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Nation League for Democracy (NLD) led by “Suu Kyi” won a majority (80%) of the seats though she was in prison.

Answer is (C) Koyas

we can conclude that a democracy that respects the freedom and rights of all people may be the best way to solve the complete problems the countries face today.

Answer is (C) Gond

“Socialist Libyan Arab Republic” was established under the leadership of “Revolutionary Command Council.”

• From 1850 onwards, machine based industries had begun to set up in India. 
• The biggest industry was the spinning and weaving of textiles. 
• The jute industry also developed during this peirod. 
• The greatest example of the achievements of Indian industrialists was the setting up of a steel factory at Jamshedpur in 1907.

The following reasons were responsible for deforestation during British rule. 

1. Large cities like Kolkata and Mumbai were coming up. 

2. The government was laying thousands of kms of railway lines across the country. 

3. Huge ships were also being built and mines were being opened. 

4. Wood is need for railway sleepers.

(A) Komaram Bheem

B) There should be no child labour system at all. It should be eradicated completely.

In 2011 Suu Kyi’s National League of Democracy contested and have won 43 out of 45 parliamentary seats that were vacant. This is considered the beginning of democracy in Burma.

An election was held in 2010. Suu Kyi was banned from contesting the 2010 election and was released from her house arrest only after the elections.

(C) General Nuwin

• Before British rule adivasis and villagers living in and near forests got many things they needed for their daily lives from the forests. 
• They were the owners of the forests. 
• They used the forests for hunting, gathering tubers, fruits, flowers and herbs and for grazing their cattle. 
• They cut wood to build their homes and to make implements. They took things for their personal use

During the 1st World War, the import of foreign goods into India fell sharply and industrialization started in India.

During British rule, our industries or goods were not protected But the British goods were protected by levying tax on Indian goods.

• “Liberty” is one of the aspects of democracy. 
• Civil liberties include liberty of thought, speech, expression, faith, belief and worship. 
• These “liberties” were missing in Libya. 
• Liberty of expression was brutally crushed. 
• The RCC was also very intolerant of criticism and opposition. 
• People were not at liberty to express their discontent. 
• Thus lack of civil liberties led to the downfall of the government of Gaddafi in Libya.

Adivasis revolted against the forest departments, police and moneylenders.

Adivasis used forests for their domestic purposes, for building their houses, never cut the entire forests. They used to cut the old trees and plant new trees. So the forests were protected.

Answer is (c) 6

Labour organizations like Girni Kamgar, the Mazdoor Mahajan were established in the first quarter of the 20th century.

Working conditions of labour were bad, no fixed wages, no weekly off, long working hours, fines and penalties were common.

Labour struggled against their oppressive working conditions.

• The first Factory Act in 1881 made rules especially for the welfare of the children. 
• As the children are tender hence the first priority was given for the welfare and regularized their working hours and children below 7 years were restricted to work in factories. 
• In 1891, laws were made in the interest of women labour as they are sensitive when compared with men. 
• Lastly in 1911, the working hours of men were regularised.

(B) 11 hours

James Kirkup spreads the message of brotherhood and unity to all the people of the world. He tells that no one is strange. All feel the importance of the sun, air and water.

Answer is (B) U.N.O

Aspects of democracy absent in the government of Gaddafi:

1. Democratic bodies had to implement the decisions of non-elected leaders. 

2. Freedom of press, freedom to form trade unions and associations were prohibited. 

3. No political parties were allowed to function in Libya. 

4. This led to concentration of power and wealth in the hands of few.

Aspects of democracy present in the government of Gaddafi : 

1. Free universal education was provided. 

2. Free medical care for all was also provided. 

3. Oil profits were distributed to all the citizens. 

4. Subsidised housing schemes were introduced. 

5. Women were given with equal opportunities and status in the society.

C) National League for democracy

• According to the Factory Act of 1881, children below the age of 7 were not allowed to work in the factories.
• According to the Factory Act of 1891, children below the age of 9 were not allowed to work in the factories.

• If fixed incomes and facilities were provided, the mill production would come down and the expenses of the owners would go up.
• Then the goods produced in the factories would be more expensive. 
• Then the goods from Britain would be sold easily. 
• The development of Indian industries would come to a standstill. 
• Thus the British industrialists were just pretending to show concern for the welfare of the Indian labourers.

In 1959 vast resources of petroleum were found in Libya.

In 1900 there was no Democratic Government in india country,

• Girni Kamgar Union was formed with the help of labourers of Mumbai. 
• The Mazdoor Mahazan was formed in Ahmedabad under the influence of Gandhiji.

In the beginning most of the educated people of India paid no need to the problems of the labourers. They believed that if laws were made in the interests of the labourers, industries would not be able to develop in India.

D) Representative democracy

According to the recent factory acts no child below 14 years of age can be employed as labour in factories or coalmines or any other jobs.

Canada, Great Britain, U.S.A., Alaska, Peru, Chile, etc.

All human-beings are the same. We have a similar body structure. All of us need air to breathe, sunlight and warmth to live and water for our survival. Our daily routine is also similar. We wake up in the morning, bathe and have breakfast before going on with our daily chores. All of us long for love and affection. We all sleep at night and wake up in the morning. When our needs and feelings are the same, then isn’t it right to treat all men alike? We should not look down upon anybody on the basis of his/her colour, caste, region or gender.

We should treat everyone as our brother and sister. Unfortunately, some self- centred people fight with others and hurt them. They think that others have harmed them. We should not think that other people are ‘others’. They are also our brothers. If they make one mistake, we should forgive them or compromise with them. 

‘Acceptance for one another is the key to living.’

James Kirkup gives a positive message of hope to mankind. In spite of obvious divisions and variances, all are united together by the common bond of civilization and mankind. For their entrusted interests, some selfish people divide lands and people. They collaborate to create hatred and divisions among people. The poet validates the statement that people living in different countries are essentially the same by proclaiming that ‘no men are strange and no men are foreign’. 

That is the part of the title of the poem and it is the central theme too. Every single body breathes and functions in the same way as ours. Each one of us equally needs the sun, air and water. Human hands too are used for the similar purpose of labouring for livelihood. Even eyes perform similar purpose of sleeping and waking up. Love wins us all and we all identify its power.

In peace times, we all flourish and wars starve us. Hatred leads us astray and when we take up arms against each other, the entire earth is defiled and destroyed. Therefore, we all like peace which showers abundance and prosperity on us. Therefore, fundamentally we all are the same.

We should understand and try to recognise that the same soul runs through all the people. Let us work for the unity and affluence of all lands and all people. Let us not pollute and taint the earth which is ours. Hatred and narrow ideas pollute the minds of the people.

Conflicts and wars bring destruction and violence. We should remember that raising our arms against anyone means fighting against ourselves. The poet reminds us to remember, recognise and strengthen the common bond that unites mankind and humanity which is the main theme of this poem.

‘Sometimes one feels better speaking to a stranger than someone known.’

James Falconer Kirkup was bom on April 23, 1918 in South Shields, Durham, England to James Harold Joseph and Mary Virginia. He attended Westoe Secondary School before studying Modem Languages at Armstrong College where he coproduced the poetry magazines Dint and Fulcrum, which featured his earliest verse. James Kirkup, who died on Sunday 10 May, aged 91, at his  Andorran home, was an internationally celebrated English poet, travel writer, memoirist, novelist, playwright and translator. Dining the Second World War, Kirkup secured conscientious objector status, working as a farm labourer and for the Forestry Commission.

1. Both the countries Myanmar and Libya claim themselves as independent and democratic. 

2. But in practical view, they are not democratic countries. 

3. Unlike democratic countries – 

a) They did not allow multi-party elections and one party usually ruled for several years. 

b) Even they did not allow free elections. 

c) Sometimes they did not allow the elected representatives to form governments. 

Ex : NLD, led by Suu Kyi got 80% seats, was not allowed to form government. 

d) They did not allow freedom of expression or freedom to form organizations, or freedom to protest against government.

Both the countries did not have any conditions for a democracy to flourish. Hence they cannot claim themselves to be democratic by conducting elections.

• Any union or organizations fight for the common cause of all workers. 
• They fight for the right of the workers. 
• They protect the workers from the harassment of owners. 
• They also fight for the hike in salaries and compensation for accident deaths, etc.

• Bringing democratic participation of all the people under conditions of tribalism, normalism, illiteracy, and restrictions on women was difficult.
• Encouraging participation of common people in public affairs through peoples councils and elected Peoples Assembly in the centre in also difficult.

a. 

b. Egypt, Libya, Tunisia are countries which got independence in and around 2011.

c. 1) Asian countries : China, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, etc. 

2) African countries : Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Zaire, Morocco, Mauritania, Angola, etc. 

The above countries were not democratic in 2011.

1. B) India

2. D) South Africa

3. D) Africa

4. D) England

Answer is (C) China

Answer is Russia

By hating our brothers and taking up arms against them, we ‘dispossess’ ourselves as we rob ourselves of their love. When we hate them, they too react destructively and stop loving us. Mutually, we deprive each other of the noble emotion of love. We deceive ourselves as our hatred leads to wars, and wars cause widespread death and devastation. This leads to the piling up of waste that pollutes our own mother earth. The dust and smoke from war obstruct the air that we breathe.

So, hatred of fellow beings, in fact, leads to betrayal of our own selves. Further, this earns us condemnation as we disrupt the purity of the elements of nature. We threaten our own existence by ruining the systems that sustain us. Hence, hating our brothers and taking up arms against them does more damage to us. 

‘The universal brotherhood of man is our most precious possession. ‘

The poet means to say in these lines that it is the same land on which we walk and tread. After our death, we would be buried in the same earth. Through these lines the poet tells us that we do all our activities on this same land. We get food for our survival from this same land. We make our houses on this land and we get many other things from the same land. Therefore, why should we consider some as strangers? No one is foreign or strange. We live in the same house or universe as a family.

Then why do we create discrimination against some people? Why do we fight with our brothers? It is all because of our greed to get more wealth and power. We want to have more wealth and power than others. In our quest to fulfil this desire, we fight with others and hurt them. The poet also tells us that one day all of us will die. Nothing would remain ours. We cannot take any of our possessions with us. We will have to leave all things on this same earth. Finally when we die, all of us will be buried in this same earth.

‘All are alike. ’

(a) Geographical boundaries segregate countries. We consider countries other than ours to be ‘foreign’ and the people living in these countries to be ‘strange’. 

(b) The people who live in countries other than ours have been referred to as our brothers. 

(c) These lines teach us the lesson of peace, universal brotherhood and harmony. 

(d) We should remember that no men are strange and no country is foreign.

(e) The poet is talking about the different uniforms worn by different people in different countries. 

(f) Our brothers walk on this earth which is the same for all. 

(g) The name of the poem is ‘No Men Are Foreign’ and the name of the poet is ‘James Kirkup’. 

(h) Beneath all uniforms, a single body breathes – Metaphor is the figure of speech employed here. Beneath all uniforms, a single body breathes. 

(i) ‘Uniforms’ here basically stand for militaries that different countries in the world have. These uniforms may be different in colour, design, shape and culture, but people donning them are the same anywhere in the world. So the word uniform is indirectly compared to the militaries of different countries.

(j) A single type of body breathes beneath all uniforms.

(a) War, which is futile spoiling the very earth with hells of fire and dust outrages the innocence. 

(b) Any human being who breathe the same air are not foreign. 

(c) The world which becomes more difficult place to live in and any country in this world is not strange.