Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

1. The doubling of people’s life-expectation and lessening the infant mortality in developing countries. 

2. Extensive spread of adult suffrage.

1. Technology 

2. Change in people’s thinking.

Main consequences of globalization: 

Main consequences of globalization are as follows : 

1. Flow of goods, capital, people, knowledge, information, arms, crime, fashion, beliefs etc has become very fast. From one country to the other, they reach fastly. 

2. Globalization has begun a global system with a global culture. Globalization has influenced every part of life. 

3. Globalization encourages mass movement and migration as a process, the most impact of which is seen on the elderly people.

4. Globalization has given birth to the refuge problem in Europe and other states. 

5. Many critics believe that globalization is meant only for the interests of corporate sector and entrepreneurs. It has nothing to do for the poor. Free and market oriented economy of globalization has not fulfilled world’s expectations. 

The institutions influenced by globalization, ignoring the interests of poor countries, workers and the natural environment, have fulfilled the intersects of corporate world only.

Good faith with neighbouring countries and friendly relations with all nations.

It is called Yarlung Tsangpo.

The most complicated problem between India and Pakistan is Kashmir problem.

1. Hyderabad dispute, 

2. Junagarh dispute, 

3. Question of loan payment, 

4. River water dispute, 

5. Question of refugees, 

6. Occupation of Kashmir.

Madheshi Movement is associated with Nepal.

Economic effects of globalization : 

The economic aspect of globalization is very significant because economy was the base of the concept of globalization. Due to economic globalization, economic flow has become rapid among the countries of the world. Due to globalization flow of goods, capital, ideas, people etc from one country to the other has became easy.

Services related to internet and computer have been extended.Due to globalization, various countries of the world have adopted similar economic policies. Though the supporters of globalization believe that it has benefitted most of the people of the world. Living standard of people has improved, happiness has increased. But the critics believe that globalization has benefitted only a small group of people.

Due to globalization, the concept of the national state has been transformed. Due to establishment of multinational companies across the world, autonomy of states is affected. Though in the world politics, national state is still important. It’s true that globalization is weakening the national states, but there is no possibility that the national states will be ended. The international organizations are established to solve the global problems. These organisations are based on the partnership and participation of the national states. And these organisations respect the fundamental principles of national sovereignty.

Globalization has different effects on different countries. Economy of some countries is increasing at a rapid pace. Some countries have became financially backward. The establishment of justice is still in crisis. It weakens the society due to removal of protection of the government for the weaker sections. They are facing losses instead of profit.

In the era of globalization, some intellectuals are talking of social security cover for the backward people. Some people are condemning globalization as a new form of colonialism, while the supporters of globalization believe that globalization increases development and prosperity. Due to openness, prosperity of common men increases. Every country gets benefits from globalization.

Though globalization has been criticised by some people but it certainly has its positive effects too. 

These positive effects can’t be denied. These are :

1. It has doubled life expectancy of people in developing countries and lessened the infant mortality rate. 

2. Extension of adult suffrage. 

3. Providing nutritious food for people. 

4. Providing electricity, cars, radio, televisions, telephones, mobile phones etc. per person. 

5. Providing clean water. 

6. The unprecedented improvement in each sector. 

7. Making life happier.

8. Reduction in child labour.

Meaning of Cold War :

Cold war is a state of geopolitical tension between two or more Countries, but war doesn’t take place. After the IInd world war, the same tension occurred between the Untied States of America, and the Soviet Union. This is known as the cold war. 

Impact of cold war on international politics : Due to cold war, the world got divided into two groups. One group of countries was led by capitalist the United States of America, while the other group was led by communist and socialist the Soviet Union. The countries of both the groups had to compromise with their independent foreign policies. The countries which didn’t belong to any of the group, were pressurized by both the super powers to become the part of their groups. During the cold war, competition for arms also increased and it caused fear of atomic war too.

Cold war was a state of geopolitical tension after the IInd world war between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. War didn’t take place between these countries but the possibility of War continued.

The Soviet Union was divided in 1991.

(d) All the above

1. CNN (The United States of America)

2. BBC (British) 

3. Al jazeera (Doha, Qatar)

These days the Chinese products are available in most of the countries because in China labour cost is low. So these products win the markets of other countries.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the foreign minister of contemporary India called his Chinese Visit ‘Tohi Mission’ in February 12, 1979.

On October 20, 1962.

Dalai Lama took shelter in India in 1959.

Following are the targets : 

1. To save the world from the war. 

2. To establish fundamental rights of men, equal rights to women and big and small countries. 

3. To show respect and justice to the treaties inked between nations. 

4. Social progress to all and providing better life standard to people.

Seeing the dangerous situation after world war-II (1939-45), each person of each part of the world thought that if one more such war was fought, the whole world and mankind will be destroyed. So, for international peace, efforts were made for the foundation of such an organization which could be given importance by all countries of the world. Thus, on October 24, 1945, UNO was founded. There were 51 members in its beginning. At present, 193 nations are its members. In 2016, ‘Montenegro’ became its 193rd member.

1. Iran problem 

2. Congo crisis

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

After the IInd World War, the world was divided into two groups on the basis of ideology. These ideologies were capitalist ideology, and communist ideology.

It was founded on January 01, 1995.

After the IInd World War, the world was divided into two groups. The first group of countries was supporting capitalism, privatisation and liberalization under the leadership of the United States. The second group of countries was the supporter of communist and socialist ideology under the leadership of the Soviet Union.

Economic effects of globalization : 

The economic effects of globalization are as follows :

1. The highest impact of globalization lies on the world economy. Western capitalist countries are trying to find markets for their products in Asia and Africa. 

2. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the WTO are playing an active role in determining economic policies in the world. Now other groups, institutions such as multinational corporations are also playing their role with these international organizations. Earlier this was done mainly by international organizations. 

3. Due to globalization the economic flow has become fast among the countries of the world. This flow can be both voluntary or imposed. 

4. Countries have relaxed their import restrictions. For example, capitalist countries are investing in other countries where they can earn profit. 

5. In comparison to the flow of good and capital, transmigration of people is still limited because some countries are not ready to relax their visa policy. 

6. Due to globalization, different countries adopted trade and capital investment policies (economic policies) at the same time, but it has different effects in different countries. 

7. The states have been reducing their responsibilities. It has encouraged privatization and liberalization. And in the field of social and economic justice, role of the states has decreased. 

8. In economic field, interdependence among countries has increased. 

9. Globalization has brought communication revolution in the world. Now the impact of national borders has come to an end. Internet and computer related services such as banking, online shopping, commercial transactions etc have become very easy.

Impact of globalization on India : 

Globalization was started in India in July 1991 by the then Prime Minister, P.V. Narsimha Rao. India adopted new economic policy in 1991 and became the part of globalization and liberalization.

In 1992, the Rupee was made fully transferable, and steps were taken to reform the capital market and financial policy. Importexport policy has been amended. The restrictions have been removed. India signed an international agreement on Dec. 30, 1994. On January 01, 1995 World Trade Organization was established, India signed it and became its member. After signing the agreement India started eliminating many rules and formalities which had been a hindrance in the economic growth for years.

Globalization has provided many options to Indian products and services. And Indian customers get products of high quality at low price. Customers get goods and services of international standard. Due to globalization foreign investments in India have increased which have increased production and employment opportunities in India.

Positive effects :

• Public Support : 

Instead of council of a party, the council of coalition supports the opinion of the Council of Ministers. The higher the number of parties involved in the coalition, the equalization of the people gets the support of the government. 

• Avoiding Extremist View Point : 

The politics of coalition can prevent extremist ideologies, as any of the constituent parties can try to block its approach. No party in coalition can impose only its policy and principles because other parties in the coalition can oppose this. 

• Creating Strong Opposition : 

One benefit of coalition politics is also that one political party cannot resist such a strong opposition of the ruling party which can be done by alliances of several parties. When UPA was the coalition government then the NDA coalition was effectively able to oppose of the government. 

• Governance is not autocratic : 

The Prime Minister does not dominate the coalition council as powerfully as when one party is in the government. The council of Minister has to work on the basis of a minimum common programme. The council of Ministers cannot work arbitrarily. The Prime Minister has to keep in mind the principles of the policies of all the parties involved in the coalition. 

• The contribution of qualified people of the country : 

In a single-party government, people from the same party hold all portfolios, there is no contribution from the people of the other parties. In the event of coalition, the eligible people of all the parties involved in the coalition are taken in the council of Ministers. The advantage of the contribution of the senior and qualified people of all the parties is received by the country. By an increased scope of the formation of the council of Ministers, the more qualified people join the council of Minister.

(d) All the above

Like the dispute regarding the form of Indian political system, these has been more dispute regarding its federal form and this dispute has been continuing since 1950. The main point of the dispute is whether it is federal or not. K.C. Wheare, constitutional expert has been considered as the father of this dispute. It is because he called, “Indian federalism is Quasi-federal.” The aspects which have emerged about it, can be divided into two categories :

1. Legal and institutional aspect. 

2. Practical aspect. 

Our constitution is federal, though there may be difference of opinion regarding the extent of federalism. Just as K.C. Wheare considered it “Quasi-federal”. Granville Austin has called it, “A cooperative federalism”. Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar himself refused to consider it a strictly federal structure. Morris Jones considered it a “federalism of bargain.” But it is true that Indian federalism is not pure federalism in principle, and within different distinguished pluralistic forces, it has been vested with the unitary powers. The centre has been made powerful. In all the areas like Legislative, Executive,Judiciary, and Emergency, the centre has been provided with the final and decisive role.

Practical Aspect : 

Practical aspect has rapidly taken the place of the traditional aspect. The main concern of the experts belonging to the practical aspect, has become the study of power: relations between the centre and the states. These experts study federalism keeping in mind its practical aspect. Morris Jones and Ashok Chanda, etc. have done practical study of Indian federal system specifically in the context of planning. Their opinion is that as a result of planning, in India not only its federal system has come to an end but also its parliamentary system seems to have disappeared. Hence, the outlook of the constitution makers was certainly to establish a federal structure but it also has to be accepted that the constitution also has strong unitary features.

Having a government divided into different levels and distribution of governmental power is known as federalism.

Man Mohan Singh.

Three main streams or alliances are there at present: 

• National Democratic Alliance : 

BJP and 13 others included in alliance, including Akali Dal, Shiv Sena, Lokjan Shakti Party, Telegu Desam, ILSP and P.M.K. 

• UPA : 

Congress party is main in it. With it the other political parties are Rastriya Congress Dal, Rashtriya Janta Dal, J.M.M. and Kerala Congress etc. 

• Left political parties : 

The Third alliance is of left parties whose region was in West Bengal and Kerala. At present its rule in West Bengal is no more. 

• Other Political Parties : 

These are the parties which are not included in these three alliances, such as Anna Dramuk, Trinmul Congress, Biju Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Aam Admi Party, Janta Dal Secular, etc.

Coalition government was formed under the leadership of B J.P. leader Late Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Bhartiya Janata Party.

There are 3 main streams of political parties in India.

(c) Multi party

Following are the three characteristics of Indian affiance politics : 

• Single party remains chief in alliance : 

Whatever alliances are made in Indian politics, one party remains main in them. The effect of allies depends on the number of MPs of main party and those of allies. If a coalition partner separates from ruling coalition even then there is no effect on coalition. 

• Defection Trend : 

Due to coalition government the tendency of ‘Aaya Ram Gaya Ram’ is seen in Indian politics. This causes danger to stability of government. 

• Politics of Pressure : 

The political parties included in coalition apply pressure on P.M. for their political interests. For example, Trinmul leader Mamta Banneiji compelled U.P.A. government to change the railway minister and to take back the increased railway fare.

Advantages of alliance politics : 

• The government does not become autocratic : 

The Prime Minister has no such power on alliance cabinet as he has on single party. The cabinet has to work on minimum common programme and cabinet cannot work according to a single agenda. Policy and principles of all parties included in alliance have to be kept in mind. 

• Avoiding extremist view point : 

By affiance, there can be no politics of extremist outlook. The government of a single party can try to impose its view points. In alliance any part cannot impose its policies and principles because other parties included in affiance can oppose this.

Congress Party.

National Democratic Alliance.

No one got majority in 12th Lok Sabha, N.D.A. was formed in the leadership of B J.P.

Double subscription issue.

Dr. Manmohan Singh.

Late Shri Atal Bihar Vajpai.

Because without any alternative, the opposition has dropped the government, but could not form the government itself due to lack of harmony.

Fall of N.D.A. government in April 1999 by just one vote.