Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(C) Portuguese

A) The emperor Bao – Bai

D) To develop extensive trade opportunities.

The Non-Cooperation programme was adopted in the Congress session at Nagpur

C) i – b, ii – c, iii – a, iv – d

Divine theory helped in maintaining peace and harmony in the early society by removing chaos and unrest.

 (d) Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh 

Correct option is C) 1885

Monarchy form of government is considered the best by divine origin theory.

Main Elements / Assumptions of Divine Origin Theor: 

1. State is a divine organisation created by God. State is neither self – developed nor man – made. 

2. King is the representative of God. He is endowed with heavenly virtues and his powers are given by God. 

3. Power of the king is unlimited. Public has no right against him and public cannot rise in rebellion against him. 

4. The king is responsible to the God, not to the public. As of God, the orders of king are highest, supreme, just and right. 

5. To obey the king is public’s duty. To disobey the king is a religious sin. 

6. Orders of king is law and his deeds are always just and kind. 

7. Royal power is inherited. The king’s son is his heir. 

8. King is not under any law. He makes laws, laws do not make him.

d. Hegemonic position is fixed. Once a hegemon, always a hegemon.

Divine theory of origin of state considers king as the representative of God.

Theory of Divine origin of state.

d. The U.S led coalition did not face major resistance from Iraqi forces.

Gender diversity is linked to the notion of ‘gender’ (a social construct), which in turn is related to concepts such as gender binary, gender expression, sexuality, and sexual orientation. Gender includes diversities that go beyond gender binaries of female-male, feminine-masculine, her- his, etc. Today, our understanding of gender diversity also includes the sexual orientation of people. 

The acronym ‘LGBT’, Lesbian: Female-Female relationship, Gay: Male-Male relationship Bisexual: People who are attracted to two sexes (namely, Female and Male) Transgender: A person whose biological sex does not match one’s psychological sense of self emphasize the diversity of sexuality and gender identity. 

There are individuals, groups, and societies that have challenged the notion of a binary and thus are more inclusive of sexual and gender pluralities. Most of us are coerced into conformity to follow the expectations of gender-linked to one’s sex known as gender expression linked to gender socialization also leads to diversity.

Today, societies are gradually opening up to understanding and accepting gender fluidity i.e. understanding that gender is not limited to binary and not necessarily tied to physical appearance or characteristics. One’s sexuality and helps us to understand the sexual orientation of a person is not a preference. Historic judgment of the Supreme Court of India on 6th September 2018 decriminalized homosexuality. The Government of India has also recognized transgender people and their rights.

Awareness about and sensitivity to diversities based on gender will help:

• dispel ignorance and myths 
• related to gender restore dignity to people with different gender identities 
• eradicate hate, violence prejudice, and discrimination towards gender nonconforming individuals 
• promote equality and justice as enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

At the root of all the co-existing diversities, there exists an underlying unity. This has created a composite culture decisively panIndian in nature. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths. India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems

Following are the unifying factors in India: Geographical unity: one would find unity in the agrarian cycles such as the sowing season and the harvest season. Sharing of natural resources gives people a sense of oneness. Festivals such as Onam in Kerala, Makar Sankrant in Western and South India, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Baisakhi in Punjab, and Bihu in Assam revolve around the harvest season.

Religious Unity: Although various religious groups in India present external differences, there are some commonly shared elements. India is a land of diverse religious faiths. Religious unity in India finds its expression through places of worship scattered all over the country.

Political Unity: National unity and integrity have been maintained even though sharp economic and social inequalities have obstructed the emergence of an egalitarian society. The Five-Year Plans and several developmental schemes were geared towards uplifting the poor and weaker sections of society. The Constitution of India has established the “rule of law” throughout the country. All citizens are equal and subject to the same authority.

Linguistic diversity: The Indian State recognizes linguistic diversities and makes special provisions to protect and support some of the languages and dialects that are on the verge of extinction. The three-language formula followed by all State Education Boards enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the States.

India is a country whose society is united in diversity. The religions language, culture, etc. everything differs yet the people of our country are untied. The significance of unity in diversity is necessary for peaceful coexistence with different groups and diverse cultural backgrounds. It improves healthy human relationships and protects equal human rights for all.

According to D.P. Singhal, in his book- “India and World Civilizations” unity in diversity is a theme that runs through the entire course of Indian history. Though there is so much diversity in India along lines of region, language, religion, caste, etc., there are crosscutting solidarities that help us as a nation to combine and recombine. India has always assimilated cultures that it came into contact with and at the same time has retained the essentials of its own.

ndians today, despite their differences, have adapted to political democracy, which indicates the underlying unity in diversity. One important point is that the Indian people have never regarded diversity as a problem but more as a treasure to be cherished. The inner strength of India lies in our ability to accommodate variety and multiplicity within the framework of a larger unity. It is the sign of a healthy organism that the processes of integration and differentiation go on side by side.

The underlying unity in diversity has created a composite culture decisively pan-Indian in nature. Unity amidst diversity can be seen in the geopolitical sphere, institution of pilgrimage, tradition of accommodation, the tradition of interdependence, emotional bonding, etc. Given the nature of our religious plurality, the concept of secularism in India fosters a modern outlook showing religious tolerance. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths, beautifully encapsulated in the term, ‘sarvadharmasamabhav’. India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems. This necessarily includes acceptance of people who do not subscribe to any religious identity, custom or practice, but who may express their loyalty and commitment to secular values such as scientific endeavor, humanitarianism, humanism, and so forth. 

Need for unity

• To strengthen and enrich our cultural Heritage 
• To protect the multiple diversities of 
• To protect the Human Rights of all Indian society citizens. 
• To boost workplace, organizational, and community morale. 
• For effective and inclusive Communication. 
• For conflict resolution. 
• For peaceful coexistence. 
• For the welfare of all people irrespective of caste, creed, sex, gender, race, economic class, culture etc. 
• For the prosperity of our land and its people

(a) Evolutionary theory

Voltaire give the statement.

After the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre, America started making plans to eliminate terrorism from the’entire world. This is the goal behind “Operation Enduring Freedom”. It was against the people who destroyed the World Trade Centre, mainly AlQaida and Taliban. Americans arrested the suspects even without the knowledge of the governments of the countries.of which they were citizens.

They were brought to America and kept in secret jails. Some were taken to the American Naval Base near the Bay of Guantanamo. Neither the American laws nor international laws came to the rescue of these suspects. Even members of the UN were not allowed to visit these prisoners.

According to Historical or evolutionary theory, War was responsible for changing social system to political system.

Bluntschelli statement.

Hegemony as hard power implies dominance of superpower on ground of military power.

Force theory.

Hegemony is an international system to dominate world by only one superpower.

1. Soviet Union. 

2. India decided to liberalize its economy and integrate it with global economy. 

3. India’s policy of liberalization and its impressive economic growth rate.

The word ‘hegemony’ implies the dominance of one state means world power in the form of military dominance, economic power, political clout and cultural superiority.

Karl Marx is the father of communism and socialism.

Economic preponderance of the US is inseparable from its structural power, it can be justified in the following manner: 

1. The hegemon shapes the basic global economy in a particular manner as the US provided the Bretton Woods system after Second World War. 

2. We can regard the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as the products of American hegemony.

Iraq, 34 countries.

The US hegemony was the beginning of New World Order and process for its establishment had been started in August 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait and occupied it to make a part of Iraq. Despite UN’s diplomatic attempts to liberate Kuwait from Iraq, it was not liberated. Hence UN mandated liberation of Kuwait by force, a dramatic decision. A massive coalition force of 660,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it under UN’s ‘Operation Desert Storm’. But it was led by the US because 75 per cent of the coalition forces were from the US only. This war is popularly known as the First Gulf War establishing the US hegemony.

(i)-(c) 

(ii)-(a) 

(iii)-(d) 

(iv)-(b)

The US President William Jefferson Bill Clinton believed in the policy of soft issues like democracy promotion, climate change and the world trade in place of military dominance. But the US revealed its military dominance even during the Clinton era wherever it was required by the US in the following manner: 

1. In 1999, the US responded.to Yugoslavian action against the predominant Albanian population in the province of Kosovo. The NATO air force countries under the US leadership bombarded targets around Yugoslavia for two months forcing the downfall of the government of Slobodan Milosevic and the stationary of NATO force in Kosovo. 

2. In 1998, the US launched an ‘Operation Infinite Reach’ a series of cruise missile strikes on Al- Qaeda terrorist targets in Sudan and Afghanistan in response to the bombings of US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, Dares- Salaam and Tanzania.

Imperial powers have used military forces to accomplish only four tasks to conquer, deter, punish and police in a historical perspective. As the Iraq invasion shows American capacity to conquer is formidable and capability to deter and to punish is self evident. American weakness has been revealed in performing fourth task i.e. the policing in an occupied territory.

Operation Infinite Reach was a series of cruise missile strikes on Al-Qaeda terrorist targets in Sudan and Afghanistan. For this, the US did not bother of any international law. This operation was ordered by President Clinton in response to bombing of the US embassies in Narobi, Kenya, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania in 1998.

Non-Aligned Movement is a movement to settle International problems through peaceful and harmonious means without the use of force of weapons.

As USA and USSR called the neutral countries as inactive, Nehru used Non-Aligned instead of Neutral. He interpreted Non-Alignment as dynamic neutrality protesting peacefully the oppression of the two military blocs. 

In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait rapidly occupying and subsequently annexing it. All diplomatic attempts were a failure in convincing Iraq to quit its aggression. The United Nations took a dramatic decision to mandate the liberation of Kuwait by force. A massive coalition force of 66,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it, known as the First Gulf War also.

The first summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Belgrade in 1961. 

As USA and USSR called the neutral countries as inactive, Nehru used Non-Aligned instead of Neutral. He used this term in his speech in Colombo in 1954.

On 2^nd August 1990, Kuwait occupied Iraq.

Correct option is  (a) Vardhaman Mahavir

Bandung conference was held in 1955.

Achievements of NAM are manifold. Along with the United Nations Organization, NAM is trying to solve international problems peacefully. It has a role in the achievements of U.N.O.

The Major Achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.

• It has helped to decrease the intensity of Cold War. 
• Helped U.N.O. in resolving the issues pertaining to Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and Kuwait. 
• Worked hard to end Apartheid in South Africa. 
•  Inspired treaties to reduce Atomic weapons. 
• Worked to resist the dominance of power blocs. 
• Popularized democratic principles. 
• It is working hard to establish international peace. 
• It is trying to find solutions to the problems faced by member nations. 
• It is fighting for the self-reliance of member countries.

Few of the Principles of Non-Aligned Movement are: 

• Mutual non-Aggression. 
• Non interference in internal affairs. 
• Peaceful Coexistence. 

(b) Gautama Buddha

The Panchasheela Principles accepted by India and China are the Principles of this Movement.

The ship of paved soil was found in Lothal.

A conference of the African and Asian countries was held at Bandung in Indonesia in the year 1955. Indonesian President Ahmad Sukarno organized and president over this conference and 29 countries participated in it. Most important leaders who participated in this conference were Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Ahmad Sukarno – the President of Indonesia, Josip Broz Tito – the President of Yugoslavia, Gama] Abdel Nasser – the President of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah – President of Ghana. They were called the founders of NonAligned Movement. They desired a peaceful, amicable, military, political, economic, bilateral relationship with the USA and Soviet Union. Important Resolutions passed at the Conference were:

• To bring in mutual Economic Co-operation and Cultural exchange between Afro-Asian countries. 
• To give importance to International peaceful co-existence. 
• Non interference in the internal affairs of other countries. 
• Protection of fundamental human rights.

In 1955, at the Bandung Conference of the African and Asian countries, the Non-Aligned Movement was advocated and came into being.