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B) Constantinople was overthrown by Turkey

In the present time, a state is accepted as a welfare state. Our constitution makers were well acquainted of it that there are serious disparities: economic, social, and administrative, in India. If these disparities continue, there would be no meaning of right. So it was essential to make provision of a welfare state. Fulfillment of basis needs of the citizens must be the objective of every political party in power, With this view only, the constitution makers laid down the directive principles of state policy in the constitution. Inspired by the constitution of Ireland, these are mentioned in section 4 of the constitution.

The biggest challenge before the constitution makers was the unity and integrity of our country. Therefore, they made the federal government powerful.

In our constitution the following are the elements related to unitary government:

1. In India only one constitution, that of the centre, is applicable to both the centre and the states. 

2. Impartial and independent judiciary. 

3. Supremacy of the constitution. 

4. Single citizenship. 

5. Power to Parliament to re-organise states. 

6. Right to union government for framing laws on residual subjects.

Answer is (D) Greek

Meaning of ‘Secular’ : 

According to Shri Venkat Raman, “Secular is neither religious nor irreligious, but it is completely detached from the principles and activities of religion and is neutral in the matters of religion. Everybody has the right to choose his religion and follow it. According to article 25 of the Indian constitution, freedom has been given to every citizen in the practice of religion. The state doesn’t have any official religion. No citizen shall be discriminated on the basis of religion. The state has adopted a neutral stand in the matters of religion. The word “Secular” was added in the constitution by the 42nd amendment.

India is sovereign state. It is not subordinated to any foreign power regarding its internal and foreign affairs. At the same time, democratic system is adopted in India. It means the sovereign power of state is used by the elected representatives of the people who are accountable to the people. For this, Indian constitution has provided adult franchise to all its citizens attaining the age of 18 years.

Our constitution makers have taken the middle path between judicial review and parliamentary supremacy in our constitution. 

Just as : 

1. The Parliament has been made supreme. 

2. To control the parliament, the judiciary has been provided with the right to explain the constitutional provisions concurrently. 

3. The Supreme Court, by the power of judicial review, can declare any law enacted by the Parliament as unconstitutional if it is not as per the spirit of the constitution. 

4. During some last years due to judicial activism, the judiciary has become more powerful.

The process of amendment is flexible for some parts and rigid for some other parts. The inclusion of rigidity in the Indian constitution has been taken from the constitution of the U.S. and flexibility from that of the U.K. 

There are three methods of making amendment in the constitution:

1. Some parts of the constitution can be amended by a simple majority of both the houses of the Parliament, e.g., the re-organisation of the states establishment of legislative council in the state or abolishing it. It shows flexibility of the constitution. 

2. For some parts, the amendment in the constitution can be made by absolute majority of the two houses, and two-third majority of the members present in the house. 

3. For some subjects, the amendment can be made by absolute majority of the two houses and two-third of the members present, besides the support of at least fifty per cent of the state legislatures. The above mentioned methods show the rigidity of the constitution.

Preamble : 

In the beginning of every constitution, generally there is a Preamble. In this Preamble the fundamental objectives or goals of the constitution are mentioned. Its purpose is to make the ideas and objectives of the constitution clear so that in implementation of the constitution, these values can be kept in mind and put into practice.

Preamble of Indian constitution : 

“We the people of India solemnly resolve to constitute India into a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic and secure to all its citizens : justice : Social, economic, and political ; liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all; fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation; in our constituent assembly this twenty sixth day of November 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.” (The words socialist, secular, and integrity, given in this preamble, are added by 42nd constitutional amendment 1976).

Main elements of the Preamble : 

The explanation of the main elements of the Preamble is as follows :

I. “We the people” : 

These words in the preamble include three things: 

• The sovereignty finally vests with the people of India.
• The constitution has been made by the representatives elected by the people of India. 
• Indian constitution is an outcome of the will of the people of India.

II. Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic : 

These words are the basic pillars of the preamble of India constitution. Their meaning is:

• Sovereign : 

India is a sovereign state. It means it is not subordinated to any foreign power regarding its internal and foreign affairs.

• Socialist : 

The word ‘Socialist’ was added by 42nd constitutional amendment. Under it, mixed economy has been adopted with a view to removing economic disparity and raising the standard of life of the backward and weaker sections of the society. 

• Secular : 

This word was added by the 42nd amendment in 1976. It means in the area ‘ of religion, India is neither against any religion nor does it promote any religion. There is no official religion in India. No citizen is discriminated on the basis of religion. 

•  Democratic : 

It means that the sovereign power of state is used by the elected representatives of the people who are accountable to the people. 

•  Republic : 

It means that the head of the state or sovereign person in India is not hereditary, but he/she is an elected representative.

III. Social, Economic and Political Justice : 

On the basis of these words, the goal of the constitution is explained in the preamble. 

• Social justice means all the citizens enjoy equality without discrimination. Citizens are not discriminated on the basis of religion, caste, gender, ethnicity or any other basis. 
• To establish economic justice in the society, the states have been asked to implement their policies in such a way that all the citizens have an equal right to secure the means of earning a living. 
•  All the citizens have equal opportunities and freedom to take part in political activities.

IV. Freedom, Equality and Fraternity : 

• Freedom : 

Freedom of speech, belief, faith and worship has been provided in the Indian constitution. 

• Equality : 

All the citizens have been provided the equality of opportunities and self respect in the constitution. 

• Fraternity : 

A pledge with a view to ensuring unity and integrity and increasing fraternity has been made in the preamble of the constitution.

V. Self respect of the Individual and Unity of the Nation : 

Our constitution makers were aware of the existing unity within the diverse elements of India. They wanted that our citizens should embrace the sense of unity in place of giving importance to regionalism, provincialism, lingualism and communalism. That’s why the ideal of fraternity is perched on two bases: 

•  Unity of India 
•  Self respect of the individual.

VI. Integrity : 

The word “integrity” has been included in the preamble by the 42nd constitutional amendment. The main aim of it is to ensure the unity and integrity of India.

The preamble of Indian constitution is as follows : 

“We the people of India solemnly resolve to constitute India into a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic republic and secure to all its citizens : justice : social, economic, and political; liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship; equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation ; in our Constituent Assembly this twenty sixth day of November 1994, do hereby adopt, enact, and give to ourselves this constitution”.

Indian constitution is based on popular sovereignty. It means it is made by the people of India. The ultimate power has been given to the people of India by the constitution. The preamble of our constitution says, “We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign democratic republic….” It means that the people of India are the makers of the constitution. The people have solemnly resolved to embrace and enact it. It has not been imposed by a foreign power.

The article related to provisions of emergency :

 Emergency provisions are constained in part 18 of the constitution of India, which are as follows:

• Article 352 : 

According to this article, the President of India has the power to impose emergency rule in any or all the Indian states if the security of part or all of India is threatened by “war or external aggression or armed rebellion.”

• Article 356 : 

According to this article, if the President, on receipt of report from the Governor of the state or otherwise is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this constitution, he may declare emergency.

• Article 360 : 

According this article, the state of emergency can be implemented in the whole country or a part of the country, in case of financial crisis.

Social divisions affect politics in both negative and positive ways:

Negative ways:

(i) In Northern Ireland, there has been a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict for many years. Northern Ireland population was divided into Protestant (53%) and Roman Catholics (44%). The Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who wanted to be unified with the Republic of Ireland. In contrast, Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the U.K. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed in the fight between unionists and nationalists.

(ii) The disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries due to ethnic and religious differences is another example.

Positive ways:

(i) Every expression of social division in politics does not lead to disasters because wherever social divisions exist, they are reflected in politics. In many countries, there are parties that focus only on one community, e.g., D.M.K., AIADMK and BSP in India.

Every expression of social division in politics does not lead to disasters but it is beneficial too.

(i) The various disadvantaged groups express their grievances and get the government to attend the same.

(ii) Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often result in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity.

(iii) Fight against injustice often takes a democratic path voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through elections.

Factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions:

(i) As social groups view their identities to be exclusive and superior, it becomes difficult to accommodate them.

(ii) It depends upon the type of demands raised by the political leaders on behalf of a community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.

(iii) Reaction of the government to the demands of different communities determine the outcome. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country.

Social divisions affect politics in both negative and positive ways:

Negative ways:

(i) In Northern Ireland, there has been a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict for many years. Northern Ireland population was divided into Protestant (53%) and Roman Catholics (44%). The Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who wanted to be unified with the Republic of Ireland. In contrast, Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the U.K. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed in the fight between unionists and nationalists.

(ii) The disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries due to ethnic and religious differences is another example.

Positive ways:

(i) Every expression of social division in politics does not lead to disasters because wherever social divisions exist, they are reflected in politics. In many countries, there are parties that focus only on one community, e.g., D.M.K., AIADMK and BSP in India.

It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. For example:

(i) It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.

(ii) The demand for 'only Sinhala' was at the cost of the interest and identity of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.

(iii) In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country.

(i) People of Sariska Tiger Reserve are fighting against mining.

(ii) The villagers of 5 Alwar District declared 1200 hectares Bhairodev Dakav "Sonchuri".

(iii) People involved in "Chipko Movement" resisted deforestation.

(iv) The Mundas and Santhals of Chhotnagpur region worship some trees.

(v) People themselves involved in joint forest management.

We should exercise our franchise through a secret ballot system, i.e. we keep it a secret to whom we voted for. If it were not kept a secret, the poor and weak people might be attacked by the bullies, who got defeated in the election. Then it could not be a free and fair election. People have to vote in fear. Then the democracy will be meaningless. Only the people with money and muscle power will be elected.

The candidates may seek to influence the voters by offering money and other goods. Sometimes they may try to persuade them to vote for them because they belong to a particular caste or community. Sometimes they may also threaten the voters to vote for them only. These are the malpractices committed by the contestants to influence the voters.

a. The party which has more than half the number of seats is considered to have got a majority.

b. The leader of the majority party.

c. The Chief Minister and his ministers together are called the cabinet.

d. The governor nominates the Chief Minister.

e. The Cabinet is responsible for the implementation of laws, for implementing development plans, and for preparing and passing new laws and welfare schemes in the assembly.

f. Ministers selected by the Chief Minister from the MLAs together called the Cabinet.

(i) Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competition tends to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, it can make social division into political division and lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country.

(ii) Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed in the fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. It was only in 1998, that the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which the nationalists suspended their armed struggle.

(iii) Political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.

(iv) In a democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about the social divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.

(v) Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party to others. In many countries, there are parties that focus only on one community.

Legislative Council 

Earlier we said Andhra Pradesh has two houses. The second house is called Legis-lative Council and was created in 2007. It is a permanent house. Members of this house are elected for 6 years, known MLAs. To contest in this house person should be above 30 years of age. It consists of 50 members. 

Composition:

• 17 members (1/3) are elected by the MLAs. 
• 17 members (1/3) are elected by the members who were elected to Local Bodies like panchayats and municipalities. 
• 3 or 4 members (1/12) from Graduates 
• 3 or 4 members (1/12) from Teachers. 
• 8 members (1/6) are nominated by the Governor.

In order to make any law in the state now, it has to get the approval of both the houses.

a. Legislative Assembly.

b. The State Government.

c. The State Government.

d. 175

e. The people of state directly.

a. 175.

b. 88 (More than half of the seats).

c. Abed parties can form the government.

d. Parties Abed and Mnop together can form the government or parties Abed and Wxyz together can form the government or parties, Mnop and Wxyz together can form the government or parties Mnop and Wxyz and Stuv together can form the Government.

e. The Coalition government is possible in this context.

Problems faced by a democracy to accommodate social diversities are as follows:

(i) A positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it do not come about easily.

(ii) People who feel marginalized, deprived and discriminated have to fight against the injustice.

(iii) Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through elections.

(iv) Sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice.

(v) The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and difference of state power.

a. Andhra Pradesh.

b. The number of constituencies in a state will depend upon its population.

c. A constituency in Andhra Pradesh consists of about 1,70,000 voters.

d. All men and women of 18 years of age or above have the right to vote.

e. All voters of one constituency will vote to elect one number for the Assembly.

If I were a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, I would raise the groundwater level issues in my constituency. Because almost in all the delta area, the corn is being grown as a second crop in the rabi season which needs a lot of water. The crop needs at least 5 spells of watering. It causes a decrease in groundwater level to a great extent. There has been an increase in the number of bore wells. Because of the decrease in groundwater level the bore wells can not pump out the water. So the people have to walk a long distance to fetch water. Hence I would like to raise the groundwater level issue in the Assembly and ask the government to take proper steps to increase the groundwater level.

The District collector is also called a District Magistrate. The activities done by the District Collector are as follows. 

1. He controls and coordinates the work of all departments. 

2. He conducts the meetings with the heads of all departments and asks the head of each department about the progress of the work they have been allotted. 

3. He attends to the problems of the people who approached him from different mandals and helped them to solve their problems. 

4. He would instruct the heads of different departments to attend to the problems of the people. In case of emergency, he will act briskly, personally monitors the situation and announce the compensation to the affected people. 

5. He would safeguard the public places. It is his responsibility to evict the persons who encroached the public places, sidewalks and roads so that there is a free flow of traffic and free movement of the public on the roads.

a. Five years.

b. Persons aspiring to become M.L.As

c. The individuals who contest elections and who do not belong to any party are called independents.

d. a) He should be a citizen of India. 

b) He should have completed 25 years of age.

e. 25 years.

The social division of one kind or the other exists in most of the countries.

(i) Social divisions exist whether the country is big or small. India is a vast country with many communities. Belgium is a small country with many communities.

(ii) Countries such as Germany and Sweden, that were once highly homogeneous are undergoing rapid change with the influx of people from other parts of the world.

(iii) Migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community. In this sense, most countries of the world are multicultural and as much have social division.

If only rich people are able to contest elections. They will generate economic distortions in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful They tend to be corruptive and lower the quality of the Government services and infrastructure and increases budgetary pressure on Government. The rich enter politics mainly to amass and enhance their wealth.

Compared to the overlapping social difference cross-cutting social difference is easier to accommodate. It is easier because in this situation when the society is divided into two groups and both the group consisting of equal rich and poor persons. And none of the group would have suffered from the history of discrimination.

The following are the assembly constituencies in the Krishna district.

1. Tiruvuru 

2. Nuziveedu 

3. Gannavaram 

4. Gudivada

5. Kaikaluru 

6. Pedana 

7. Machilipatnam 

8. Avanigadda 

9. Pamarru 

10. Penamaluru 

11. Vijayawada – West 

12. Vijayawada – Central 

13. Vijayawada – East 

14. Mailavaram 

15. Nandigama 

16. Jaggayyapeta

Social differences are mainly influenced by the society which we live. But not all the social differences are accidental by birth. There are some people who make their choices on their own and these differences are based on their choice. People who do not believe in god or adopt other culture which he was not born on and these people are known as atheists.

Yes, I agree with this. Many parties which promised clean, free, and fair politics and which are assured to be uncorrupted were not able to get at least 5% of the total votes polled. Voting has today become a trade and ‘vote’ a tradable commodity. The contestants offer the most rewarding inducements to voters. People have been lured to caste their votes for mere a packet of liquor and a couple of hundred rupees. Sometimes the voters are lured with valuable rewards of Gold ornaments. Hence contesting elections re¬quires spending huge amounts of money.

The above statement is False. Reasons :

• Every candidate of a party or independent candidate has to be personally present to fill the nomination form. 
• It is necessary for him or her to give complete information in the nomination form as decided by the Election Commission. 
• The nomination forms are then scrutinized. If there are irregularities in a nomination paper and if the information is found to be false the nomination forms are rejected.

Therefore, it is not possible for every candidate who fills the nomination form to contest election.

Features of a homogeneous society:

(i) A society has similar kinds of people.

(ii) There are no significant ethnic differences.

Germany and Sweden have homogenous societies.

Migrants from different community and society bring their own culture. With their culture, they form a different social community. Migrants are people who move from one region to another in search of work and many other economic opportunities. This happens because the culture in different parts of the world is different, therefore the world is multi-cultural.

The Dalits are mostly poor, landless, they are recognized as a lower caste people in our society.

a. Pre-Independence and post-independence have a long history of discrimination done towards the Dalits; they are treated as untouchables.

b. They are considered to be so ‘impure’ that it is considered that their mere touch severely pollutes members of all other castes.

c. They are not allowed to enter in some of the temples by the priests.

d. Prohibited from eating with other members of other castes.

e. Prohibited from marrying other upper caste members.

f. Bonded labor.

g. Their occupation is decided by their caste.

h. Untouchability does not offer equal opportunity to these people and thus hinders the progress of society.

i. The untouchables are treated in an unfair manner, and many times their entry at certain places like temples, etc. are also denied.

j. Treating them in such a way is a disrespect towards the Constitution which focuses on communal harmony and brotherhood.
k. Example: The manual scavenging is done by only the lower caste people.

If I am elected, I promise you, the people of my constituency, that I will 

a) do my level best to increase the old age monthly pension from Rs. 200 to 500. 

b) make arrangements, to supply drinking water to the neck and corner of my constituency. 

c) Provide free education to all from KG to PG. 

d) Provide a free power supply to agriculture connections. I will make arrangements to provide a continuous 8 hours supply of power to the agricultural connections. 

e) Try to implement Rajiv Arogyasri efficiently to give medical aid to the poor and the needy.

A homogeneous society is one where people belongs to the same ethnicity, there are no differences as society has similar kind of people.

This type of society is rapidly changing because of the influx of migrants. The migrants are people who shift from their origin nation or region to other countries or different region of the same country, and this activity is mainly due to work or other economic opportunities.

As these Migrants are moving to different parts of the world, they introduce their own culture and customs to these nations.

1. The stories from Ramayana or Mahabharata narrated with the help of wooden puppets and paintings is known as Chitrakathi or Pinguli tradition.

2. It is preserved by the Thakur community. 

3. As the Chitrakathi pictures are drawn on papers and painted using col9urs made from natural substances, they deteriorate rapidly if not maintained. 

4. Therefore it is necessarý to preserve the tradition like Chitrakathi as it is part of our glorious cultural heritage and is on the verge of extinction.

• It is a natural instinct in humans to share their emotions, experience, wisdom acquired with others.
• This act of sharing, results in beautiful creation, called an ‘Art’.
• Art gives us an experience of different elements.
• These elements are expressed through sculpture, singing, painting and dance.
• The crucial factors which are at the root of artistic creation are the imagination power of the artist.
• The sensibility state of his emotions and skills.

The factors on which social differences are based are:

a. an accident of birth – the family, the community or to the community one is born into

b. Gender: male or female

c. Religion or caste

d. Race or creed

The Civil Rights Movement was the struggle by African-Americans in the 1950s and 1960s to achieve civil rights equal to those of Whites, including equal opportunity in employment, housing and education, as well as the right to vote, the right of equal access to public facilities, and the right to be free of racial discrimination. This movement sought to restore to African-Americans the right of citizenship guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.

The three important features of 'Civil Rights Movement’ of USA during 1954-1968 are

(i) The African- American ‘Civil Rights Movement’ encompasses social movements in the United States during 1954-1968, which aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.

(ii) This movement, led by Martin Luther
King Jr. practised non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.

(iii) The movement was characterised by major
campaigns of civil resistance. Acts of non-violent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities.

1. Hemadpanti temples were primarily built in 12th- 13th century. 

2. The main feature of this style is its masonry. The walls are built without mortar, by locking stones, using the tenon and mortise joints technique.

3. Hemadpanti temples are built in square shaped and star-shaped designs. In the star shaped plan, the outer walls of a temple has a zigzag design which gives interesting effect of alternating light and shadow. 

4. Tourists are attracted to see these beautiful designs. Hemadpanti temples are found at several places in Maharashtra.

• There is an independent market for purchase and sale of art objects.
• The authenticity of the object, its standards can only be assessed by an expert.
• Only an artist can know the exact value of an art object or ensure if it is genuine or not.
• So, when art objects are assessed all the above points are considered.
• This requires special expertise. Hence an expert with deep understanding of art history is required for this task.

Correct option: (c) Warli

Correct option: (d) Hindustani music and Carnatic music