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SEA refers to the single European Act which came into force on July 1,1987. According to the SEA, each member was given multiple votes depending on the country’s population. Its main aim is establishing a single market.

(b) Yasser Arafat

In May 1949, ten countries met in London and signed to form a council of Europe. 

(a) At Belgrade, in 1961, the first conference on NAM was held.

(b) The prominent personalities present in the first conference were Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), Nehru (India), Nikrumah (Ghana), Sukrano (Indonesia),.

(c) Peaceful co-existence, commitment to peace and security.

(d) 1. Non-Alignment with any of the two super powers (USA/USSR). 

2. Fight all forms of colonialism and Imperialism.

1. Belgium 

2. France 

3. Italy 

4. Luxemburg 

5. Netherlands 

6. West Germany

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(b) (i) and (ii) are correct

Answer is (C) Poland

1. Mao was greatly influenced by the ideas of Max and Lenin. He wanted to make China a communist country. So, he became active in the political activities of Hunan from the year 1912. 

2. After the death of Sun Yat-Sen in 1925, The Kuomintang was organised under the leadership of Chang Kai-Shek. Being an avowed critic of communists, Chiang removed all the important position holders in the Communist Party including Mao Tse Tung to weaken the party. However, the communists continued to influence the workers and peasants the Kuomintang represented the interests of landlords and capitalists.

3. Mao had understood that the Kuomintang grip on the towns was too strong. So, he started organising the peasantry. When the relationships between Kuomintang and Communist Party broke, a few hundred Communist-led by Mao retreated into the wild mountains on the border between the provinces of Kiangsi and Hunan. The Kuomintang could not penetrate the mountains.

4. Meanwhile, the campaign against the communists got distracted as Chiang Kai-Shek had to deal with the constant threat from Japan. 

5. By 1933 Mao had gained full control of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1934, he set out on a long march with the help of about 100,000 communist army. He also got support of other communist armies.

6. By 1937, Mao had become the leader of over 10 million people. He organised workers and peasants councils in villages of Shensi and Kansu and finally got success in making China a communist country.

Arab-lsrael war took place in the years 1967,73.

Land Reforms carried out in India:

• In India Zamindari and Mahalwari systems were abolished and the Ryotwari system was introduced.
• Land Ceiling Act was implemented and the distribution of surplus land to the poor was taken.

Land Reforms carried out in China: 

•  Identify the all village inhabitants. 
• Confiscation of all village lands and redistribution of land lord’s land and other productive property.

Similarities:

•  The land was distributed among the poor peasants in all the cases.

 Differences: 

•  Unlike India, in China it was done with force and incurred human loss but in India we see very rare occasions of deaths of land lords.

The capitalist countries led by the US were politically designated as the First Worlds, while the communist states led by the Soviet Union came to be known as the Second World states, outside these two were called third World. During the Cold War, third World consisted of the developing world the former colonies of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. With the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the process of globalisation, the term Third World has lost its relevance.

(a) United States and the Soviet Union were the two military blocs that emerged in the post World War-II.

(b) The term Cold war was first coined by the English writer George Orwell in 1945 and it was used for the first time by Bernard Baruch, a multimillionaire from USA.

(c) Warsaw Pact was the response of Soviet Russia to the formation of NATO.

(d) With the Break-up of USSR in 1991, the Warsaw Pact was dissolved.

D) Vladimir Lenin – Germany

(b) 1941 – 1945

D) All of these

Correct Answer is: (b) Nehru

(c) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) (i), (iii), (iv) are wrong

(a) Mikhai Gorbachev

In 1956, Egypt invaded Suez Canal under Colonel Nasser and nationalized it. With the failure of diplomacy, Britain and France decided to use force. They bombed Egyptian air fields as well as Suez Canal area. However, United States and United Nations pressure, all the three invaders withdrew from Suez Canal.

The peasants who rented the land of landlords had to pay rent in both share of produce and also by working on the fields and homes of the landlords and also pay different kinds of taxes imposed at will by the landlords. This forced them to borrow rice and money from the landlords and push them further into debt bondage.

In April 1961, on the island of Bay of Pigs, U.S bombed Cuban airfields and surrounded Cuba, with their warships. At the same time, USSR was secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba. Finally when Soviet President Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles, the Cuban missile-crisis defused.

1. In India land reforms were conducted In a half-hearted manner. 

2. Zamindars or landlords somehow managed to retain their lands. 

3. In China land reforms were organised in a radical manner.

4. Most of the landless peasants were benefited. 

5. In Vietnam they gave priority to reduction in land rents. 

6. Land distribution among the landless was organised in a soft manner.

1. The first step taken by the independent government in Vietnam was the reduction of land rents. 

2. Earlier most of the lands were under the control of landlords. 

3. They kept the land rents not only high but also imposed other taxes at will. 

4. So, the new government reduced the land rents.

The major challenges faced by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam are as follows:

1) The French tried to obtain power by using their puppet in hand “Boa Dhai" the emperor of. Faced by a lot of challenges of French after eight years of struggle they defeated the French,

2) They were pressured to split Vietnam in two – The North and The South during Geneva Conference.

3) This division resulted in a war-like situation bringing death and distraction to the people and its environment.

4) Major loses the Vietnamese faced were when the US decided to intervene by sending in troops and arms creating more destruction and havoc.

Agent Orange is a defoliant plant killer, so-called because it was stored in drums marked with an orange band.

Correct option is B) 1920

D) Rise of Hitler in Germany – 1923

Bolsheviks were able to win the confidence of the Soviets because they took up the demand for immediate and unconditional peace, nationalization of all land and its redistribution to the peasants and control over prices and nationalization of all factories and banks.

Correct option is B) 1942

Correct option is D) Hitler

Correct option is D) Soviets

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed in 1945 under the Chairmanship of Ho Chi Minh. However, it faced a number of challenges. 

● The French posed a problem to the new republic. They tried to regain control of Vietnam by using Bao Dai as their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were thus forced to retreat to the hills. 

● The French Commander, General Henry Navarre, was very confident of his success against the Vietnamese. But on 7 May 1954, the Vietminh annihilated and captured more than 16,000 soldiers of the French Expeditionary Corps. Thus, finally fighting for 8 years, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu. 

● Following this defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and south were split. The north was ruled by Ho Chi Minh whereas the south was ruled by Bao Dai. This division led to a series of conflicts that turned Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death and destruction all over. 

● A coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem overthrew Bao Dai’s regime and established a reign of terror in South Vietnam. 

● When Communists began to gain grounds in Vietnam, the USA entered into the country with the aim of overthrowing the communist regime. This marked the beginning of Vietnam's war with the USA in which millions of Vietnamese lost their lives.

1. After 1954 a new era of land reforms was started in North Vietnam. 

2. The land of the landlords was confiscated and distributed among the land-hungry landless peasants and poor peasants.

(a) Khrushchev

(c) 31st Dec. 1991

Correct Answer is: (b) China

After the death of Sun, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the leader who stood for unified behavior.

Mao Zedong emerged as a major CCP leader by basing his revolutionary program on the peasantry.

Correct option is C) a, b only

C) Bolsheviks

Correct option is C) 1924

Correct option is C) Nietzche

D) 8th March, 1917

A. (ii) 

B. (iii) 

C. (iv) 

D. (v) 

E. (i)

Chiang was a conservative and he encouraged women to develop virtues of chastity, appearance, speech, and work.

Yuan-Shi-Kai died in the year 1916.

Chiang Kai-shek started conquering China. Starting from Canton, in 1928, he captured Peking and also removed all communists in the Kuomintang party. Thus, he established Central government in China.

(c) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A