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Middle level of management follows the order and instruction given by chief executive officer.

Semi-perimeter of a triangular board 

= \(\frac { 6+8+10 }{ 2 }\) = 12 cm

Area of triangular board 

= \(\sqrt { 12(12-6)(12-8)(12-10) } \)

= \(\sqrt { 12\times 6\times 4\times 2 } \)

= 24 cm²

Cost of painting 1 cm² is Rs 9

Cost of painting 24 cm² is 24 x 9 

= Rs 216

Length of the solid 

= 2 + 2 = 4 cm

Breadth = 2 cm

Height = 2 cm

Surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)

= 2(4 x 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 x 4)

= 2(8 + 4 + 8)

= 2 x 20

= 40 cm

Suppose the sides containing right angle be x and (x – 14) cm

Area of right angled triangle 

= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) x base x altitude

= \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) × x (x – 14) cm²

area = 120 cm²

⇒ 120 = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) x (x² – 14x)

⇒ x² – 14x – 240 = 0

⇒ x² – 24x + 10x – 240 = 0

⇒ x(x – 24) + 10(x – 24) = 0

⇒ (x – 24)(x + 10) = 0

either x – 24 = 0

⇒ x = 24

or x + 10 = 0

⇒ x = -10 (neglecting)

x = 24 cm (one side)

and another side = (x – 24) 

= (24 – 14) = 10 cm

Hypotenuse = √(24² + 10²) 

= √(576 + 100) 

= √676 = 26 cm

Perimeter of the triangle 

= 24 + 10 + 26 = 60 cm

Top level management is accountable to shareholders, creditors, government, departments, and legal provisions.

In top level management both authority and responsibility are more. In middle level management, authority is comparatively less whereas responsibility is limited to departments only and in bottom level management, least authority is present while responsibility is limited to sub-divisions.

Gulick classified functions of management as:

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Co-ordination
6. Reporting and
7. Budgeting.

Characteristics of Human Resource Management:

• Human resource management includes selection, training, promotion and directing the employees.
  Human resource management enables to accomplish business objectives by integrating them with individual objectives business objectives.
• Since employees are valuable assets of the business, the basic function of human resource management is to manage them,
• It provides proper training and develops personnel for the job.
• Human resource management evaluates performance of employees and places them at right position.
• Efficient management can reduce labour turnover rate and can maintain skillful employees for a longer period in company.
• As part of human resource management, conducive atmosphere is provided to employees. This boosts their enthusiasm and efficiency. The values of the company are maintained and business objectives are achieved.

Managing a business requires undertaking several important functions. On the basis of these functions, we can classify the functional areas of management into –

1. Marketing Management:

Marketing management is the activity or function of providing goods or services from producers to customers. Over and above exchange of goods with money it also includes market research, distributive method, sales promotion, storage, insurance, etc.

2. Human Resource management:

The process which takes into consideration matters like proficiency, knowledge, intelligence, likes and dislikes, personal development, necessity, etc. of employees, integrates them with business objectives and channelizes the business towards the path of success and profitability is called Human Resource Management (HRM).

3. Financial management:

• Financial management is the process of dealing with all the finance related functions of the business.
• The function of acquisition, utilization and allocation of capital is called financial ‘ function or financial management.

4. Production management:

The process which includes planning for production, deciding programmes, maintaining co-ordination, direction, and keeping control is called production management.

A series of functions which is continuously performed for the accomplishment of pre-determined objectives of business is known as process.

Correct option is (C) Problem of infrastructure

Financial Management:

• Financial management is the process of dealing with all the finance related functions of the business.
• The function of acquisition, utilization and allocation of capital is called financial function or financial management.
• Finance is the lifeblood of business. No activity is possible without finance.
• Finance is required for the establishment, development, expansion and modernization of a business.

Following functions are included in financial management:

• To estimate the financial needs of the business activities
• To make financial plans keeping in mind the time duration
• To prepare budget
• To allocate funds to various departments
• To decide capital structure and to select sources of acquiring capital
• To carry out the procedure for acquiring the finance
• To see that the acquired funds are properly utilized and to keep control over financial activities
• To form financial policy
• To plan for taxes
• To make arrangement of assets

There are five major management functions. They are:

1. Planning:

• The process of selecting facts for obtaining the desired results and establishing inter-relationship between them, as well as observing necessary activities for forecasting and anticipating the future of business is called planning.
• Planning is the first step of management.

2. Organizing:

• Organizing or organization is a structure for assigning authority and responsibility among individuals for achieving business objectives.
• Under organizing, various sections and groups of people are allotted various ‘ business activities so that the objectives can be fulfilled.

3. Staffing:

• The function of staffing is to recruit employees for the right position, at the right time, in the right number, with the right qualification. It also includes selection, training, transfer, promotion, dismissal, retirement and welfare activities of employees.
• This function is carried out by the Human Resource Department of the business organization.

4. Directing:

The management function of guiding and to supervising the employees for accomplishing business objectives is called directing.

5. Controlling:

• The function of controlling maintains the balance among efforts, result, resources and objectives. Controlling is the last function of management.
• The function of controlling is to make sure that the business activities are conducted as planned.

• The management function of guiding and to supervising the employees for accomplishing business objectives is called directing.
• Directing is extremely important to supervise employees of an organization effectively in order to achieve the business objectives.
• In spite of all the business activities, the business can fail to operate if proper direction is not given to the employees or workers.
• Hence, all management functions are worthless without direction.

Correct option is (C) MBA

Correct option is (B) Directors

Correct option is (B) Departmental heads

Correct option is (D) Profession

Answer is (B) 10 sq. cm

Let length, breadth and height of a cuboid are 6x, 5x and 4x respectively.

Its total surface area

= 2(lb + bh + hl)

= 2(6x × 5x + 5x × 4x + 4x × 6x)

= 2(30 x 2 + 20 x 2 + 24 x 2)

= 2 x 74 x 2

= 148 x 2

But it is given that total surface area = 333000 sq.m

i.e. 148 x 2 = 33300

⇒ x² = \(\frac { 33300 }{ 148 }\)

⇒ x² = 225 m²

⇒ x = √225

⇒ x = 15 m

Dimensions of cuboid are

6x = 6 × 15 = 90 m

5x = 5 × 15 = 75 m

and 4x = 4 × 15 = 60 m

Volume of cuboid = 90 × 75 × 60 cubic metres 

= 405000 cubic metres.

Answer is (C) 52 sq. m

Answer is (B) 216

Area of four walls = 2(l + b) x h 

= 2[5 + 3.5] x 4 

= 8.5 x 8 = 68.0 sq. m

Area of roof = l x b = 5 x 3.5 = 17.5 m²

Total area = 17.5 + 68 = 85.5 m²

Cost of expenditure per square metre is Rs. 15

Cost of expenditure of 85.5 sq. m 

= 85.5 x 15 

= Rs. 1282.5

Correct option is (A) Supervisors

Correct option is (C) Process

Correct option is (D) Leadership

Correct option is (B) Dr. George Terry

Correct option is (C) Bottom level management

POSDCORB – Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, reporting, and budgeting.

The two importance of management are; 

a. It helps in achieving group goals. 

b. Helps in reduction of cost.

Answer is (D) \(\frac { \pi }{ 4 }\) radian

Answer is (B) \(\frac { \pi }{ 3 }\) radian

Answer is (D) Fourth quadrant

Let height of the room be h. 

Here the room is of square floor, so we can write:

6 x 6 x h = 180 m³ (Volume = 180 m³)

⇒ h = \(\frac { 180 }{ 6\times6 }\)

⇒ h = 5 m

Answer is (B) 3 hours

(i) 280° = 3 right angles + 10°

Hence, the position of the revolving ray will be the fourth quadrant.

(ii) 390° = 4 right angles + 30°

Hence, the position of the revolving ray will be in the first quadrant.

(iii) – 400° = – 4 right angles – 40°

Hence, the position of the revolving ray will be in the fourth quadrant.

(iv) – 1120° = -3 x 4 right angles – 40°

Therefore, the position of the revolving ray will be in the fourth quadrant.

We are given that edge of each cube = 3 m

Volume of each cube = (edge)³ 

= (3)³ = 27 m³

Volume of the cuboid 

= l x b x h 

= 18 x 12 x 9 m³

Number of cubes 

= \(\frac { Volume of the cuboid }{ Volume of each cube }\)

= (18 x 12 x 9)/27 = 72

(i) Here we are given that length (l) = 5 m, 

breadth (b) = 4 m and height (h) = 3 m

Total area of four walls and ceiling which is to be white washed 

= 2(l + b) x h + lb

= [2(5 + 4) x 3 + 5 x 4] m²

= (54 + 20) m² = 74 m²

(ii) Cost of white washing 1 m² area 

= Rs. 7.50

Cost of white washing 74 m² area 

= Rs. (74 x 7.50) = Rs. 555

Volume of new cube 

= (13 + 63 + 83) cm³ 

= (1 + 216 + 512) cm³ 

= 729 cm³

Edge of new cube 

= \(\sqrt [ 3 ]{ 729cm^{ 3\qquad } }\) 

= 9 cm

Surface area of the cube so formed 

= 6 x (edge)² = 6 x (9)² 

= 6 x 81 = 486 cm²

Length of a cuboidal pit = 8 m, 

breadth = 6 m and depth = 3 m

Volume/Intemal space of the pit 

= 8m x 6m x 3m = 144 m³

Cost of digging 1 m³ space is Rs. 30

Cost of digging 144 m³ space 

= Rs. 144 x 30 = Rs. 4320

Here we are given that perimeter of the floor of a rectangular hall = 250 m

Area of four walls to be painted 

= 2(l + b) x h = Perimeter x h …..(i)

Cost of painting the four walls at the rate of Rs. 10 per m² is Rs. 15,000

Total area which is to be painted 

= \(\frac { 15000 }{ 10 }\) = 1500 m²

Using relation (i), we have

1500 m² = Perimeter x h

⇒ 1500 m² = 250 m x h

⇒ h = 6 m

Hence, height of the room is 6 m.

Here we are given that

(i) Length of plastic box (l) = 1.5 m

Breadth of plastic box (b) = 1.25 m

Height of plastic box (h) = 65 cm 

= 0.65 m

Since box is open at the top. 

Therefore total

surface area  of the plastic box (open at the top)

= lb + 2bh + 2hl

= [1.5 x 1.25 + 2(1.25 x 0.65 + 0.65 x 1.5)] m²

= [1.875 + 2(0.8125 + 0.975)] m²

= [1.875 + 2 x 1.7875] m²

= [1.875 + 3.575] m²

= 5.450 m²

Hence, area of the plastic sheet required for making the box is 5.450 m².

(ii) Cost of 1 m² plastic sheet = Rs. 20

Cost of 5.45 m² plastic sheet 

= Rs. 5.540 x 20

 = Rs. 109

The two features of co-ordination are; 

a. Coordination ensures unity of action 

b. Coordination is a continuous process.

Coordination ensures unity of action.

Characteristics of Co-ordination:

(a) Co-ordination integrates group efforts: Coordination unifies unrelated or diverse interests into purposeful work activity. It gives a common focus to the group efforts to ensure that performance is same as it was planned and scheduled.

(b) Co-ordination ensures unity of action: The purpose of co-ordination is to secure unity of action in the realization of a common purpose. It acts as the binding force between different departments and ensures that all action is aimed at achieving the goals of the organisation.

(c) Co-ordination is a continuous process: Coordination is not a one-time function but a continuous process. It begins at the planning stage and continues till controlling.

Given,            E_d= -1.

In this case, when elasticity of demand is (-)1, total expenditure will remain constant.

Total Expenditure (TE) =2 x 50 = Rs.100

TE does not change

When prices is Rs.4 per unit

Quantity demanded = 100/4 = 25 unit

As per the expenditure approach, when with a change in price, the total expenditure remains unchanged, demand is unitary elastic (e_D= 1). The shape of demand curve will be rectangular hyperbola.

(i) Shift to the right.

A situation of increasing returns to a factor is not sustainable owing to the following reasons: 

(i) some factors are fixed in supply. So that their use cannot be increased proportionate to the variable factors. 

(ii) factors of production are not perfect substitutes of each other.

The free movement of blood through the digestive, reproductive, glandular and immune systems is important for the promotion of long term health. These systems play an important role in the development and fitness of the body.

पाचन, प्रजनन, ग्रन्थि एवं प्रतिरक्षा तन्त्रों में रक्त का स्वतंत्र संचार लम्बी अवधि के स्वास्थ्य के विकास के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण है। ये तंत्र शरीर के विकास एवं पूर्ण स्वास्थ्य में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।