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A hypotonic solution has higher water potential. When a plant cell is placed in hypotonic solution, the cell gains water and thus gains turgor pressure. This leads to the cell getting swollen. But the rigidity of the cell wall, prevents the cell from bursting. 

If a pressure; greater than atmospheric pressure is applied to pure water or a solution, its water potential increases. This happens because of pressure potential which develops due to increased pressure.

Kew (England) and National Botanical Research Institute (Lucknow), Indian Botanical Garden (Howrah).

With the discovery of more organisms it is difficult to adjust them to traditional categories. So, the existing categories have been split by prefixing ‘super’ and ‘sub’ to the existing categories like sub-kingdom, sub-phylum, super class etc. These are referred as intermediate categories. This has also facilitated more sound and scientific placement of various taxa.

Taxonomic aids: Techniques, procedures and information collected about the species that facilitate, identification, naming and classification of organisms are called taxonomic aids. Some aids are Herbaria, Botanical gardens, zoological parks etc.

At standard temperature the water potential pure water is zero..

Zero is the value of water potential of pure water at atmospheric pressure.

(i) A botanical garden is a place for growing flowers for educational purposes for scientific workers. 

(ii) It is also an inspiration for general public to create their interest in plant life. 

(iii) It displays different varieties of cultivated plants, medicinal plants and other economic values. 

(iv) A botanical garden also has a herbarium and a library for reference studies. 

(v) They are basic sources of information about different types of plants. 

Some of these gardens are as follows: 

(i) Royal Botanical Garden, Kew (England) 

(ii) National Botanical Garden, (Lucknow) 

(iii) Indian Botanical Garden, (Kolkata) 

(iv) Lloyd Botanical Garden, (Darjeeling).

If some solute is dissolved in pure water, the solution has fewer free water and the concentration of pure water decreases, reducing its water potential, hence all solutions have lower water potential than pure water.

(c) a solution containing a number of dissolved substances

1. Pitcher plant grows in a soil where nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are very less. But the plant needs these for the growth. 

2. So to fulfill the need for nitrogen, pitcher plant consumes insects.

The value of water potential of pure water is 'Zero'.

Central National Herbarium, Kolkata.

The answer is  (b) A D C B 

The collected insects are killed and pinned. Then they placed in an insect box.

• The sum total of all the chemical reactions taking place in a cell of living organism is called metabolism.
• It is broadly divided into anabolism and catabolism

In museums specimens can be preserved in the following ways: 

(i) Most of the specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions. 

(ii) Some specimens are preserved in the dried form. 

(iii) Insects are preserved in insect boxes. 

(iv) Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and then preserved. 

(v) Museums also have skeletons of animals as specimen.

The size of TMV is 300 x 20 nm.

Molecular weight of TMV is 39×10⁶ dalton. 

(d) 1 - d, 2 - a, 3 - b, 4 - c 

Above three hundred.

(i) Zoological park of Kruger (S. Africa). 

(ii) Zoological garden of Berlin (Germany). 

(iii) Zoo of Kolkata. 

(iv) Aquarium of Mumbai.

Aims of zoological Parks: 

(i) To develop interest and awareness about wild animals in the public. 

(ii) The zoos are involved in the conservation of many endangered species of wild life.

In Kolkata (Calcutta).

(i) Do not touch or displace any specimen or the container containing it.

(ii) Carefully examine each specimen and make notes in a notebook. 

(iii) Do not make noise and any kind of disturbance in a museum.

• The sum total of all the chemical reactions taking place in a cell of a living organism is called metabolism. 
• It is broadly divided into anabolism and catabolism. 

Museums: Museums are "collection of dead preserved plants and animals for study and reference”. 

(i) It helps in gathering the first hand information about the habitat, soil and organisms of the area. 

(ii) The museum preserves plants like algae, fungi, mosses, and ferns, parts of gymnosperms as they cannot be kept in the herbaria. 

(iii) Animals specimens are fixed in chemical solution. They are preserved for longer duration. The specimens are identified and labelled. They are stored and a catalogue is prepared for future reference. Its objective is to record information and preserve specimens for taxonomic studies. 

(iv) Animals like snakes, fishes, mollusca, insects and others are preserved in museums.

Herbarium is "a collection of plant specimens which have been dried and pressed and arranged in the sequence of an accepted classifications". It forms a store house for future use. 

The preparation of Herbarium involves following steps: 

(i) Collection of Specimens: It is a field work. For collection one has to get information about the area, habitat, season and the time of collection. There is a requirement of digger for digging roots, scissors for cutting twigs, knife for woody twigs and a pole with a hook for collection. 

(ii) Drying and Pressing: After collection, the plants are dried up by keeping them between the folds of old newspapers. The plants, after drying, are pressed up by a set of two broad straps. 

(iii) Mounting: The dried specimens are pasted on the herbarium sheets of standard size (29 x 41 cm). The specimens are fixed on the sheets by applying glue or adhesive. The specimens are sprayed with fungicides like 0.1% solution of mercuric chloride and pesticides like DDT, naphthalene to check fungal growth and infestations.

(iv) Labelling: Labelling should be done with mounting. It should bear the botanical name, family, locality, data of collection with the habit of the plant specimen and the collector's name. 

(v) Storage: The sheets are arranged according to classification. They are stored in disinfected metallic cupboards. The information about the collected specimens is compiled and published in the form of a book.

TMV has a molecular weight of 39 x 10⁸ Daltons.

Zoological Parks: "It is a place where wild animals are kept in the natural environment" under human control. 

(i) It is also called Zoo or Zoological Garden. 

(ii) According to WZCS, they acts as conservation centers. They help us to know about the wild animals, their food habits, behavior etc. 

(iii) People especially the children enjoy the visit by children enjoy the visit by seeing a variety of animals. 

(iv) A scientific purpose of the zoo is to breed the animals (which otherwise are facing threat to their natural habitat). 

(v) The information regarding common and scientific names is displayed in the zoological gardens. 

(vi) Some zoological parks are Delhi Zoological Park located near Old Fort in Delhi and Alipore Zoological Gardens, Kolkata.

• It is a fungus which causes late blight of Potato and affected the potato crop in Ireland. 
• It caused a million deaths forcing people to migrate, since potato is the staple food in Ireland.

• Pigmentation, 
• Reserve food materials 
• Flagellation pattern. 

The criteria adopted for the classification include 

• Cell structure, 
• Thallus organization, 
• Mode of nutrition, 
• Reproduction and 
• Phylogenetic relationship.

(c) Adeno viruses

(d) Reproduction

• Lichen is a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. 
• In lichens, algae provide nutrition for fungal partner in tum fungi provide protect also help to fix the thallus to the substratum through rhizmae.

(d) both (a) & (c)

Asexual reproduction by Soredia is seen in lichen. 

Pine tree grows in snowy region where it is extremely cold and its thick bark helps the tree to withstand the cold.

Sac fungi refers to Ascomycetes.

Saxicolous lichen grow on rock.

Vaccination for small pox was discovered by Edward Jenner.

P.A. Micheli  is considered as founder of mycology.

Spermatization is a sexual mode of reproduction in Neurospora.

Gametangial contact  is a sexual method of reproduction.

In exoscopic embryogeny, the first division of the zygote is transverse & form inner and outer cell. The apex of the embryo develops from outer cell.

• It occurs by conjugation. It involves transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through cell to cell contact.

In exoscopic embryogeny, the first division of the zygote is transverse & form 1 inner and outer cell. The apex of the embryo develops from outer cell.

• Sexual reproduction is Oogamous. 
• Male sex organ is called as Antheridia. 
• Female sex organ is called as Archegonia.