Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

• The tradition of folk art dates back to the Stone Ages.
• The custom of making clay images for rituals has been prevalent in India since Harappcin times.
• It has continued even today in many regions of Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• During the festivals, Ganesh idols are made along with the masks of Goddess Gauri.
• Bull figurines are made for the festival of Bailpola.
• Wooden memorials, Veergals (memorial stones), the decorated clay storage bins, etc.
• Are examples of folk tradition of sculptural art.
• The sculptures made for religious and festival reasons became masterpieces of artists’ creation.

The 1968 Olympics was held in Mexico City.

Two players named Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their voice against discrimination towards blacks.

An Australian athlete named Peter Norman supported them by wearing a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony.

The civil rights movement in the USA was mainly aimed to abolish the racial discrimination that was practised against the African- Americans. This civil rights movement was led by the Martin Luther King Jr. This movement was non-violent and the methods used were civil disobedience for the racial discriminating laws and practices.

• Every artist has its own method of working which becomes his style.
• When this style is repeated by several artists over a prolonged period of time it becomes a tradition.
• This tradition is known as an art ‘style’.
• Such traditions are established in every art style. Various art styles are developed over the years in every culture.
• The specific art styles indicate the characteristic of a certain region and period.
• They help us to learn the history of arts of these civilizations.

• Art which is expressed within an established frame of consistent rules is known as classical art. The ancient Indian texts mentioned altogether 64 arts.
• The aft of painting is mentioned as alekhyam or alekhya vidya in these texts.
• This alekhya vidya has six main aspects of paintings (Shadange).
• They are shapes and forms (Roopbheda), expressions (Bhava).
• Proportionate depiction of various features of an image (Pramana).
• Aesthetics (Lavanyayojana), resemblance to reality (Sadrushyata) and colour composition (Varnikabhang).
• Agama text of Jainism and in Puranas various arts like painting, sculpting are explained in context of temple architecture.

• The Maratha style of paintings began to develop in the later half of the 17th century.
• This style consists of coloured paintings which are in form of murals and miniatures used in manuscripts.
• Murals of Maratha style can be seen at the entrance of old wadas, in drawing rooms and on the ceilings of the temples.
• The Maratha style was influenced by the Rajput and European style of paintings.
• The Maratha style of paintings helps us to understand various things about the times in which it was developed such as lifestyle, attires, customs, etc.

Correct option: (b) Exact portrayal of object

Correct option: (c) Natyashastra

Some differences are noted between Classical and Folk art. They are as follows: Classical Art Folk Art

• Rock paintings depict humans, animals, geometric figures, flora and fauna in various figures and also in colour.
• Natural colours in black and fed are used in them which are extracted from natural substances.
• The style of rock paintings seems to be changing according to the cultural changes from Stone Age to the beginning of agriculture.
• We get to know about ancient people, their natural surroundings and also the way they exploited available natural resources.

The development of folk styles of sculptural art led to the formation of rules for classical sculptural art and it evolved.

1. The folk style of sculpture-making began during the Harappan period. Seals, stones and bronze statues that were made, gives a testimony that the art of sculpture was known to the Indians. 

2. It is about 5000 years old or even older tradition. 

3. The tradition of the erected stupa started in the times of Ashoka. The stupa at Borobudur in Indonesia is the largest stupa in the world. 

4. Gandhara style of sculptural art came to being in the 2nd century B.C.E. and has Greek and Persian influences. 

5. During the Kushana reign, Mathura School of art evolved which was a blend of Gandhara School of Art and indigenous art. 

6. The rules of Indian iconography was laid during the rule of the Gupta empire. Thus, Indian sculptural tradition has developed into a rich classical sculptural art.

(i) Cultural unity; (ii) Religious equal

The two players Tommie Smith and John Carlos, these US athletes used the gesture with fists upraised and heads bowed. With these gestures, they intended to draw international attention towards the racial discrimination that is being practised in the US. This gesture symbolised the Black Power.

Division exists in the working of every democracy. Democracy involves competition in political parties. The competition among political parties tends to divide any society. If the society is existing with some sort of the social division, then the competition of the political parties will convert the social division into the political division. This conversion will lead to the disintegration of the country and society will face major conflicts and violence. 

This has happened in many countries and it is well visible in the happenings of Northern Ireland. The region of the United Kingdom that is Northern Netherland has advent many years of violence and ethno political conflict. The main reason for the conflict is the population of the Netherland is divided into two major sects of Christianity that are 53% of Protestants and 44% of Roman Catholics. The two groups had the difference in their opinions where the Catholics joined the nationalist party which demanded that Northern Ireland should be unified with the Republic of Ireland which is already a Catholic country. 

Whereas the Protestants were the unionist party which wanted to remain with the UK, the country which is already Protestants. This conflict between these two parties killed many of the militants and security forces. After the massive conflict, it was in 1998 that the UK government and Nationalist signed a peace treaty.

The political parties’ competition along with religious ethic division has led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries. Thus it is very much evident that mixing of the social division with the political parties competition will lead to major conflicts. 

The social divisions influence voting system in most countries. The people from one community mostly favour some party which concerns them more than others. In many countries, there are political parties that focal point only on one community, this type of parties are even evident in India where BJP which promotes the Hinduism. Yet all this does not lead to the disintegration of the country.

• Painting in a small size square is called Miniature painting.
• The miniature reached people through manuscripts. The earlier period of miniature painting shows the influence of Persian style.
• The Deccan miniature style was developed under the patronage of the Deccan Sultanate.
• Mughal miniature painting style of painting’ was developed during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar. ¡t shows a blend of Indian and Persian style.

Correct option: (a) Pandit Uday Shankar.

Correct option: (d) Kitab- e-Navras

Belgium, Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom.

Yugoslavia..........

a. The two players Tommie Smith and John Carlos, these US athletes used the gesture with fists upraised and heads bowed. With these gestures, they intended to draw international attention towards the racial discrimination that is being practised in the US. This gesture symbolised the Black Power. 

Even though Peter Norman was an Australian athlete he supported the two Americans who showed the gestures. He wanted to end up the racial discrimination and to establish universal peace, therefore he also joined the protest that was carried by the two Americans. He showed his support for the protest by wearing the human rights badge during the ceremony. 

b. The two players Tommie Smith and John Carlos, these US athletes used the gesture with fists upraised and heads bowed. With these gestures, they intended to draw international attention towards the racial discrimination that is being practised in the US. This gesture with a black glove and raised clenched fists symbolised the Black Power.

c. The racial discrimination that was being practised should not be practised again

• The discrimination through the social division will lead to more violence and more racism
• Humanity must be given the most important than any other discrimination.

Correct option: (a) Akbar

Martin Luther King Junior was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. This movement was started in 1954 and lasted till 1968.

Importance of Civil Rights Movement:

(i) It was a reform movement with the aim to abolish legal racial discrimination against African Americans.

(ii) It practised non-violent methods of civil disobedience. Against racially discriminatory laws and practices.

The descendants of Africa who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century.

1. The speech begins with a question that has no valid answer. And the speech ends with a paradox packed with sarcasm. 

2. The arguments are developed gradually and in a logical and powerful sequence. 

3. The language used is filled with emotions and rhetoric. 

4. A wide variety of sentences add force and interest to the argument.

5. A good number of mental images employed in the speech serve a very valuable purpose.

(a) Kyphosis 

(b) Lordosis 

(c) Scoliosis 

To draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States, the African American athletes performed following activities:

(i) They received their models wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.

(ii) When American national anthem was played, these two African-American athletes stood with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed.

(iii) The black gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black power.

(iv) Peter wore a human rights badge on his shirt to show his support.

To draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United States, the African American athletes performed following activities:

(i) They received their models wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.

(ii) When American national anthem was played, these two African-American athletes stood with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed.

(iii) The black gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolise Black power.

(iv) Peter wore a human rights badge on his shirt to show his support.

They could have opted to walk away with the greet and medal they received simply, but the two athletes showed the courage to represent the discrimination faced by the black community in their country.

They were criticized by their home state, their medals were taken back, but their action gained international attention towards the discrimination.

Later to honor this courage of the athletes, the San Jones State University installed a 20ft sculpture of Tommie Smith and John Carlos

Yes, the grandmother and Chief Seattle express the same feeling about nature. Good old people realise the value and the usefulness of nature. They go on wisely advising everyone to love and respect nature.

Ruskin Bond is a famous writer for children. He is fond of writing about the bond between nature and man. “Can’t Climb Trees Any More” is an example. A middle aged man looks at a house, the trees and flower plants in the yard from outside. A young girl of about 12 comes there and asks him what he is looking at. He replies that he is looking at the house. She very innocently asks him if he wants to buy that. He says they lived there twenty five years ago and he just felt like seeing their old house. The little girl invites him in. To prove that he is still young, he climbs the wall but gasps. With the help of the girl, he climbs down. They sit on a stone bench. The man recollects his childhood days. He recollects his grandmother’s words that trees would bless those living in their shade. He says that he used to store his treasures in a hole in the jackfruit branch. An Iron Cross is among his treasures. He says it must be still in the hole. The girl asks if he will check. He says he can’t climb trees any more. The girl climbs the tree, finds the cross and gives it to the man. But the man gives it back to the girl saying that he has come there not for his cross but for his youth. So saying he walks briskly remembering the young girl’s lively features!

The man’s grandmother used to say: A blessing rests on the house where the shadow of a tree falls! That means growing trees in our yards brings us a lot of good. Trees benefit man in many ways.

Regular activities improve the quality of life. Some of the reasons are: 

(a) Development of organic fitness: Activities lead to development of organic systems like respiration system, circulatory system. muscular and digestive systems. They lead to development of active nervous system.

(b) Improves mental wellness: Mental wellness includes good reaction, good thinking ability, sound working of mind and body, and away from stress, anxiety and anger. Physical activities increase flow of oxygen which directly affects the brain. The person becomes mentally strong and alert. 

(c) Reduced risk factors: Those individuals who regularly participate in activities have reduced health risk. Activities reduce the resting heart rate, making person's heart more fit. Activities regulate blood pressure, control cholestrol which reduces the risk of heart problems. Activities also control diabetes and improve overall health of an individual. 

(d) Reduces obesity: Obesity is a major problem nowadays. People eat unbalanced diet which cause them both physical and physiological problems. The best way to reduce obesity is by participating in games and sports or yoga or aerobics or any other form of fitness programme. At least health problems associated with obesity can be prevented. 

(e) Improved strength, speed and flexibility: A physically fit person can manage the routine work efficiently and without getting fatigued. He possesses a good amount of strength and flexibility to perform any kind of movement. He is active and can serve the community in a positive way.

(a) Knock Knees: When a person stands erect with his feet close together, then there should be a gap between the knees. If there is no gap, the knees touch or overlap. This deformity is called knock knees. This is caused due to the weakness of muscles and ligaments of the knee region. 

(b) Flat Foot: This refers to loss of arch in the foot which results in flattening of the arch. It is mainly caused by being overweight and prolonged standing. This does not interfere with normal functions of the foot. 

(c) Round Shoulders: If ears and shoulders are not in line, then an individual is likely to have round shoulders. The body leans forward, which creates round shoulders and shoulders look like round in shape. Sometimes, it is because of weakness in muscle or shortening of pectoral (Chest) muscles.

(d) Lordosis: Lordosis or hollow back is a common defect. This state may occur as a compensatory adjustment to the deviations in the spine above the lumber region. The long spinal muscles of the lower part of spine become shorter and the abdominal muscles become longer and thrust forward. 

(e) Kyphosis: It is an abnormal increase in flexion of the spine, i.e. outer curvature of spine with round shoulders, head dropping forward, resulting in a hump towards the back. It is mainly caused due to wrong habit of standing. 

(f) Bow Legs: This is a postural defect in which the lower long bones of the legs get bent. This can be easily noticed in adults and children. It results in unnatural gait leading to uneasiness in walking and running. It happens due to deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in bones. 

(g) Scoliosis: Scoliosis is a postural defect with exaggerated lateral curvature, i.e. sideward curvature or deviation of the spine with lower shoulder and hip higher on one side. The curve may be convex. It generally begins with a single C-curve.

The 1968 Olympics was held in Mexico City. Two players named Tommie Smith and John Carlos, an African American athletes, had won gold and bronze respectively in 200m race.

They raised their voice against racism and discrimination in the US, during the medal ceremony they stood with clenched fists upraised, head bowed wearing black socks and no shoes while the American anthem was played. Though both belonged to America yet, they were discriminated by their own country.

An Australian athlete named Peter Norman supported them by wearing a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support against discrimination.

The following actions were taken against the three Olympians, Carlos, Smith and Norman. 

• Carlos and Smith were held guilty of violating the spirit of the gamgs by making a political statement. 
• Their medals were taken back. 
• Norman too suffered for his action and was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic.

The International Olympic Association..

The 1968 Olympics was held in Mexico City. Two players named Tommie Smith and John Carlos, an African American athletes had won gold and bronze respectively in 200m race. They raised their voice against racism and discrimination in the US, during the medal ceremony they stood with clenched fists upraised, head bowed wearing black socks and no shoes while the American anthem was played.

To honor this courage of the athletes the San Jones State University installed a 20ft sculpture of Tommie Smith and John Carlos.

Words that show the character stics of youth are: ‘climbing over the wall’, ‘music of a piano’, ‘climbing the jackfruit tree, ‘marbles I had won’, ‘sprang up and ran’, ‘sprightliness in his step’, etc.

Tommie Smith and John Carlos received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty.

In 2005, the San Jose State University installed a 20 - foot high sculpture representing the protest by Tommie Smith and John Carlos.

(i) The International Olympics Committee took back the medals of Carlos and Smith.

(ii) There was a severe criticism of Carlos and Smith in the USA.

(iii) Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympics.

(i) The International Olympics Committee took back the medals of Carlos and Smith.

(ii) There was a severe criticism of Carlos and Smith in the USA.

(iii) Norman was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympics.

Northern Ireland is a Christian country but divided into Catholics and Protestants. The Catholics have a history of racial and social discrimination, they have been poorer compared to the Protestants.

Northern Ireland had Catholics in the minority, the region was and continues to be an ethnically heterogeneous society.

Apart from this heterogeneity, inequality with the Catholic community also exists, they suffer disadvantage relative to the Protestants.

The overlapping of social differences creates social divisions and tensions. When the differences in society overlap each other, it gives rise to social division.

Example: In US the blacks were usually poor, homeless hence were discriminated by the White Americans. This created social division.

In India, the Dalits were treated as Untouchables because they were born lower caste compared to rest. They were poor, had no homes, were not allowed to perform decent work. This created a social division in the society, which deep-rooted and India is still struggling to overcome this division.

It is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland from premature menopause. It is defined as absense of menses for three months in women with previously normal menstraution. We can say that the menstrual cycle ceases.

(a ) Don't play, it will make them less feminine. 

(b) Family responsibilities. 

(c) Lower income families have constraints of home making and child rearing.

Four ways to enhance women participation. 

(a) Do not treat them as low profile. Popularity of sports in community is bound to promote women programmes of sports. 

(b) Provide the encouragement at primary level. 

(c) Provide good infrastructure and facilities. 

(d) Make them feel safe and secure by giving incentives.

Psychological aspects of women athlete include:

(a) Higher self-esteem. 

(b) Better body image. 

(c) Enhanced sense of competence and control. 

(d) Reduced stress and depression.

Studies have shown that 4 days before and 4 days after menstruation there is a lowering of Physical ability. It is advised to record the date as there is increase in aggression which occurs due to premenstrual tension. A rise in weight occurs in some women at ovulation. They may reflect poor performance. Those who are active by engaging in sports have significantly less premenstrual tension and headache.

The 1968 Olympics was held in Mexico City. Two players named Tommie Smith and John Carlos, an African American athlete had won gold and bronze respectively in 200 m race. They raised their voice against racism and discrimination in the US, during the medal ceremony they stood with clenched fists upraised, head bowed wearing black socks and no shoes while the American anthem was played.

They represented themselves on behalf of that population which were discriminated in the United States on the basis of creed and color.