed authorized capital of the company. It gives the classification of the authorized capital into various types of shares, (like equity and preference shares) with their numbers and nominal value. A company is not allowed to raise more capital than the amount mentioned as its authorized capital. However, the company is permitted to alter this clause as per the guidelines prescribed by the Companies Act. 

4. Liability Clause: It contains financial limit up to which the shareholders are liable to pay off to the outsiders on the event of the company being dissolved or closed down.

Authorized capital is the maximum capital that a company is authorized to rise.

1. Issued capital is that part of the authorized capital which is offered by the company for being subscribed by members of the public or anybody.

2. Subscribed capital is that part of the issued capital which is subscribed (accepted) by the public.

3. Called up capital is a part of subscribed capital which has been called up by the company for payment. For example, if 10,000 shares of Rs. 100 each have been subscribed by the public and of which Rs. 50 per share has been called up. Then the subscribed capital of the Company works out to Rs. 1, 00,000 of which the called up capital of the Company is Rs. 50, 0000.

4. Paid Up capital refers to that part of the called up capital which has been actually paid by the shareholders. Some of the shareholders might have defaulted in paying the called up money. Such defaulted amount is called as arrears. From the called up capital, calls in arrears is deducted to obtain the paid up capital.

(d) None of the above

(c) Balance sheet

(a) Journal, ledger, trial balance

(d) (a), (b) and (c)

A trial balance is prepared to check the Arithmetical accuracy of ledger accounts.

Regeneration is described as the method of developing a complete organism from its body part. The examples of regeneration are like Hydra and Planaria.

Animals such as elk, moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, black bear, grey wolf, etc. are found in the mountain ecosystem.