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When the budget has been passed by the state legislature, it is published by the Economic and Statistical Directorate.

Three sectors are included to find out G.D.P. i.e. Agriculture, Industry and Services.

It is on the recommendation of the Central Finance Commission that money is transferred to the states.

Intellectual Property Organization established in 1967.

Intellectual property rights are like any other property rights-they allow the creator, or owner, of a patent, trademark, or copyright to benefit from his or her own work or investment.

Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, Designs, and symbols, names and images used in commerce

8 rights are secured under “Intellectual Property Rights” in India.

World Intellectual Property Organization.

(a) Secrecy: Secrecy is the practice of hiding information from certain individuals or groups, perhaps while sharing it with other individuals. That which is kept hidden is known as the secret. Secrecy is often controversial, depending on the content of the secret, the group or people keeping the secret. 

(b) Authentication: It is a process in which the credentials provided are compared to those on file in a database of authorized users’ information on a local operating system or within an authentication server. If the credentials match, the process is completed and the user is granted authorization for access.

(c) Integrity: In computing terms,‘integrity’ is used in a sentence such as,“we have a system in place to ensure data integrity”. In this context, it means that the data is not corrupt.

So, the sentence above means that something has been put in place to prevent data corruption.

The rapid developments in ICT had a dramatic effect on modern society.

(i) Many jobs have been lost because:

• ICT can make someone more efficient at their job, a company can therefore employ less people to complete that job.

(ii) For example:

• In a factory, skilled technicians and machinists can be replaced by computercontrolled robots which can work faster, for longer and more consistently.
• In a factory, many dirty and dangerous monitoring jobs have been replaced by data-logging equipment using sensors.
• In a factory, many quality control jobs involved routine sampling and were very boring, many have now been replaced by automatic machines.
• In a warehouse, many loading and sorting jobs have been replaced by a few staff running a computer-controlled warehouse.
• In an office, many typists can be replaced by one person using a word processor. 

For example documents can be saved and reloaded for editing rather than being re-typed and mail merging can be used to create apparently custom-typed documents. 

• In an office, many payroll clerks using calculators and paper-based records can be replaced by one person using a spreadsheet to calculate a company’s payroll. 
• In an office, many clerks updating paper-based files in filing cabinets can be replaced by one person using a database.
• In a telephone exchange, operators have been replaced by computer systems that make the phone connections automatically.
• In a car park, the car park attendant can be replaced by automatic ticket machines and barriers using control technology. 
• In a shop, stock control staff can be replaced by automated bar-code readers recording items entering the building and being sold.
• In a bank, due to ATM machines, less cashiers are needed inside the bank to deal with customers.
• Working with ICT requires new skills and many workers found it difficult to retrain because they found the new skills hard to learn.
• Converting a business to make use of ICT can be very expensive and many small companies could not afford to make the change.
• Many jobs have been created because:

(iii) Computerization has created many new jobs or radically changed existing jobs. For example: 

• Engineers are needed to build the new computerized machines.
• Programmers are needed to write the new programs that the computers run.
• Systems analysts are needed to design the new computerized systems.
• Skilled workers are needed to operate the new computerized machinery.
• Skilled workers are needed to use new software such as graphics packages, web- design software and CAD programs. 
• More staff may be needed because of the increased business generated by improved efficiency.

(iv) Many jobs have changed because:

• People may work less hours as a result of the increased efficiency of automation and the introduction of ICT into their workplace.
• New skills are needed to use the computer software and hardware. Pupils who gain ICT skills during their education, as well as staff who are prepared to retrain, are well placed to take advantage of the new forms of employment.
• Highly skilled jobs can now be done by unskilled staff using a computer. A skilled machinist can be replaced by someone operating a computerised lathe. This can result in a more standardised product because there is less risk of human error.
•  Many professional jobs can now be done by amateurs using a home computer. For example, photographic editing, video editing and sound editing.
• Many people can now work from home using teleworking.
• Students can educate themselves more easily due to the huge amount of educational software resources and information now available, much of it interactive and allowing then to self-assess.
• In many jobs, the efficiency of staff can now be accurately monitored by computers, this can help target resources but can be very stressful if staff set unrealistic targets.
• Communications equipment means employees can be available and able to work even when on holiday or weekends. This can be stressful on individuals and families.
• Employees can have more job satisfaction because the jobs involving some aspect of ICT generally require higher skill levels and may therefore be less boring.

When it comes to social networking in the workplace, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. The benefits of social networking platforms vary based on platform type, features and the company itself.

Social networking platforms may allow organizations to improve communication and productivity by disseminating information among different groups of employees in a more efficient manner. While it is not meant to be all-inclusive, the list below outlines some of the possible advantages and disadvantages of social media use by workplaces.

(i) Advantages:

• Facilitates open communication, leading to enhanced information discovery and delivery.
• Allows employees to discuss ideas, post news, ask questions and share links.
• Provides an opportunity to widen business contacts.
• Targets a wide audience, making it a useful and effective recruitment tool.
• Improves business reputation with minimal use of advertising. 
• Expands market research, implements marketing campaigns, delivers communications and directs interested people to specific web sites.

(ii) Disadvantages:

• Opens up the possibility for hackers to commit fraud and launch spam and virus attacks.
• Increases the risk of people falling prey to online scams that seem genuine, resulting in data or identity theft.
• Potentially results in negative comments from employees about the company or potential legal consequences if employees use these sites to view objectionable, illicit or offensive material.
• Potentially results in lost productivity, especially if employees are busy updating profiles, etc.

World Intellectual property organisation.

(d) Depreciation

(c) Furtiveness

(b) Rural areas

Layer of carbon (coke) powder is applied by which heat loss due to radiation stops and hence protects it form cooling.

The answer is (4) Al

Leaching is significant in the extraction of aluminium as it helps in removing the impurities like SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂ etc., from the bauxite ore.

(3) reducing agent

The process of extraction of metals by dissolving the ore in a suitable chemical reagent and the precipitation or displacement of the metal by more reactive or electropositive metal is called hydrometallurgy.
For example:
Conc. argentite Ag₂S is first treated with a dilute solution of NaCN to form the soluble complex sodium dicyanoargantate (I).
Ag₂S + 4NaCN → 2Na[Ag(CN)₂] + Na₂S
Sodium dicyanoargentate (I) (soluble)
In the above complex, Zn metal is mixed and Ag metal is obtained by replacement.
2Na[Ag(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂ [Zn(CN)₄] + 2Ag ↓

Electrometallurgy:

Oxides, hydrides and chlorides of electropoitive metals like Na, K, Mg, Al,Ca are extracted by the electrolysis of their fused salts and pure metal is obtained on cathode. This is known as electrolytic reduction. It is based on electrochemical principle.
According to equation ∆G° = – nFE°, for a system (cell), difference of electrode potential for redox couple is positive, value of resultant ∆G° becomes negative by which more reactive metal goes in to solution and less reaceive metal moves out of the solution, therefore it is released at cathode.
For example:
NaCl \(\overset{Electrolytic}{\underset{Reduction}{\longrightarrow}}\) Na⁺ + Cl^–
Fused form
At cathode: Na⁺ + e^– → Na
At anode: Cl^– → \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \)Cl₂ + e^–

At lower temperature range, both C and CO act as reducing agent but in comparison with C, CO easily oxidises to CO₂. Therefore at lower temperature range (Temp < 1073), CO acts as better reducing agent than carbon.

Pyrometallurgy:

The process of conversion of metal oxides to metal by heating vigorously at high temperature with reducing agent is known pyrometallurgy.
For example : Reduction of oxides of iron and copper is carried out in the blast furnace at high temperature.
Fe₂O₃ + 3C \(\overset{\Delta}{\longrightarrow}\) 2Fe + 2CO
Fe₂O3 + 3CO \(\overset{\Delta}{\longrightarrow}\) 2Fe + 3CO₂

Sea water contains chlorides, bromides and iodides of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium but its main constituent is sodium chloride (2.5% by mass) dried up sea weeds contain sodium chloride and carnallite [KCI MgCl₂. 6H₂O]. Certain seaweeds contain up to 0.5% of iodine as sodium iodide and chili saltpetre (NaNO₃) contains up to 0.2.% of sodium iodide. Thus sea is the greatest source of halogens.

1. SO₂ is strongly irritating to the respiratory tract. SO₂ at a concentration of 5 ppm causes throat and eyes irritation causing cough, tears and redness in eyes. It causes breathlessness and affects larynx. i.e, voice box.

2. SO₂ dissolves in rain water and produces H₂SO₄ which demages building materials especially marble (CaCO₃).
CaCO₃ + H₂SO₃ → CaSO₃ + H₂O + CO₂ ↓

The wavelength of absorbed radiation is related to emitted radiation as below-

\(\frac{1}{\lambda\,absorbed}\) = \(\frac{1}{\lambda_1}\) + \(\frac{1}{\lambda_2}\)

\(\therefore\) \(\frac{1}{355}\) = \(\frac{1}{680}\) + \(\frac{1}{\lambda_2}\)

\(\frac{1}{\lambda_2}\)  = \(\frac{1}{355}\) - \(\frac{1}{680}\)

= \(\frac{325}{241400}\)

\(\lambda_2\) = \(\frac{241400}{325}\)

= 742.78 ≈ 743nm

1. When the gas is heated at constant volume. there is no work done against external pressure. 

2. Hence, all the supplied heat is used in raising the temperature of the gas. 

3. But when the gas is heated at constant pressure, volume of the gas changes. 

4. Due to this, part of the supplied heat is used by the gas to expand against external pressure and remaining part of heat supplied is used to raise the temperature. 

5. Because of this, for the same rise in temperature, the heat to be supplied at constant pressure is greater than that for heating at constant volume. 

Hence, specific heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure is greater than specific heat capacity at constant volume.

(a) If both A & R are correct and R is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Acceleration is given by,

a = (s₂ - s₁)/t²

where s₁ and s₂ are the distances travelled in two consecutive intervals of time ‘t’ seconds each. 

The magnitude of the slope of the speed-time graph is greatest for interval 2. Hence average acceleration is greatest in magnitude in interval 2. The value of speeds in interval 3 is the highest. Hence the average speed in interval 3 is highest. Sign of a = sign of the slope of the speed-time graph, a > 0 for 1 and 3 a < 0 for 2. At points, A, B, C and D, the tangent to the curve will be parallel to the time axis. Hence slope at the points is zero,

∴ a = 0 at points A, B, C and D.

Let P(n) ∶ 11ⁿ⁺² + 12²ⁿ⁺¹ is divisible by 133.

Step 1: P(1) ∶ 11¹⁺² + 12^{2 ×1+1} = 1331 + 1728 = 3059

\(\frac{3059}{133}\) = 23, hence, it is true for n = 1.

Step 2: Let it be true for n = k, i.e.,

11^k+2 + 12^2k+1 is divisible by 133.

⇒ P(k) ∶ 11^k+2 + 122^k+1 = 133.

λ For some λ ∈ M. ...(i)

Step 3: To prove that

P(k + 1) = 11^k+3 + 12^2(k+1)+1 is also divisible by 133.

Now, 11^k+3 + 12^2k+3

= 11.11^k+2 + 12^2k+3

= 11.(133λ − 12^2k+1 ) + 12^2k+3 ...[From (i)]

= 11.133λ − 11.12^2k+1 + 12^2k+3

= 11.133λ − 11.12^2k+1 + 12².12^2k+1

= 11.133λ + 12^2k+1 (144 − 11)

= 11.133λ + 12^2k+1.133

= 133(11λ + 12^2k+1),

Which is divisible by 133 for some λ ∈ N.

∴ P(k + 1) is true.

Hence, by Principle of mathematical induction P(n) is true for all n ∈ N.

Given,

P(n) : n² + n is even

At n = 1

P(1) = 1² + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 which is even

Hence, P(1) is true.

o-नाइट्रोफीनॉल अन्त:अणुक हाइड्रोजन आबन्धन (intra-molecular hydrogen bonding) के कारण भाप वाष्पशील होता है, जबकि p-नाइट्रोफीनॉल अन्तरा-अणुक हाइड्रोजन आबन्धन (intermolecular hydrogen bonding) के कारण कम वाष्पशील होता है।

अभिक्रिया का वेग स्थिरांक सदैव ताप बढ़ाने पर बढ़ता है। ताप में 10°C की वृद्धि पर इसका मान लगभग दोगुना हो जाता है। इसे मात्रात्मक रूप में निम्न प्रकार प्रदर्शित करते हैं –

k = Ae-^Ea/RT 

जहाँ = ताप T पर वेग स्थिरांक है, A= आवृत्ति गुणांक तथा E,= सक्रियण ऊर्जा

लोहे की सतह पर उपस्थित जल की परत वायु के अम्लीय ऑक्साइडों; जैसे- CO₂, SO₂ आदि को घोलकर अम्ल बना लेती है जो वियोजित होकर H⁺ आयन देते हैं 

H₂O+ CO₂ → H₂CO₃ ⇌ 2H⁺ +CO₃^2- 

H⁺ आयनों की उपस्थिति में, लोहा कुछ स्थलों पर से इलेक्ट्रॉन खोना प्रारम्भ कर देता है तथा फेरस आयन बना लेता है। अतः ये स्थल ऐनोड का कार्य करते हैं – 

Fe(s) → Fe²⁺ (aq) + 2e^– 

इस प्रकार धातु से उत्सर्जित इलेक्ट्रॉन अन्य स्थलों पर पहुँच जाते हैं जहाँ H+ आयन तथा घुली हुई ऑक्सीजन इन इलेक्ट्रॉनों को ग्रहण कर लेती है तथा अपचयन अभिक्रिया हो जाती है। अतः ये स्थल कैथोड की भाँति कार्य करते हैं – 

O₂(g) +4H⁺ (aq) +4e^– → 2H₂O(l) 

सम्पूर्ण अभिक्रिया इस प्रकारे दी जाती है 

2Fe(s)+O₂(g) + 4H⁺ (aq) → 2Fe²⁺ (aq) + 2H₂O(l)

इस प्रकार लोहे की सतह पर विद्युत-रासायनिक सेल बन जाता है। फेरस आयन पुनः वायुमण्डलीय ऑक्सीजन द्वारा ऑक्सीकृत होकर फेरिक आयनों में परिवर्तित हो जाते हैं। जो जल अणुओं से संयुक्त होकर जलीय फेरिक ऑक्साइड Fe₂O₃. xH₂O बनाते हैं। यह जंग कहलाता है।

i. Fourth root of 81. 

ii. Square root of 49. 

iii. Fifth root of 15. 

iv. Ninth root of 512. 

v. Nineteenth root of 100. 

vi. Seventh root of 6.

i. (13)^1/5

ii. (9)^1/6

iii. (256)^1/2

iv. (17)^1/3

v. (100)^1/8

vi. (30)^1/7

Consider, 6³ = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216 and (-4)³ = (- 4) × (- 4) × (- 4) = – 64 

Thus, cube of a positive number is positive and cube of a negative number is negative. 

∴ Sign of a number = sign of its cube.

Correct option is (a) competitors.

Correct option is (b) Planning

Correct option is (b) Departmentalization

Correct option is (b) Decentralization

Correct option is (a) Operational, intermediate and strategic

Correct option is (c) which customers are profitable and which ones are subsidized

Correct option is (b) Authority chart

Correct option is (c) Globalization

Correct option is (d) Mathematical

Correct option is (d) Job analysis

Correct option is (c) Working from home