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The new republic faced a number of challenges. The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills. After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu and over 16000 French soldiers and officers were taken, prisoners.

Sun Yat-sen is regarded as the founder of modern China.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Revolutionaries

C) Mein Kampf

D) An economist, Hjalmar Schacht

A) Rise of Hitler in Germany – 1944

A) A civil war led- by Russian monarchists and anti Communist Countries.

D) Collective Farming

Correct option is C) Japan

The Manchu empire was overthrown and a republic was established in 1911 under Sun Yat-sen who is regarded as the founder of modern China.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) Dr. Sun Yat-Sen

D) 1, 2, 3 are true

2 March, 1917

Central Power

Declared illegal

The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days of its election because the Tsar did not want any reduction in his power and anyone to question his authority.

Reds and Greens

Stalin started ‘Collectivisation Programme’ in Russia.

A) Lenin – Collectivisation of agriculture

Correct option is B) Germany

1. Over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike in 1905, demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.

2. When this procession reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks.

3. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded.

This incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution.

D) b, a, d, c

Father Gapon the procession of workers to the event ‘Bloody Sunday’ in Russia.

1. The liberals did not believe in universal franchise. In contrast, radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population.

2. Liberals felt men of prosperity mainly should have the vote. They did not want the vote for women. On the other hand the radicals supported women’s suffragette movements and opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.

3. They were not against the existence of private property but disliked concentration of property in the hands of a few.

A) 4, 1, 3, 2

1. The people who propagated socialism said that individuals, who owned property, did provide employment to many people but they were concerned with personal gains only.

2. They did not bother about the welfare of the people.

3. They felt that if society controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests.

1. Liberals and radicals were often property owners and employers.

2. They acquired wealth through industrial ventures and trade, they firmly believed that such efforts should be encouraged that its profits would be reaped if the workforce in the economy was healthy and citizens were educated.

3. They put forth that societies could develop if the poor could labour, freedom of individuals was ensured and those with capital could operate without restraint.

The liberals opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers and wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.

• They also argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. But, however, they could not be called democrats.
• They did not believe in universal adult franchise and also did not want the vote for women. They felt right to vote should only be for men of property.

B) Three principles

Correct option is A) i & ii

After the death of Sun, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the leader of the Guomindang as he launched a military campaign to control the ‘warlords’, regional leaders who had usurped authority and to eliminate the communists. He sought to militarise the nation. The people, he said, must develop a ‘habit and instinct for unified behavior’.

Peking University was established in 1902.

B) Ho Chi Minh

1. Existing socialist parties in Europe did not wholly approve of the way the Bolsheviks took power and kept it.

2. Still, the possibility of a workers’ state fired their imagination across the world. In many countries communist parties were formed.

3. Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow their example. Many non-Russians received education in the USSR’s University of the Peoples of the East. By the time the Second World War broke out, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.

The first most populous country in the world is China

C) His ideas became the basis of the political philosophy of the Guomindang

Social conditions: People of different social status, classes, religions and diverse nationalities were there. Imposition of Russian language was made to belittle the cultures of these people. Main groups of Russian population were farmers, workers, landowners, capitalists, industrialists and traders. 

Economic conditions: 85 percent of Russians were agriculturists. Agriculture provided employment to a vast population. Cultivators produced food for market as well as their own needs 

Political conditions: Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar, not through local popularity. This was unlike France where peasants respected nobles and fought for them. In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles; they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.

(i) The Russian army began to break up after Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution. Soldiers who were mostly peasants wished to go home for the land and deserted.

(ii) Now Bolshevik Socialists, Liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders organised the troops to fight the Bolsheviks.

(iii) During 1918 and 1919, the ‘greens’ (Socialist Revolutionaries) and ‘whites’ (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire. They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops. As these troops and the Bolsheviks fought a civil war, looting, banditry and famine became common.

(iv) Supporters of private property among ‘whites’ took harsh steps with peasants who had seized land.

1. The war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II.

2. The war continued, support became thin and Tsar's popularity declined. Anti-German sentiments became high.

3. The Tsarina Alexandra's German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular.

4. Defeats were shocking and demoralising. Russia's armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917.

5. The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar.

A) Italy – Hitler

C) Programme of collectivisation of agriculture

B) Animal Farma

Correct option is D) USSR

B) Soviet Forces

C) i, iii, iv, ii

C) iv, i, iii, ii

D) nationalism

On 4th May 1919, a demonstration was held in Beijing to protest against the decisions of the Versailles peace conference.