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Destruction of forests leads to soil erosion where the top fertile soil is removed causing great effect on quality of soil. It reduces rainfall thus affecting water bodies.

A lady who stayed in my building used to shout at me for playing noisily under her window. One day, she shouted at me as usual from her window and went inside. I suddenly got angry and threw a stone at her window. The stone hit the glass which broke. I heard a loud shout of pain and ran away. I later came to know that she had been badly injured by the shattered glass. I repented for what I had done. Though I did not tell her that I was the culprit, I was very good to her after that.

Bill told the lawyer that Lutkins was a hard person to find as he was always busy in some activity or the other. He owed money to many people, including Bill, and had never paid back anybody. He also said that Lutkins played a lot of pokers and was good at deceiving people.

1. a. The lawyer is the speaker of the above lines.

2. b. The laughter and behaviour of Lutkins and his mother.

3. c. As they were anxious to meet the lawyer as they missed seeing the lawyer the previous day.

4. d. Yes, I think the lawyer was gullible because he was befooled and tricked by the hack driver.

5. b. Lutkins and his mother.

Bill told the lawyer that he knew Lutkins’ mother. He said that she was a terror. He narrated an incident when he took a trunk to her once and she almost took his skin off because he did not carry it carefully. He also said that she was very tall and bulky. She was very quick and could talk a lot. He said that Lutkins must have heard that somebody was chasing him and consequently would have gone into hiding at his mother’s place.

The hack driver himself is Lutkins but pretends to be Bill Magnuson. He tricks the lawyer to avoid the summons to be a witness in a case.

1. Saprophytes feed on dead and decaying organism. 

2. So they help in keeping the environment clean.

No, the narrator does not serve the summons that day.

1. c. He rejoiced because usually he was sent to dark shady places which he did not like.

2. b. To serve summons on a man called Oliver Lutkins.

3. a. To serve him summons.

4. d. Oliver Lutkins

5. d. The hack driver

True sentences: 

1. Soapy broke the glass of the shop window. 

4. Soapy did not run away from the place. 

5. The restaurant Soapy entered was an ordinary one. 

False sentences: 

2. Nobody heard the breaking of the window. 

3. The policeman chased Soapy. 

6. The policeman ate beefsteak, flapjacks, doughnuts and pie.

Corrected sentences: 

1. A policeman as well as some people heard the breaking of the window. 

2. The policeman chased a man running to catch a car. 

3. Soapy ate beefsteak, flapjacks, doughnuts and pie.

The lawyer was sent to New Mullion to serve summons on Oliver Lutkins, who was needed as a witness in a law case.

He first thinks that the place must be a sweet and a simple country village.

1. A well-dressed man

2. A policeman

3. Soapy

4. A tall blonde

1. Soapy saw a quaint old church. 

2. Soapy’s ears caught sweet music. 

3. Soapy decided to go into the downtown district and find work.

4. A policeman caught Soapy’s arm.

1. d. The speaker was expecting a sweet and simple country village. But he was severely disappointed.

2. c. Its streets were rivers of mud, with rows of wooden shops, either painted a sore brown, or a bare of any paint at all.

3. b. He was about forty, red faced, cheerful, and thick about the middle. His working clothes were dirty and well worn, he had a friendly manner

4. a. New Mullions

5. b. He was disappointed.

1. b. Lutkins was a prime witness in a law case and his information could quickly settle down the case.

2. a. The lawyer couldn't bring Lutkins to the court.

3. d. Yes, I think the lawyer was gullible because he was befooled and tricked by the hack driver.

4. b. Good future career

5. d. The hack driver

No, absolutely not. After knowing how Lutkins had made a fool of him, he would never return to New Mullion to practice law.

Good morning, Mr. Pawar. Congratulations on your excellent work in finding the bank robbers. May I ask you a few questions about your life? Thank you. 

1. When did you join the police department? 

2. Which examinations did you have to clear for the post? 

3. What were your reasons for joining the department? 

4. Did you have to go through any special training sessions? 

5. What type of criminals do you come across most in this area-thieves, killers, molesters, etc?

6. How do you identify or locate criminals? 

7. Once you catch the culprit-say a thief how do you deal with him? 

8. Can you tell me something about your achievements and awards? 

9. How can you motivate others to join the force? 

10. Any message to college students? 

Thank you, Sir, for sparing the time for this interview. It will be published in our school magazine. Good day

In the opinion of the writer, the lift man, instead of throwing the passenger out of the lift, should have treated him with elaborate politeness. He would have then had the victory not only over the rude passenger, but also over himself, and that was the spiritual victory that was more important. His revenge would then have been more subtle and effective.

A ‘con man’ or a confidence trickster is a person who makes a fool out of other l people. He wins their trust first and then, he gets from them whatever he wants.

Persons like Lutkins are found in real life as well. They do not just appear in stories. They are very much real. Newspapers are full of reports of such tricksters. There is this famous con man in ‘David Copperfield’ written by Charles Dickens. His name is Uriah Heep. He traps a gullible, rich old man. The old man depends’ on him entirely. He takes advantage of l his trust and takes all his money. He makes the old man an addict to alcohol. Then he forces the old man to marry his daughter to him.

1. b. Here "we" are the lawyer and the hack driver.

2. c. To serve him summons.

3. b. Lutkins is the hack driver himself with whom the lawyer spends the whole day.

4. a. Nature lover, simple and over-trusting person.

5. a. A friend of Lutkins

The writer feels that the lift-man would have had a more subtle and effective revenge if he had treated the gentleman with elaborate politeness. Then, he would have had victory not only on the boorish gentleman but over himself, because a polite man may lose the material advantage but he would always have the spiritual victory.

The writer guesses that perhaps the passenger was hurt by his employer, who had not wished him good morning. The employer may have been henpecked by his wife to whom the cook had been insolent. The cook was angry perhaps because the housemaid was rude. So, there probably was a chain reaction which ended up with the lift-man being hurt.

It was a question of ‘Please’, wasn’t it?

(a) Leena was eating a very crunchy apple and obviously enjoying it.

(b) This picture looks colourful. 

(c) I’m afraid that your behaviour is just not acceptable. 

(d) I like my elder brother. He is very helpful.

Pretending that you have forgotten your purse at home, and hence do not have the fare for the ticket is a stale old trick, according to the conductor. (The conductor does not say this the narrator only imagines that he may do so.)

1. b. Oliver's mother had shouted at them, threatened them with the iron from the stove, laughed at them, driven them away.

2. a. Looking inside, trying to find something.

3. d. The speaker

4. c. The hack driver

5. a. One

During Chesterfield’s time, who was a famous writer, the streets of London were without pavements. Pedestrians had a tough time walking on the road. Those who were closest to the wall had the driest footing. Once, a man who came from the opposite direction told Chesterfield that he never gave the wall to a scoundrel.

Chesterfield politely stepped aside saying that he always did. That was revenge enough, but done in a very apt yet a polite, civil manner. No doubt, in this case, the victory was Chesterfield’s.

D) bad manners.

If a burglar breaks into a house and the inmate knocks down the burglar, the law protects the householder. If the householder is physically assaulted, it will permit him to retaliate with reasonable violence.

To be civil to others is a social practice. Though there is no law which compels us to say ‘please’ or ‘thank you’, there is a social practice which is more sacred than any law which expects us to be civil and to acknowledge a service. In the case of the lift¬man, the passenger was being uncivil and rude to him. So, most people would sympathise with the lift-man.

The writer always used to follow him due to his courteous behaviour. (T)

A vulgar mind.

B) Top-please

That stale old trick is known to me.

The only penalty he will have to pay is being written down as an illmannered fellow.

The passenger was thrown out of the lift for being impolite. He did not say “Top please” but just said “Top”.

Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ are the little courtesies which we use in order to acknowledge a service. These little courtesies go a long way because they are the small change with which we pay our way as social beings. These little courtesies keep our machine of life oiled sweetly. They put our relationship with others upon the basis of friendly cooperation and easy give- and-take, instead of on the basis of superiors dictating to inferiors.

The same conductor, who had earlier helped him with the ticket, trampled on the author’s sensitive toe.

If we were given the liberty to box people’s ears, violence would be let loose.

Correct Answer is: B) lift

• Stranger: Can I help you dear?
• Yourself: Very kind of you. Hope it’s not a problem for you.
• Stranger: Not at all. Please give me the bags.
• Yourself: You are a godsend. I wouldn’t have been able to manage all the bags.
• Stranger: I’ll keep your bags here, will that be ok?
• Yourself: Certainly. Thank you and may God bless you.

B) said it was all right and gave him the ticket

No, we cannot have the police monitoring us for social and moral offences. For example, one cannot be punished if one refuses to smile at an acquaintance or say Thank you’. One cannot be punished if one doesn’t hold the door open for the person who is following.

These are good manners, or courtesy, and they have to be taught right from childhood, and they will change in different cultures and different circumstances. Whether a person follows them or not depends on the individual. However, if these little courtesies are followed, life will become much simpler and more pleasant for everyone.

Alfred George Gardiner (1865-1946) was an English journalist and a writer. He was a prolific writer with a number of essays to his credit. His essays exhibit the very sensitive, highly cultured and sophisticated personality of the writer. He wrote under the pen name ‘Alpha of the Plough’.

I said – main clause 

it was very kind of him – subordinate noun clause

The first requirement of civility is that we should acknowledge a service.

You will not recover unless you refrain from smoking.