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• The soil is said to be fertile if it has the right amounts of mineral particles as well as organic components. 
• Then only the soil can provide the roots of plants with right amounts of water, minerals and air.

Yes, I agree with the above statement by following reasons. 

1. In Green Revolution, the farmers are encouraged to pump ground water to water intensive crops in low rainfall areas. 

2. This unsustainable pumping has reduced water storage in ground. 

3. Consequently, many wells and tube wells have run dry. 

4. More over the use of chemical fertilizers has also affected the long term fertility of the soil. Due to this cost of production is increasing to farmers. 

5. Hence we can say that Green Revolution has short-term gains and long term losses. 

6. Production of food grains (in million tonnes)

The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre planned succession is called crop rotation. 

Most pathogens do not infect multiple crops and survive on plant residue. Therefore, by rotating winter and summer crops, the farmer fights summer weeds in winter and vice versa. 

Land left fallow or bare may be susceptible to leaching and erosion. Crop rotation prevents this. Several crops may be grown in succession with only one time ploughing of the soil. For example, maize stubble containing nutrients is left on the land for wheat. Crop rotation involving leguminous plants ensures a regular supply of nitrogen in the soil. 

Risks are distributed among several crops as a guarantee against crop failure.  

A lot of grain comes into the market at harvest time. One problem farmers faced was the low price of grain during this time. This means farmers were not able to sell grain at a high enough price to be able to repay their loans and continue using the new farming methods. They need to be protected from traders who might try to purchase the grains at low prices.

Therefore, the government decided to set a Minimum Support Price (MSP). A Minimum Support Price is a price at which the farmers can sell their grain, if they want, to the government. The government sets the MSP so as to cover the cost of cultivation and allow a little bit of profit to the farmer. Because of the MSP, farmers are not forced to sell their grains at cheaper prices to the traders.

The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was formed by the government to purchase food grains from the farmers and store them. It keeps stockpiles and supplies grain to ration shops and other government schemes (e.g. for midday meals in schools).

Maize is not a coarse grain.

Jowar is a coarse grain.

High Yielding Varieties: High Yielding Varieties of seeds and fertilizers were the key elements of new agriculture technologies. The HYV5 seeds grew well when fertilizers and water were used; they had larger amounts of grain and shorter stalks and a short period of maturity in most cases. The short period of maturity also enables double cropping farmers can to use their lands more than once a year.

The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was formed by the government to purchase food grains from the farmers and store them. It keeps stockpiles and supplies grain to ration shops and other government schemes (e.g. for midday meals in schools).

A lot of grain comes into the market at harvest time. One problem farmers faced was the low price of grain during this time. This means farmers were not able to sell grain at a high enough price to be able to repay their loans and continue using the new farming methods. They need to be protected from traders who might try to purchase the grains at low prices. Therefore, the government decided to set a Minimum Support Price (MSP). A Minimum Support Price is a price at which the farmers can sell their grain, if they want, to the government. The government sets the MSP so as to cover the cost of cultivation and allow a little bit of profit to the farmer. Because of the MSP, farmers are not forced to sell their grains at cheaper prices to the traders.

To be fertile, the soil has to provide the roots of plants with the right amounts of water, minerals, and air. To do this, it must have the correct texture and the correct composition. Soil is composed of mineral particles (which come from the breakdown of rocks) as well as organic components (which are or have come from living organisms). To be available to roots, the minerals must be dissolved in the water.

Gujarat and Maharashtra are two largest groundnut producing states.

Rice:

1. Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. 

2. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 

3. Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. 

4. Canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Jute is known as a golden fibre.

The crop that is known as the ‘golden fiber’ is Jute

• Tea is an important beverage crop. 
• The tea plant grows well in tropical and subtropical climates.
• Fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter is essential. 
• Tea bushes require warm and moist frost free climate all through the year. 
• Frequent showers are necessary.

249 kilograms per hectare is the average yield of cotton.

Punjab is the second largest producer of wheat in India. Punjab ranks first in yield per hectare and its contribution towards national store of wheat is due to

• Wheat is cultivated on a large scale in Punjab because it is a commercial crop in Punjab.
• Better irrigation facilities are available.
• The yield per hectare is high.
• The yield per hectare has increased due to mechanised agriculture.

In the decade of 1980 to 1990, India obtained the maximum increase in the production of oil seeds.

Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Punjab are the main potato producing states.

Correct answer is (iv) exact

Jute is known as the golden fibre

The main cotton producing states of India are:

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan. Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Punjab gets 13th position in India as regards to cattle wealth.

India gets second position in world in the production of fruit and vegetables.

Jammu-Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are the main apple producing states.

India has the fifth position in the world in the production of sugarcane.

Punjab ranks first in India as regards yield per hectare of wheat.

(iii) wistful lament

India gets first position in the world in the production of cashewnuts.

The following are the main rice producing areas of India:

Areas of Heavy Rainfall: Delta regions of East and West coastal plain. The plains and lower hills of N.E. India, lower slopes of the Himalayas; West Bengal, Bihar, Eastern U.P., Chhattisgarh; Northern Andhra Pradesh. Areas of Low Rainfall: Western U.P., Haryana, Punjab, and adjoining districts of Rajasthan.

These differences are created by variations in the metallurgy of gong, setting of frequency and variation in wave length, thickness and moulding of the shaking hand. These variations have been implicitly compared with the various wrong interpretations of religion. Various religious authorities interpret religion in their own way and thus misguide people.

ये अन्तर घड़ियाल के डिस्क की धातु-कर्म (विज्ञान) के समय में रह जाते हैं (तांबा और टिन के गलाने और मिलावट के दौरान), तरंगदैर्ध्य की सैटिंग के दौरान वे घड़ी की सुईयों की लम्बाई, मोटाई तथा सांचे में ढालने के दौरान (ये अन्तर) हो जाते हैं। इन अन्तरों की सांकेतिक रूप से तुलना धर्म की विविध गलत व्याख्याओं से की गई है। विभिन्न धर्माधिकारी धर्म की व्याख्या अपने-अपने तरीके से करते हैं और इस प्रकार लोगों को दिग्भ्रमित करते हैं।

Yes, the poet’s attitude is a representation of how the average Indian feels both towards human violence and nature’s fury. It is a general perception that communal riots take place due to wrong understanding of religion. This is also a common thought that natural calamities are nature’s own way of balancing itself.

हाँ, कवि का दृष्टिकोण इस बात का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है कि औसत भारतीय मानवीय हिंसा व प्रकृति के क्रोध के विषय में कैसा अनुभव करता है। यह सामान्य अवधारणा है कि साम्प्रदायिक दंगे धर्म की गलत समझ के कारण होते हैं। यह भी सामान्य विचार है कि प्राकृतिक आपदाएँ प्रकृति को स्वयं को सन्तुलित करने का तरीका हैं।

It is wistful lament because the poet expresses sorrow over communal disharmony in society. He feels sorry for the state when the followers of all religions take the preachings of their religion in the wrong way. Their blind faith in religious authorities misguides them and causes riots. The poet wishes the people to be wise.

यह चाह से भरा हुआ विलाप है क्योंकि कवि समाज में साम्प्रदायिक अलगाव पर दुःख व्यक्त करता है।। वह उस स्थिति के लिए दु:ख का अनुभव करता है जब लोग अपने धर्म के उपदेशों को गलत अर्थ निकालते हैं। धर्माधिकारियों पर उनका अन्धविश्वास उन्हें दिग्भ्रमित करता है और दंगों का कारण बनता है। कवि चाहता है कि लोग बुद्धिमानी से काम लें।

Required condition for the production of Sugar Cane:

(а) Sugarcane requires well-drained fertile soil.
(b) It also needs large amount of chemical fertilizers and organic manure.
(c) Hot and humid climate is favourable for its higher yields.
(d) It grows well in areas with about 100 cm of rainfall.

Forests are important in our daily life in the following ways:

• These maintain ecological balance.
• Trees absorb carbon dioxide and control the increase in temperature.
• Forests are the home of wild animals. These protect them.
• Forests increase the rainfall and droughts do not occur,
• Forests preserve water resources and control floods in rivers.

‘Perennial feuds’ means the quarrels that keep going at all times. ‘Seasonal alliances’ refers to temporary goodwill between the parties at dispute.

‘Perennial Feuds’ का अभिप्राय उन झगड़ों से है जो हमेशा चलते रहते हैं। ‘Seasonal alliances झगड़ने वाले दलों के बीच कुछ समय के लिए होने वाली शुभेच्छा की ओर संकेत करता है।

Forests are a valuable resource. Following are the advantages of forests:

(a) Forests are helpful in maintaining ecological balance and natural Eco-system.
(b) Forests supply timber and fuel. It is used for making furniture, packing boxes, boats etc. and is used for buildings.
(c) Soft wood is used for preparing wood-pulp which has a large demand for paper
industry.
(d) We obtain lac, cane, gum, medicinal herbs from forests.
(e) We get fodder for cattle from forests.

Most of land holdings in India are of small size. Large amount of capital and labour is applied on small farms, but economic benefit is small. Small farmers have to hire agricultural implements and tubewell water for irrigation. They have to purchase costly fertilizers from the market. It results in a small net savings. Therefore Indian agriculture is called Subsistence Agriculture.

Oilseeds are grown in combination with other crops to increase the soil fertility. It acts as pivot in crop rotation. After green revolution the area under oilseeds had decreased. In 1975-76 the area under oilseeds was 3.2 lakh hectares. In 1991 it decreased to 1.0 lakh hectares.
Steps taken. The Government is providing better seeds to increase oilseeds production. Good prices have been offered for oilseeds so that farmers should take interest in its cultivation.

Causes of backwardness. The causes of backwardness of the Indian agriculture are as under:

1. Dependence on rain: The Indian farmer depends on rain for irrigation. Only 23% of the cultivated land has irrigation facilities.
2. Dearth of Nitrogen in the soil: Indian soil is poor in nitrogen. The land has been cultivated for thousands of years continuously and has, thus, affected the fertility of the soil.
3. Poor labour: The Indian farmers are weak in health and they cannot provide the required amount of labor for agriculture.
4. Subdivision of holdings: In India the land is equally distributed amongst all the sons after the death of the father. As a result the size of fields goes on decreasing and this affects the production.
5. Primitive methods of agriculture: The Indian farmer is still following the
   primitive methods of agriculture. Hence agriculture in India has suffered a setback.
6. Non-utilization of good seeds: Indian farmers are poor and do not use seeds of good quality. This lowers production.
7. Poverty: Money is needed for agriculture but the farmers are poor.
8. Weak cattle: Indian farmer cultivates his land with the help of bullocks but most of the bullocks in India are not of good breed. They are very weak and are thus unable to undertake agricultural activities properly.
9. Illiteracy: The Indian farmer is illiterate. He finds it difficult to adopt new methods of agriculture.

Suggestions for improvement of agriculture:

• Co-operative farming. Co-operative farming should be introduced. This will increase the size of the fields and modem methods of agriculture would easily be adopted.
• Improvement in irrigation. In order to bring improvement in agriculture, the irrigation facilities should also be improved.
• Intensive farming. The farmers should adopt intensive farming. This brings more return from a smaller area.
• Good seeds and fertilizers. The government should arrange to supply quality seeds and fertilizers to the farmers at reasonable rates.
• Use of new agricultural implements. There can be a lot of improvement in agriculture if modern agricultural implements are used by the farmers. The government should give financial aid to farmers for the purchase of such implements.

458 grams was available per person per year in India in 2001.

Punjab has the largest contribution of wheat to the public distribution system in India.

1. The decision taken by the parents of Mallika is wrong. 

2. In our country the legal age for marriage is 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys. 

3. Teenage mothers are not prepared mentally or physically for motherhood. 

4. Early marriage and motherhood cause health problems for the mother and the child. 

5. It also curtails employment opportunities for the young woman and may cause mental agony as she is not ready for responsibilities of motherhood.

Fallow lands are lands which are not cultivated annually for crops. Only one crop is grown on these-lands during two or three years. After getting one crop, it is left vacant to maintain its fertility. Its use depends on timely monsoonal rain. Wasteland is a land which is not used for cultivation. It includes arid, rocky and sandy land.

Advantages of Fallow Land:

1. Fallow lands regain their lost fertility.
2. Agricultural production is increased due to increase in productivity of land.

1. More manures and fertilizers are being used in fallow land.
2. Scientific methods are being used to retain moisture in land.

The area under pastures is brought under cultivation to meet the needs of growing population of the country.

1. Soil erosion should be checked.
2. To check the advance of deserts.
3. Steps be taken to use the wasteland.

The following are the two main reasons for decreasing soil fertility in India:

1. The absence of forests and pastures is affecting the natural fertility of soils.
2. The poverty of farmers and their ignorance of scientific techniques are also responsible for the decrease in natural fertility of soils.

Green manures and Gobar manures should be used to maintain soil fertility. But a suitable amount of fertilizers should also be used at the same unit.

Bunding and contour ploughing are useful in dry farming. It retains the moisture in soil. It also checks soil erosion.