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(i) 0.015

= \(\frac{15}{1000}\)

= \(\frac{3}{200}\)

(ii) 0.84

= \(\frac{84}{100}\)

= \(\frac{21}{25}\)

(iii) 12.625

= \(\frac{12625}{1000}\)

= \(\frac{101}{8}\)

Zinc is used for galvanising iron.

Traits: A characteristic feature is called trait.

Acquired traits are the characters that are acquired by the individual during its lifetime. These traits cannot be inherited. For example, if a wrestler develops large muscles due to his training program that does not mean it will be passed on to his offspring. 

Inherited traits are the characters which are inherited by the offspring from the parents. These traits are expressed in the offspring and later carried on to the next generation. For example skin colour, eye colour and shape. 

Acquired traits occur due to changes in the lifestyles, injury, loss of body parts, disuse of some body parts. These traits/experiences occur in the somatic cells which do not evolve germ cells and genetic materials. Therefore, these traits are not transferred or inherited in the next generation. Example, low weight of a starving beetle.

When a cross was made between a tall pea plant with round seeds and a short pea plant with wrinkled seeds, the F₁ progeny plants are all tall with round seed. This indicates that tallness and round seeds are the dominant traits.

When the F₁ plants are self-pollinated the F₂ progeny consisted of some tall plants with round seeds and some short plants with wrinkled seeds which are the parental traits. 

There were also some new combinations like tall plants with wrinkled seeds and short plants with round seeds.  

Thus it may be concluded that tall and short traits and round and wrinkled seed traits have been inherited independently.

(a) When Mendel cross pollinated pure tall pea plants with pure dwarf pea plants, only tall plants were obtained in F₁ generation. On self pollinating the F₁ progeny, both tall and dwarf plants appeared in F₂ generation in the ratio 3 : 1. Appearance of tall character in both the F₁ and F₂ shows that it is a dominant character. The absence of dwarf character in F₁ generation and its reappearance in F₂ shows dwarfness is the recessive character.
(b) When Mendel first crossed pure-breed pea plants having round-yellow seeds with pure-breed pea plants having wrinkled-green seeds, he found that only round-yellow seeds were produced in the first-generation, No wrinkled-green seeds were obtained in the F, generation. From this, it was concluded that round shape and yellow colour of the seeds were dominant traits over the wrinkled shape and green colour of the seeds. When the F₁ generation pea plants having round-yellow seeds were cross-bred by self-pollination, then four types of seeds having different combinations of shape and colour were obtained in second generation (F₂). These were round-yellow, round-green, wrinkled-yellow and wrinkled-green seeds.
Such a cross is known as dihybrid cross as two sets of corresponding characters are considered. Mendel observed that along with round-yellow and wrinkled-green, two new combinations of characteristics, round-green and wrinkled-yellow, had appeared in the F₂ generation. On the basis of this observation, Mendel concluded that though the two pairs of original characteristics (seed colour and shape) combine in the F₁ generation, they get separated and behave independently in the subsequent generation.

(a) Pairs.

(b) Recessive; Dominant.

(c) Free; attached.

(d) 23; 46.

(e) Four.

(f) Sex; Female; male.

(a) Tall – Tt will have tall plants because of the presence of T which is dominant gene and t is recessive gene. 

(b) Dwarf plants: It is dwarf due to the presence of both the recessive genes. 

(c) Tall plants: These plants are tall due to the presence of both the dominant genes

From this information, it is not possible to tell which of the traits-blood group A or O is dominant. AA group becomes AO. So this information is complete.

Equal chance of having blood group O or blood group B.

No, the information provided is not enough to tell whether blood group A or O is dominant.

Every character is controlled by a pair of alleles. And here it is not mentioned whether the man and woman were homozygous or heterozygous for their traits.

Mendel conducted breeding experiments with garden peas:
(a) He studied plants (pure) of a tall/short varieties.
(b) He crossed them and obtained F₁ progeny.
(c) He found that F₁ progeny was all tall plants.
(d) He selfed the (hybrid) plants of F₁ progeny.
(e) He found that in F₂ progeny there were tall as well as short plants.
(f) The three quarter plants were tall and one quarter was short .
(or any other contrasting character may be taken.)

Pea plants Mendel for conducting his experiments on inheritance .

(a) The transmission of characters from parents to the offspring’s is called heredity. The units  of heredity are genes.

(b) According to Mendel’s first law of inheritance: The characteristics (or traits) of an organism  are determined by internal ‘factors’ which occur in pairs. Only one of a pair of such factors can  be present in a single gamete.

(a) Mendel choose pea plants for studying inheritance because pea plants had a number of clear cut differences which were easy to tell apart. Another reason for choosing pea plants are they were self pollinating and many generations can be produced in a short time span. 

(b) According to Mendel’s second law of inheritance: In the inheritance of more than one pair of traits in a cross simultaneously, the factors responsible for each pair of traits are distributed independently to the gametes. 

Reasons:

(i) Pea plant is small and easy to grow.

(ii) A large number of true-breeding varieties of pea plant are available.

(iii) Short life cycle.

(iv) Both self and cross-pollination can be made possible

The E⁰ (M²⁺/M) for copper is + ve. This is because high energy is required to transform Cu to Cu²⁺ which is not balanced by its hydration enthalpy.

Lanthanoids exhibit occasionally +2, +4 ions because of extra stability of empty, half-filled and completely filled 4f- subshell respectively i e, 4f⁰,4f⁷ , 4f¹⁴ configuration. 

Correct Answer is: (A) Potassium tetrahydroxozincate (II) 

IUPAC name of K₂[Zn(OH)₄] is Potassium tetrahydroxozincate (II)

Answer is (A) Potassiumtetrahydroxozincate (II)

The benign tumor remains confined in the organ affected as it is enclosed in a connective tissue sheath and does not enter the metastatic stage.

(d) 2, 4, 6 – tri bromo phenol

1. Benign tumors:

normally conned to their original location and do not spread to the other parts of the body.

2. Malignant tumors:

it is the mass of proliferating cells invading and damaging surrounding normal cells quickly dividing and have property called metastasis.

(a) Bakelite

(c) Phenol + Phthalic anhydride

Use disposable needles, use of condoms, safe blood transfusion, safe sex, controlling drug use.

(b) Methanal

(b) P – hydroxy azo benzene

(a) Vapour phase refining /van Arkel method

(b) Zone refining

(c) Electrolytic refining

(ii) (a) Froth floatation process

(b) Magnetic separation

(c) Leaching

(c) Neutral FeCl₃

(d) 1, 4 – benzo quinone

1. Typhoid. All others are sexually transmitted diseases. 

2. Thymus. All others are secondary lymphoid organs.

1. Ionising radiation (X-ray, gamma-ray)

• Oncogenic viruses
• Chemicals like nicotine, polycyclic hydrocarbons, etc.

2. Biopsy/Scanning/MRI/Sonography etc.

3. Chemotherapy, Surgery, Hormone therapy, Radiation therapy, and Immune therapy.

Wind pollination.

(b) cyclo hexanol

(i) Zone refining 

(ii) Leaching/ Bayer's process

(iii) Coke act as a reducing agent resulting in formation of CO.

Answer is Widal test

Silk cotton tree — Entomophily (by insect) Vallisneria — Hydrophily (by water)

(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

When impure ore is mixed with water and pine oil in a tank and steam is passed through it. Gangue particles are wetted by water, the ore by oil. Thus, the sulphide ore rises in the form of a foam while the gangue impurities settle at the bottom of the container.

(i) The impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid state of the metal.

(ii) PbS

(iii) Impurities like SiO₂ etc. are removed by using NaOH Solution and pure alumina is obtained.

This method is based upon the preferential wetting of mineral/ore particles by oil and gangue by water.

Collectors enhance non- wettability of the mineral ore particles to float.

Detailed Answer:

Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic by preferential wetting of mineral or ore particles by oil and gangue (impurities) by water. 

Collectors enhance the non-wettability of the mineral particles in the froth floatation process.

Strong ligands force cobalt (II) to lose one more electron from 3d sub shell hence oxidised into Co (III) to form stable complex by undergoing d² sp³ hybridisation

Curd contains lactic acid bacteria which checks the growth of disease-causing microbes and protects the gastrointestinal tract.

O-nitro phenol is slightly soluble in water and more volatile due to intra molecular hydrogen bonding, whereas P-nitro phenol is more soluble in water and less volatile due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

(i) Hydraulic washing: This is based on the difference in gravities of the on and the gangue particles.

(ii) Vapour phase refining : In this method, the metal  forms a volatile compound which on further heating at higher temperature decomposes to pure metal.

(i) Zone refining:The impurities are more soluble in the molten sate then in the solid state of the metal.

(ii) Electrolytic refining: Tendency of pure metal to deposit on the cathode by passing electricity.

(iii) Vapour phase refining: Impure metal forms volatile compound which easily decomposes to pure metal on further heating.