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(a) reported

The head teacher asked him to sweep the recitation room to judge his suitability for admission.

The writer could not make a good impression upon the head teacher because he was not looking smart. He was tired, hungry and in dirty clothes.

When the author had done his duties, the head teacher inspected every corner of the room. She rubbed the handkerchief at several places. But she did not find even a single particle of dust anywhere.

(b) District Industrial centre

B) Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic

Guru Nanak Dev Ji met Sajjan Thug at Talumba.

Kartarpur was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in about 1521.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid the foundation of a new city on the banks of river Ravi in 1521. The city was called “Kartarpur”, which means ‘a city of God’. Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent the last eighteen years of his life along with his family members at Kartarpur (now in Pakistan.)

Guru Ji’s work at Kartarpur:

1. During his stay at Kartarpur, Guru Nanak Dev Ji composed War Malhar’, War Majha’, War Assa\ ‘Japji Sahib’, ‘Patti’, ‘Onkar’, etc.
2. Guru Nanak Dev Ji started the practices of Sangat and Pangat at Kartarpur in a systematic manner. During a session of ‘Sangat’, the followers of the Gui’u (Sikhs) sat together and meditated and recited hymns of the Guru. In the session of a ‘Pangat’ all the followers of the Guru sat together and partook their meals from a common kitchen (langar). This practice is also called Langar system.
3. When Guru Nanak Dev Ji prepared himself for the final journey of his life, he appointed his most devoted follower,

Bhai Lehna as his successor to Guru-gaddi. Bhai Lehna as Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikh religion.

1. It is one of the two main branches of law. 

2. It deals with conflicts which affect or interfere with the rights of an individual. 

3. Conflicts regarding land and property, rent agreement, divorce, etc. are included under Civil law. 

4. After filing a petition in the relevant court, the court gives a decision.

1. Public Interest Litigation (PIL) refers to litigations filed on issues of public importance and issues related to the welfare of the people. 

2. It can be filed by individual citizens, social organisation or Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) on behalf of all the people. 

3. Issues related to rehabilitation of people who have lost their homes/lands, protection of environment, protection of the weaker sections of society, etc. have been effectively handled through PIL. 

4. PILs are effective tool which require minimum expenditure and get immediate justice.

As per the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 and Section 9 thereof the establishment of a District Forum by the State Government in each district is necessary today to protect the interest of aggrieved consumers in that district. Complaints can be filed with the forum by a consumer.

The State Commission is to be appointed by the State Government in consultation with the Centre. The State Consumer Protection Council is also called State Commission.

The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC), India is a quasi-judicial commission in India which was set up in 1988 under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) is also called as National Commission.

Exploitation is common where consumers are unaware of their rights and privileges. Government has also taken necessary steps to save the Consumers. It is in this context grievance redressal mechanism becomes important.

Consumer is supposed to be the king in the business. Consumer satisfaction is compulsorily necessary. Because the business depends upon the consumer. If there is no consumer, no need of production or sales. So the consumer is to be fully satisfied and respected in the market.

(d) All of the above

A complaint can be filed by a complainant against the seller, manufacturer, or dealer of goods which are defective or against the provider of services.

(d) All of the above

(a) District Judge

(a) Exceeding Rs 1 crore

Correct answer is (b) sauce

(b) Rs 20 lakhs but does not exceed Rs 1 crore 

1. Conversion of free nitrogen of air into nitrogenous compounds that are made available to plants for uptake is known as : nitrogen fixation. 

2. Physical nitrogen fixation occurs in step- : wise manner and it takes place in atmosphere j and soil. 

3. Under the influence of electric discharge, lightning and thunder, atmospheric nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitric oxide. 

4. Nitric oxide is then oxidized to nitrogen peroxide in presence of oxygen. 

5. Nitrogen peroxide combines with rainwater to form nitrous and nitric acid which come on ground as acid rains. 

6. On ground, alkali radicals (mainly of Ca, K) react with nitric acid to produce nitrites and nitrates which are absorbable forms for plants.

Free nitrogen of air N₂ is converted to nitrogenous salts so that it is made available to plants is called nitrogen fixation.

1. Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous salts to make it available to plants for its update is described as nitrogen fixation. 

2. When living organisms are involved in nitrogen fixation process it is known as biological nitrogen fixation. 

3. The process is mainly carried out by prokaryotic organisms, i.e. different kinds of bacteria present in soil. 

4. The nitrogen fixing organisms are known as diazotrophs or nitrogen fixers and about 70% nitrogen is fixed by them. 

5. The nitrogen fixers are either free living bacteria or symbiotic associated with other higher plants e.g. Rhizobium. 

6. The cyanobacteria have specialized cells heterocysts which help in process of nitrogen fixation. 

7. Nitrogen fixation is high energy requiring process and 16 ATP molecules are needed for fixation of one molecule of nitrogen to ammonia. 

8. Soil bacteria like Nitrosomonas, Nitrosocyccus convert ammonia to nitrate and the Nitrobacter convert nitrite to nitrate. This is known as nitrification, biological oxidation. 

9. These bacteria are chemoautotrophic and utilize these processes for their metabolism. 

10. Fabaceae plants like pea, bean have root nodules which harbour symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium which fixes nitrogen. It is host specific, soil bacterium, Nitrogen is made available to host plant.

Correct answer is (c) Rhizobium

1. ABA is a growth inhibiting hormone. 

2. ABA is responsible for causing efflux of K⁺ ions from guard cells of stomata. 

3. As a result of this, osmotic changes occur and guard cells become flaccid resulting in closure of stomata. 

4. Transpiration mainly occurs through open stomata and due to closure the activity is checked. Hence it is described as antitranspirant.

Correct answer is (d) Auxanometer

(1) -(c) Arithmetic growth 

(2) – (a) Rate of growth against time 

(3) -(b) Geometric growth curve

Mevalonic acid.

It is used for fruit ripening and as it causes degreening effect by increasing activity of chlorophyllase enzyme for banana and citrus fruits.

1. The differentiated cells which are formed may again gain the capacity to divide as per need. 

2. Permanent cells (mature cells) undergo de-differentiation and become meristematic. 

3. This acquired feature of living permanent cells is known as dedifferentiation. 

4. e.g. Formation of interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from parenchyma cells of medullary rays and outer cortical cells respectively.

1. Ethylene is a gaseous growth inhibitor hormone. 

2. It promotes ripening of fruits like bananas, apples and mangoes. The commercial application of ethephon is done. 

3. It initiates growth of lateral roots. 

4. Dormancy of buds and seeds is broken by its application.

5. It accelerates formation of abscission layer and thus abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits is observed. 

6. Ethylene is responsible for checking growth of lateral buds thus causes apical dominance and retards flowering. 

7. Process of senescence of plant organs is enhanced. 

8. Epinasty, i.e. drooping of leaves and flowers results due to its application in some plants. 

9. It increases activity of chlorophyllase enzyme causing degreening effect in banana and Citrus fruits.

1. F.W. Went named the growth promoting substance as Auxin. 

2. Auxin was also isolated from urine of patient of pellagra. 

3. Indole 3 acetic acid was first hormone discovered in plants. 

4. IAA is most common and natural hormone synthesized at growing tips and responsible for cell elongation. 

5. It is synthesized from tryptophan and shows polar transport – Basipetal transport.

It is selective herbicide which kills dicot weeds and foliar spray of 2, 4-D induces flowering in litchi and pineapple, prevents premature fruit drop in apples, pear, oranges.

1. Gibberellins are growth promoting hormone and it is present in root tips, stem tips and seeds.

2. Gibberellins break dormancy of bud, dormancy of seed. 

3. They promote seed germination in cereals by activating or synthesising enzyme amylase to produce sugar. 

4. Gibberellins induce elongation of the cells in stem hence increase in internode length is noticed. 

5. In rosette plants like cabbage it causes ‘bolting’ that is increase in internode length before flowering. 

6. Gibberellins are more effective in inducing parthenocarpy than auxins in plants like tomato, apple and pear. 

7. It is also used to increase fruit size and length of bunches in grapes. 

8. By its application genetically dwarf plants can be converted to phenotypically tall e.g. Maize. 

9. It overcomes requirement of vernalization, delays senescence and prevents abscission.

10. Application of gibberellins causes production of male flowers on female plants.

Dutch people established their settlements in India at Cochin, Surat, Masulipattam, Nagpattam and Pulkit.

1. Auxins are growth promoting substances synthesized at meristematic regions of plants. 

2. The primary effect of auxin is cell enlargement and it stimulates growth of stem and root. 

3. Apical dominance – The phenomenon where growing apical bud inhibits the growth of lateral bud is apical dominance which is controlled by auxin synthesized at apical bud. 

4. Owing to activity of inducing multiplication of cells it is used in plant tissue culture to produce callus. 

5. Auxin stimulates formation of lateral and adventitious roots hence used for rooting propagation of cuttings.

6. 2, 4-D is a synthetic herbicide which kills dicot weeds. 

7. Induced parthenocarpy in fruitsoranges, banana, grapes, lemons is by application of auxin. 

8. Foliar spray of NAA and 2, 4-D induces flowering in litchi and pineapple. 

9. Premature fruit drop of apples, pear and oranges is prevented. 

10. Auxins break seed dormancy and promote germination. 

11. Auxins promote early differentiation of xylem and phloem, cell elongation, increase rate of respiration, prevent formation of abscission layer.

6 – benzyl adenine.

1. Auxins are plant growth regulators produced naturally by plants. 

2. They are weak organic acids capable of promoting cell elongation during the growth of stem and root. 

3. Auxins are synthesized in shoot and root apices besides young leaf primordia. 

4. Auxins may be natural or synthetic. 

5. Naturally occurring auxins are indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) and its derivatives. 

6. NAA, 2, 4-D and 2,4, 5-T are synthetic auxins. 

7. Auxins in higher concentration promote the growth of stem. 

8. Auxins play an important role in initiation and promotion of cell division. 

9. Auxins help in the formation of adventitious roots from cuttings when applied in lower concentration. 

10. Auxins play an important role in apical dominance. 

11. Auxin prevents abscission by preventing the action of hydrolytic enzymes in abscission layer. 

12. Auxins are used to produce parthenocarpic fruits in plants like orange, apple, tomato and grapes.

Correct answer is (b) Auxin

Avena curvature test/Avena coleoptile test is a standard bioassay method for auxins.

If a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the plant cell loses water and hence turgor pressure, making the plant cell flaccid. Plants with cells in this condition wilt. Further water loss causes plasmolysis-pressure decreases to the point where the protoplasm of the cell peels away from the cell wall leaving gaps between the cell wall and the membrane, Eventually cytorrhysis- the complete collapse of the cell wall can occur.