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पांच जांच प्रयोगशालाएं।

WTO को बनाने का मुख्य उद्देश्य इस तरह है –

• कृषि नियमों की बिक्री पर लगी पाबंदी को समाप्त करना।
• कृषि उत्पादों के निर्यात पर मिलने वाली सुविधाओं को कम करना।
• किसानों को कृषि आवश्यकताओं के लिए दिए अनुदान अथवा रियायतों को कम करना या बिल्कुल बंद करना।
• निर्यात कोटा प्रणाली समाप्त करके निर्यात संबंधी सुचारु नीति अपनाना।

सहकारिता विभाग द्वारा स्थापित संस्थाओं द्वारा बीजों, खादों तथा ऋण के वितरण में सहायता की जाती है। कृषि उपज का मण्डीकरण, दूध की पैदावार की खरीद, प्रोसैसिंग तथा शहरी क्षेत्र में मण्डीकरण आदि में योगदान दिया जाता है।

इंडियन फारमर्ज फर्टीलाइज़र कोआपरेटिव लिमिटेड।

किपलिंग ने अपनी आत्मकथा में लिखा है कि कभी-कभी वह बुखार में भी काम करता था। बुखार होने पर उसकी कहानियाँ और भी अच्छी होती थीं।

24 घंटे के लिए।

दो सप्ताह की।

(a) Archives are places where manuscripts are kept.
(b) Amir Khusrao was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) Potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.

(a) False; Historians rely on coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual records for information for the study of period from 700 to 1750.

(b) True

(c) True

(d) False; Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287) ruled a vast empire that stretched from Bengal (Gauda) in the east to Ghazni (Gajjana) in Afghanistan in the west and included all of south India (Dravida).

Answer:

(a) False
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False

मिल्कफैड द्वारा

अपने बुखार के बारे में बच्चनजी ने कहा है कि केंचे बुखार में उन्हें काम करने की अधिक प्रेरणा मिलती थी। बुखार की भट्टी में उनके विचारों, भावों और कल्पनाओं को अधिक बल मिलता था।

सही उत्तर है 75%

While using manuscripts, the historians face a number of difficulties. Manuscripts were written with hand and as a result there were small but significant difference between any two copies. The scribes who copied them introduced changes. As a result historians have to read different manuscript versions of the same text to guess what the authors had originally written.

सही उत्तर है 50%

पत्नी श्यामा के साथ हरिवंशराय बच्चनजी का जीवन अत्यंत संघर्षमय रहा। आय के ठोस साधनों से वे वंचित थे। वे स्कूल में पढ़ाते थे, ट्यूशन करते थे, अपनी किताबों से भी कुछ पैसे मिल जाते थे। फिर भी खर्च पूरा नहीं हो पाता था। छोटे भाई शालिग्राम का वेतन बहुत कम था। बच्चनजी की बीमारी के बाद तो स्थिति और भी चिताजनक हो गई। महंगी दवाएं खरीदना मुश्किल हो गया। पिता ने घर बेचकर पुत्र का इलाज कराने की बात की। सही समय पर इलाज न मिलने पर श्यामा की मृत्यु हुई। इस प्रकार बच्चनजी की पारिवारिक आर्थिक विपन्नता का दारुण रूप इस संस्मरण में व्यक्त हुआ है।

सही उत्तर है पांच दिनों की

सही उत्तर है मुम्बई में

बीमारी में लेखक को कर्ज चुकाने की चिता खाए जा रही थी। उन्होंने अपने आपको मरने के लिए छोड़ दिया था। लेकिन तभी उन्हें श्यामा का ख्याल आया। उन्होंने सोचा कि उन्होंने श्यामा के लिए तो कुछ किया ही नहीं। उसके लिए कुछ करने लायक उनकी स्थिति ही नहीं थी। अब यदि अपने कर्ज का भार भी उस पर छोड़ जाएँ तो उनके जैसा जघन्य अपराधी कौन होगा? यह सोचकर उन्हें लगा कि उन्हें श्यामा के लिए जीने का संघर्ष करना चाहिए।

लेखक ऐलोपैथी का उपचार नहीं कराते थे, क्योंकि वह महंगा होने के कारण उनकी शक्ति से बाहर था।

सही उत्तर है 1982 में

The main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution are listed below:
1. The Bolsheviks were not in favour of any private property. Hence most industries and banks were nationalized.
2. Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land on which they worked.
3. In cities, the large houses were partitioned according to family requirements.

4. Use of old titles of aristocracy was banned.
5. To assert the change Bolsheviks introduced new uniforms for the army and officials.
6. The Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).
7. Russia became a one-party state and Trade unions kept under party control.
8. For the first time they introduced a Centralized Planning on the basis of which Five Year Plans were made.

सामान्यत: लेखक को जुकाम, बुखार, खाँसी, सिरदर्द आदि बीमारियां रहती थीं।

Camillo Golgi had observed Golgi body or Golgi apparatus in 1898.

• It is made up of several membranes.
• Its function is to package various substances. 
• The number of Golgi bodies is large in those cells that secrete hormones and enzymes.

Cushing’s syndrome is caused due to excess secretion of cortisol. Obesity of the face and trunk, redness of face, hand, feet, thin skin, excessive hair growth, loss of minerals from bone (osteoporoses) systolic hypertension are features of Cushing’s syndrome. Suppression of sexual function like atrophy of gonads are the other symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome.

(b) Myxoedema

These are the gonad stimulating hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary. e.g., follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH). 

Functions : 

(i) FSH stimulates the gonads to produce sperms and ova; stimulates the ovaries to secrete female sex hormone estrogens. 

(ii) LH stimulates the maturation of Leydig's cell of testes for secretion of testosterone; stimulates the secretion of estrogens and progesterone in the ovary.

Addison’s disease is caused due to hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Muscular weakness, low BP, loss of appetite, vomiting, hyper pigmentation of skin, low metabolic rate, subnormal temperature, reduced blood volume – weight loss are the symptoms that occur in Addison’s disease. Reduces aldosterone secretion increases urinary excretion of Na Cl. and decreases potassium excretion leading to dehydration.

(c) Cushing’s syndrome

LH is also known as Interstitial cell stimulating Hormone.

Hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex or destruction of adrenal cortex in diseases such as tuberculosis leads to deficit of both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. This condition is known as Addison's disease. Persons with Addison's disease tend to lose weight, their blood glucose and sodium levels drop and potassium levels rise.

LH is secreted by adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland. FSH is the other hormone (gonadotropin) along with which its target cell. 

Functions of LH: 

(i) In males, it stimulates spermatogenesis. 

(ii) In females, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. 

Functions of FSH : In females, it stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles.

The hard central region of tree trunk made up of xylem vessels.

(i) Insulin hormone is secreted by pancreatic islets. Insulin increases the utilization of glucose in tissues and facilitates the storage of glucose as glycogen in muscles and liver. By these actions insulin lowers the blood sugar level. 

(ii) It is fact that Hypothalamus and Pituitary function as an integrated coordinated system. In hypothalamus, the hormones are synthesized in the neurosecretory cells body and then transported along the axon to its tip where the hormones are stored in droplets. Hypothalamic neuro-secreting cells secrete several hormones called neurohormones into this blood. These reach the anterior pituitary through the portal blood and control the secretion of hormones by the cells of that gland.

For example : Thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone and gonadotropin releasing hormone of hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete the hormones called thyrotropin, corticotropin and gonadotropins respectively. On the other hand the hormone somatostatin of the hypothalamus inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary. 

(iii) Sex hormones are secreted near the age of puberty or sexual maturity. Testosterone stimulates the development of the external male sex characters such as beards, moustaches, and low pitch male voice in man. Thus, testosterone promotes the growth of many body tissues including bones and muscles. Androgens are such substances which stimulate the development of male sex characters.

(i) It is regulated by a ‘limit-control feedback’ or ‘push and pull feedback' mechanism. 

(ii) When sugar level in blood increases, insulin is secreted and glucagon secretion is inhibited. 

(iii) When blood-sugar level falls, for instance during excessive physical labour or stress, secretion of glucogen is stimulated and insulin secretion is inhibited. 

(iv) This is the self-regulating device.

(i) Differences between early wood and late wood:

(ii) Difference between heartwood and sapwood.

Peat is obtained from Sphagnum. 

(d) 1 - C, 2 - D, 3 - B, 4 - A

The sporophytes of bryophytes are called Sporogonium. 

Marchantia polymorpha is a bryophyte used to cure pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Buxbaumia is a saprophytic Bryophyte.

Primary treatment or physical treatment

• It is the physical removal of large and small particles from sewage.

• First, the floating debris is removed by sequential filtration by passing through wire mesh screens.

• Then, the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by sedimentation in settling tanks. The sediment is called primary sludge and the supernatant is the effluent.

• The effluent is taken for secondary treatment.

Plants absorb water by two distinct and independently operating methods : Passive absorption and Active absorption. 

(i) Passive absorption : 

(a) In this process, water is absorbed through the roots hairs rather than by the roots. 

(b) The root cells play a passive role or merely act as physical absorbing system. 

(c) The force for this type of water absorption originates in the aerial parts of the plant due to transpiration. It creates a tension or low water potential in the mesophyll cells of the leaves. 

(d) The latter, in turn, draw water from the xylem of the vascular bundle. Thus, water in the xylem is under pull or tension. It is called transpiration pull. 

(e) Due to the presence of continuous column of water from leaves to roots through xylem channel, the tension is transmitted to the xylem of roots and finally to root hair through endodermis and cortex. 

(f) Thus, a water potential gradient develops between the root hair cell and the soil solution. This results, movement of water across the root as a continuous stream. 

(ii) Active absorption : 

(a) Active absorption takes place by the activity of root itself, particularly root hairs. It utilizes metabolic energy. 

(b) A root hair cell functions as an osmotic system. Water is absorbed by the root hair due to osmotic differences between soil water and cell sap. 

(c) There exists a great difference in the osmotic pressure of the two sides or water potential gradient between the soil solution and cell sap. 

(d) The soil solution having less OP, has higher water potential than the cell sap with more OP. 

(e) Thus, water moves from the region of higher water potential towards the regions of lower water potential. 

(f) Water continues to enter the root hair cell as long as the water potential of the root cell sap is more negative than that of the soil solution. Water moves from cell to cell along the water potential gradient and reach up to endodermis and pericycle. 

(g) Finally water enters into the xylem.

Climbing a mountain is extremely difficult and risky. Due to its steep slopes we have to cany- oxygen cylinder to breathe properly. Difficulty in breathing occurs due to low pressure at high altitude.

Discipline, capability to take risk, patience and tolerance are the qualities essential for a mountaineer.

Many mountaineers take plastic articles with them while trying to climb the mountains and leave those articles there only. Due to this, there is a continuous increase in the trash on the mountains. These trash is causing harm to the environment there.

I went to Mathura. Trash was scattered all over. I felt ill and breathing problems due to the bad odour from the trash.

Suggestions to prevent the scattering of trash :

(a) We should spread consciousness among local people to maintain cleanliness. 

(b) Local people should be asked to gather trash and put in the dustbins only. 

(c) To spread the awareness about recycling of trash among localities. 

(d) To keep the city clean with the help of municipal corporation.

Discipline, capability to take risk, patience and tolerance are the qualities essential for a mountaineer.

Mountaineers carry oxygen cylinder, food cans, water bottles, ropes, hooks, plastic sheets, shoes, diary, towel, torch, soap, jacket, glucose, jaggery, grams, sleeping bags and other essential things.

The process of moving, sliding or falling of soil and rocks downwards from slopes is called landslide.