Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. Physical geography 

2. Human geography.

Cartography, Statistics, Mathematical Geography, Behavioral Geography and Remote Sensing and GIS are procedures used in each branch and sub – branch of geography.

Economic geography, agricultural geography, resource geography, industrial geography and population geography are the main five sub – divisions of human geography.

Physical geography is a major branch of geography. Due to the continuous development of this branch, the following sub – sections have been developed: Geodesy, Geophysics, Astronomical Geography, Geo – morphology, Climatology, Oceanography, Hydrology, Glacial Science, Soil Science, Biological Science, Medical Geography, Ecology and Cartography, etc.

सही विकल्प है (क) बमों का विस्फोट

Scope and subject matter of physical geography: Earth’s surface is the focus point of the study of physical geography. Knowledge of physical geography is essential for the study of any branch of geography – not only from the physical environment point of view, but also every human activity and all components of the earth do not remain untouched by physical geography.

Air, water and land, all the three parts of physical elements are included and all these three are related to each other. The main attribute of the physical environment is change. Therefore, with the knowledge of the distribution of physical circumstances, the study of variability is also included in physical geography. By the interplay of this variability, different physical conditions arise. In the scope of physical geography, 

The following four parts are included mainly:

1. Lithosphere 

2. Hydrosphere 

3. Atmosphere 

4. Biosphere

The study of the phenomena active in these spheres and responsible factors for them is included in the main subject matter of physical geography. Interactive relationship is found in all these components of physical geography. Interaction of components of physical geography. 

The format of these components is briefly described as follows:

1. Lithosphere: All site segments and their various forms located on the earth’s surface are mainly studied under the lithosphere. Structural studies are done in the form of morphology on the lithosphere. 

2. Atmosphere: The gaseous converting spread around us is called atmosphere. It involves studying a variety of seasonal and climate – related conditions. Special study of atmospheric conditions is the subject matter of the atmosphere. 

3. Hydrosphere: The events and their causes related to the huge water extent found on approximately 71% of the earth’s surface are logically analyzed in the hydrosphere. Studies on the changes in sea and ocean water have been included under hydrosphere. 

4. Biosphere: All the facts related to the living organisms living on the land, the air and the water and all the facts related to them are studied in the biosphere. It studies about the conditions of the biological world. 

The scope and content of physical geography is depicted through the following illustration:

It is clear from the above picture that the scope and subject matter of physical geography is very comprehensive. This reflects the comprehensive and composite nature of this subject.

According to Borges, metaphors exist since the beginning of time.

Luis Borges was educated in his father’s library.

• Borges considers
• Time and a river
• life and dreams
• death and sleep
• stars and eyes, and
• flowers and women as metaphors essential in literature.

Borges endorses the idea of Bernard Shaw expressed in the statement, “Every book worth being re-read has been written by the spirit”. In this context, Borges opines that a book goes beyond its author’s intention. He opines that in ever ‘-ook there appears to be a need for something more, which is mysterious. He then says that when we read an ancient book we feel as though we are reading all time that has passed from the day it was written to our present-day because the book always retains something sacred, something mortal and something magical which brings happiness.

If books disappear, surely history would disappear and along with that men would disappear.

(b)    sight.

The Royal Library of Alexandria in Egypt.

Borges dreamed of the burning of a great library.

‘Count your blessings’.

Borges continued to buy books and went on filling his house with books, even after becoming blind.

Borges prefers to believe that he is not blind because he wants to accept his blindness as a way of life and enjoy it.

(c) Economics

(a) Psychology

It is true that Political Science is related to all those sciences which are related to men in an organised society. Man is a rational and social animal. Human life has many aspects like – Political, social, economic cultural, moral, psychological, etc.

Political life is just one aspect of social life of man. Various subjects have been developed to study various aspects of human life. As Political Science studies political aspect, economic aspect, social aspect and traditions, History studies past life and Ethics studies how to make human life better.

All these subjects are inter – related, in spite of being independent subjects. They cannot be separated. All subjects including natural sciences are benefited by each other’s knowledge. No subject is self-dependent. All are inter – dependent. So, it becomes compulsory to study all the subjects for proper understanding of any one subject. Political Science is included in social sciences. Inter-relationship of Political Science with other subjects has been common since ancient times.

One of the main features of Political Science is that it has a deep relationship with all other social sciences. We all live in an organised society. So, Political Science is related to all those sciences which are related to men in the society. History provides such a collection of past events and facts which helps Political Science to frame its principles. Economic activities under Economics has always played an important role in the size and development of the state. Even today, economic activities are helpful in political development.

Ethics helps Political Science in achieving its goals. Broad and wide aspect of Ethics is Political. Psychology provides a basis to understand the state and its institutions completely. Psychological methods are increasingly being used in political research. Due to increasing effect of Geography in Political Science, a new subject has been developed which studies the political effect of geographical conditions.

Calculation Science is also closely related to Political Science. Facts obtained by Political Science are presented through calculation. Today, the evolution of subjects like Political History, Political Sociology, Political Economics etc. is a proof that Political Science is closely related to other social sciences.

This is Seeley.

Relationship of Political Science and Economics can be explained as under: 

Contribution of Economics to Political Science: 

1. Role of Economic Activities in rise and development of state: 

Economic activities have always an important role in origin and development of state, and at present also, they are playing the role of a helper in the development of political institutions.

2. Effect of Economic situations on the activities of the state: 

Economic situations always affect the activities of the state and its policies. 

3. Revolutions and movements have an economic background: 

Economic resentment gives rise to revolutions, movements or rebellions in any society or country. The main reasons of the French and Russian Revolutions were economic resentment and contemporary economic corruption respectively. 

Contribution of Political Science to Economics:

1. Nature of Economy depends on policies of state: 

Policies of state decide the economy of any society. The quality of governance definitely affects the economic development of a society. 

2. Production and Distribution of Goods Depend on form of Government: 

Production of goods and distribution depend on the form of government. In communist states, government has full control over the means of production and distribution, whereas in capitalist states, means of production and distribution are under the personal control of the individuals, not under the control of the state. 

3. Reason and Solution of Economic Problems Depend on State: 

Reason and solution of economical problems depend of the policies of the state. These are solved by reasonable and logical government policies, whereas unreasonable policies can increase the level of such problems. 

4. Relation of Sociology and Political Science: 

There is a deep relationship between Political Science and Sociology because state is a socio – political institution. Sociology studies all the subjects related to society. Political Science is related to the political aspect of social life. 

5. Contribution of Sociology to Political Science: 

Sociology is a basis of Political Science like other social sciences. Sociology has helped a lot in the study of Political Science in understanding the rise, development and organisation of state, and as such, political behaviour is given more importance than political institutions in the study of Political Science. 

6. Contribution of Sociology to Political Science: 

Sociology also studies the origin and development of society as well as the state, which helps political science. Hence, both economics and Sociology are very closely related to Political Science.

Relationship of Political. Science with Ethics: 

There is a close relationship between Political Science and Ethics. Ethics discusses the right and wrong and propounds the rules regarding morality and the behaviour.

Contribution of Ethics to Political Science: 

1. Help to achieve goals of the state: 

Only that country can develop up to the highest level whose citizens behave morally. Aim of every state is to prepare more and more ideal citizens. State can achieve its ultimate aim only through ethics. 

2. Moral assumptions are the basis of laws: 

The laws which are made by the state are based on prevailing moral beliefs. State cannot practically execute such laws which do not have moral base. Gettel has rightly said that, “When moral beliefs become permanent and prevailing, they become law.”

Contribution of Political Science to Ethics: 

1. State creates circumstance for moral life: 

Moral development of man is impossible without the help of the state. State maintains peace and decorum, saves the society from external attacks and internal enemies. 

2. Execution off Moral Values by State: 

Every society has some wrong traditions in the form of moral values, which obstruct the development of the society. State eliminates such unrealistic moral beliefs and establishes logical moral values with the help of laws. Relation of Political Science to Psychology Psychology is study of human behaviour under different circumstances and Political Science cannot be studied properly without understanding human behaviour and nature.

Contribution of Psychology to Political Science: 

1. Psychology is a basis of Political Science:

Psychology provides a basis to Political Science to understand completely the state and its institutions. 

2. Use of Psychological Methods in Political Research: 

Considering and accepting the usefulness of psychological facts in Politics, modern political thinkers have started emphasizing the use of psychological study methods. 

3. Psychological knowledge is necessary for protection from revolutions: 

When policies of government are made according to psychology of general public, there are minimum chances of public resentment and revolt.

Contribution of Political Science to Psychology: 

1. Providing Study material to Psychology: 

Political Science provides study material to psychology, helping it to collect facts related to political behaviour of man. 

2. Affecting the Social Psychology: 

Political Science also affects the psychology of the society through governance methods and political philosophies. Thus, it can be said that Political Science, Ethics and Psychology are closely inter – related.

Relationship of Political Science and History: 

Political Science and History are closely inter – related. Political Science studies the past, present and future of the state. History studies the past of the whole human civilization and also the past of the state. Explaining the deep relationship of History and Political Science, John Seeley has said, “History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no roots.” History and Political Science both are inter – dependent. Both are complementary to each other. Study of one becomes insignificant and useless without the inclusion of the other.

Contribution of History to Political Science: 

1. Study of Political Science is dependent on History:

Study of Political Science is dependent on history. History provides study material to Political Science. It is compulsory to know about the historical background of any era to understand the political thinking of that period.

2. History is helpful for Principle – formation in Political Science:

History is such a collection of events and facts that helps Political Science in forming principles and ideologies. Gettel has rightly said, “Political institutions can be understood only in their historical background.”

3. History: 

Laboratory and Guide of Political Science: History is considered as the laboratory and guide of Political Science. Knowledge of policies of the past, their consequences and alternative policies can be obtained only from History. In Political Science, such events are called ‘Experiments’ and History is the ‘Laboratory’. Experiments of the past are helpful in solving the problems of the present and making the future beautiful,

Contribution of Political Science to History As Political Science receives a lot from History, History also gets much from Political Science.

For Example:

1. Political Science Provides an Approach to History:

Political Science provides an approach to History. History gets an approach from Political Science to understand the events and explain them because Political Science helps History to understand the historical facts. 

2. Political Science Makes Study of History Succinct: 

Political Science makes the study of History succinct. Political events create history. If political movements, events and ideologies are not analysed properly, then study of History proves to be useless. 

3. Political ideologies create history: 

Political approaches, political philosophy and values create History. Policy of liberal democracy these days is giving way to many new events in many countries. Thus, it can be said that History and Political Science are complementary and inter – related to each other.

(c) Church (Religion)

• Psychology provides a basis to understand state and its institutions.
• Political Science provides study material to Psychology related to political activities.

Relation of Political Science with Philosophy: 

Political life and political world being studied under Political Science are a part of that world whose nature and search of its basis are subject of philosophy.

The close relation between Political Science and Philosophy is studied under the following points:

1. Similarity of Purpose:

Purposes of Political Science and Philosophy seem to be similar. Purpose of Political Science is to search about the base and nature of political life and purpose of Philosophy is to search what is the universe, what is the world, and what is there in the root of all these.

2. Similarity of nature of Study:

Political Science gives emphasis on theoretical study along with the study of behavioural Politics. Study of political concepts and thought like origin of state, purpose of state, liberty, equality, law, sovereignty, etc. have an important place in study of Political Science.Philosophy is also a subject of theoretical and intellectual study.

3. Similarity in study Methods:

Political Science has mainly two study methods:

• Experiential scientific method,
• Philosophical method. Study method of Philosophy is also philosophical.

4. Relation of Geography with Political Science:

Political Science performs the study of the state. Fixed area is considered an important element of state. Land is studied under Geography. Geography is related to earth, its size, minerals, weather, climate, etc. Geographical situation and conditions affect the politics of a country.

So, a close relationship between Political Science and Geography is natural,

which can be explained as follows:

1. Geographical elements like – Land, climate, flora and fauna, sea coast, rivers, mountains etc. leave a permanent impact on the political history and culture of a country. 

2. Geographical knowledge is a must to understand the political circumstances, political problems and life of the society of a country.

3. Geography affects both the home policy and foreign policy of a country.

4. Modern Political thinkers have accepted the effect of Geography on Politics studies the political effects of Geographical elements. 

5. Political also effects Geography. Scientific and technical development, unreasonable use of natural resources have given rise to many environmental and climatic problems. Political decisions related to loss of Ozone layer, Greenhouse effect etc. also affect the geographical conditions. Political decisions like Division of India and Pakistan also affect Geography. To sum up, it can be said that Political Science has deep relationship with both Philosophy and Geography.

Contribution of Political Science to Sociology: 

Political Science is related to political aspect of social life. Indeed, Political Science is a part of Sociology. It also helps Sociology. It provides those facts to Sociology which helps Sociology to study effectively the political life of society.

Sociology gets knowledge of the origin, development and activities of the state through Political Science. In other words, Political Science provides study material to Sociology. Sociology studies the origin and development of the society based on the studies of the origin of state, development and its effect on the society.

• Policies of state determine the economic structure and its organised nature.
• Economic activities always have an important role in the origin and development of state.

Political Science provides opinion or point of view to History. It makes the study of History succinct. Political events create history.

History is helpful in framing principles and ideals of Political Science. It serves as a laboratory and guide of Political Science.

Political Science provides those facts to Sociology which help to study effectively about political life of a society. Sociology gets knowledge about origin, organisation and works of the state only through Political Science.

Contribution of Sociology to Political Science: 

Sociology is a general and basic Social science which studies the basic facts of social life. It studies all the social, legal, political, religious and economic relations of human life. 

Contribution of Sociology to Political Science can be studied under the following points:

1. Basis of Political Science: 

Study of Sociology is very wide. It studies all the social relations of man. Political Science studies the structure of state which is basically a part of social structure. Social institutions existed even before the state. So, knowledge of state and political development can be obtained through the knowledge of social development.

2. Help in study of Political Science: 

Sociology helps a lot in study of Political Science in understanding the origin, development and organization of the state. Such is the effect of Sociology that study of political behaviour is being emphasized in Political Science instead of political institutions.

• Political Science studies the political life, whereas philosophy studies the whole universe and regulatary factors of universe. 
•  Political Science is related to the visible and concrete, but philosophy is related to the invisible and abstract.

His mother enormously fancied the thrill of throwing a shoe through a glass window of her neighbour. She is a highly excitable woman.

No, the policemen were not willing to leave without getting their hand on somebody besides grandfather.

Herman and the author slammed the doors because they thought that someone was coming up their stairs. They were scared as they heard the steps of someone.

The narrator’s neighbors were a retired engraver named Bodwell and his wife.

The author had just stepped out of the bathtub, when he heard the noise.

The brothers heard like a man running and started up the stairs towards them. They thought that they were coming two at a time. They saw nothing, but only heard the steps.

The zither-cop was shot at by the grandfather because he was the first to go up the stairs when they heard the sound of a creaking in the attic caused by the grandfather turning in the bed.

Herman is the brother of the narrator, James Thurber. He generally sleeps uneasily, always fearful that something might come and “get him” in the night. When the narrator wakes him and he hears the sounds in the dining room, he runs back into his room and slams the door showing what a timid boy he can be.

At first, he thought it was his father or his brother Roy. Next, he suspected that it was a burglar. Later on, he thought that it was a ghost.

1. He should have politely refused stating it was a business trip.

2. The writer should not have felt guilty since he was busy.

3. He should have stopped being courteous and proceeded to the airport with others.

4. When he couldn’t find the shop with ties he was looking for, he should have not searched for it in other shops.

5. The writer should have kept the paper bag inside his suitcase as soon as he got into the taxi.

Juanito is the caretaker of Gonzalo in the play.

Yes. I think Dona Laura is an effective narrator because when Don Gonzalo asks her what she wishes to tell him Dona Laura tells him clearly that he had scared away the birds which were feeding on her crumbs.

Petra is the name of Laura’s maid.

Yes. Dona Laura was a regular visitor to the park. As soon as she enters the park she says that she is happy to be there that morning. She says that she had feared that her seat would be occupied.

(c) a pinch of snuff.