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(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Solution is the major erosional process in this area.

(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Steam will disappear below the sink hole.

The coastal zone management warrants serious attention because-

1. Compared to the other agents of erosion the work of sea waves goes on ceaselessly. 

2. Erosion in some part and deposition in the adjoining part keeps on taking place constantly. The beaches and bars which are formed due to deposition are also eroded. 

3. Coastal regions are always vulnerable to the risk of getting submerged due to increase in sea level. 

4. Coastal regions are also the regions of high population density.

All rivers do not form delta because – 

1. Delta is a place near the seashore where the sediments brough down by a river are deposited in triangular form. 

2. Most of the rivers finally join to the sea but every river does not form delta because they do not have the huge load of sediments. 

3. If the rivers are travelling from a long distance, they join many tributaries and they deposit the sediment into the main river. Such long and sluggish rivers can deposit sediment at the river mouth and form delta. For example, The River Ganga has formed a huge delta.

4. Some rivers are short and swift. They do not receive more tributaries, so such rivers have less sediments. These rivers flow very swiftly so they deposit sediments in the sea water. Therefore, they do not form delta.

In desert regions, rocks which are projected above the normal surface, are eroded upper part at their due to continuous blowing of wind in less amount, because the major erosive material sand flows a few feet above the surface and more erosion takes place near the lower surface. The mushroom – type or snake’s – umbrella type structure which is formed due to this process is known as mushroom rock. Seasonal conditions, such as: wind, rainfall, temperature, etc. affect these types of topographies.

(a) bed gets more eroded than banks

Correct Answer is  (c) Chilika

(a) Only A is correct.

The Black Forest of Europe.

(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

Mushroom rocks have broad tops because-

1. The high rising rocks in the path of the wind are attacked by the sand that moves with the wind. 

2. Winds and the particles they carry, attack the base of an individual rock. 

3. The larger top part is not eroded as much as the basal part since, the particles carried by the wind being heavy are not uplifted up to the top portion of the rock. 

4. The particles at medium height are smaller but their velocities are high. Hence, their impact is more. 

5. As a result, the portion of rock at medium height is eroded more and the rock as a whole gets the shape of a mushroom.

Soluble rock like limestone, a sedimentary rock composed of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO ) are found.

The processes that help in the formation of landforms are called geomorphic processes.

Water is called as universal solvent because most of the mineral present in the rocks gets dissolved as water pass through them.

In his communication a scientist is mainly concerned with exact and logical expression of that which he wishes to pass on to another. His purpose is to inform as clearly as possible. Each of his words must have a precise meaning and one meaning only so that there is no risk of confusion or ambiguity. The meanings of many ordinary words of our language are not single and precise. The use of words which are ‘set apart’ from everyday life also enables the scientist to avoid evoking irrelevant and distorting associations.

In addition to precision of meaning and freedom from associations most scientific words by their form and structure they reveal something of their meanings. Many scientific words are built from simpler word-elements usually of Greek origin. Some words are self-explanatory if the Greek roots are known.

Scientific language to be efficient must be universally intelligible. The classical language Greek is so fundamental to the civilised world. The words constructed from this language can easily be learnt to be translated. 

So scientific terms use Greek words.

Correct Answer is (b) Plucking

The landform created by the merging of Stalacticles and stalagmites Limestone pillars.

The place of origin of river is called Source.

Running water, wing, glaciers, sea waves.

The transfer of rock particles framed by chemical, physical or biological weathering processes from one place to another by external agencies such as running water, wing, glaciers, sea waves, etc. is called erosion. These materials will be deposited in low lying regions and this process is called deposition.

Answer is (a) Upper course of the river

• Place of origin of the river
• River flows through steep slopes
• Intense rate of erosion
• Less amount of sediments
• No deposition
• Landforms such as valley, waterfall, etc. are seen

Correct option is B) Sharing Auto

A) avoid double counting

Rock pedestals, Deflation hollows, Oasis, Sand dunes, Yasdangs and Desert Pavements.

• Flows through the foothills
• Both erosional and depositional processes are active
• More sediments are carried down
• Features such as meanders and oxbow lakes are seen

(i) Upper course 

(ii) Active depositional process 

(iii) Middle course

Tsunami means harbour waves.

Correct Answer is  (a) Attrition

Correct Answer is  (a) Cave

B) Convergence of two oceanic plates

B) Continental cracks, Formation of rift Valley, Formation of Ocean

(C) Lithosphere

1. Bedload moves along the running water. 

2. As and when this flow encounters an obstacle due to relief on the bed or joints in the bed, the flow tends to develop a circular pattern. 

3. This circular system becomes stable, though the water continues to flow in downstream direction. 

4. This leads to development of a whirl. 

5. The trapped sediments also follow the similar circular motion. 

6. The continuous action of these trapped sediments and the whirl deepens the bed of the river at a given point. 

7. Eventually, it develops into a larger depression assuming a shape of a pot. 

8. Potholes are the features formed by this process. For example, they are found in River Indrayani at Bhegadewadi in Pune district.

1. Moraine is a depositional feature of a glacier. 

2. Glaciers generally deposit load of sediments along the side and front of the ice. These deposits are called moraines. 

3. There are four types of moraines depending upon the location where sediments are deposited. They are lateral moraines, medial moraines, terminal moraines and end moraines. 

4. The moraines deposited at the sides of the wall are called lateral moraine.

5. When two tributary glaciers join together, their lateral moraines merge underneath to form medial moraines.. 

6. At the foot of the glacier, sediments are deposited like a heap of all grain sizes forming a curved depositional ridge called end moraines. It contains grains of all sizes. 

7. When sediments are deposited at the snout of glacier, when it melts, it is called terminal moraine.

(C) the Pacific ocean basin

Waterfalls are generally formed at the upper course of rivers as a result of erosion. Soft rocks are easily eroded in the valleys where soft and hard rocks are found intermingled. This results in the formation of waterfalls.

The Sundarbans in West Bengal  is the largest delta in the world.

Rivers overflowing their banks during rainy seasons. Flood water may cover extensive areas on both sides of the river. The deposition of alluvium along both the flooded banks may cause the formation of plains. Such plains are called flood plains.

Varkala beach is an example of sea cliff in kerala.

The steep hillocks facing the sea are called sea cliffs.

Coastal landforms are created by the erosional and depositional processes carried out by the waves. There are two types of coastlines namely.

• Rocky coasts
• Non-rocky coasts

Rocks like limestone easily dissolve in rainwater which percolates to form underground water. Hence the erosional and depositional landforms of underground water are mainly confined to limestone regions.