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The right to freedom is a cluster of six rights. Therefore:

(i) Freedom of speech and expression

(ii) Freedom of assembly in peaceful manner

(iii) To form association and unions

(iv) Move freely throughout the country

(v) Reside in any part of the country

(vi) Practice any profession or occupation.

Freedom to participate in armed revolution.

One can use it to incite people against the government.

Rights are claims of a person over other fellow beings; over the society, and over the government. Rights are necessary for the very sustenance of democracy. Rights protect minorities. Rights are guarantees which can be used when things growing.

1. Once the right to liberty and equality is granted it follows that every citizen has a right to not to be exploited yet the constitution makers thought it was necessary to write down certain clear provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society.

2. The constitution mentions three weaker sections of society.

3. The constitution mentions three evils and declares these as illegal.

4. First, the constitution prohibits traffic in human beings, i.e., selling and buying of human beings.

5. Secondly, it prohibits ‘‘begar’’ or forced labour in any form.

Finally the constitution prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to work in a factory or mine.

Buying and selling of human beings.

The constitution prohibits

(i) Traffic in human beings i.e. selling & buying of human beings specially women for immoral purposes.

(ii) It prohibits forced labour

(iii) It protects children under years of age by prohibiting their employment in any factory, mine or hazardous work.

(i) The constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’ i.e. selling and buying of human beings.

(ii) It also prohibits forced labour or begar in any form.

(iii) The constitution also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to work in a factory, mine or any hazardous work.

Right to Vote is not a Fundamental Right.

This right makes other rights effective when any of our rights are violated we can seek remedy through courts. If it is a Fundamental Right we can directly approach the Supreme Court. That is why Dr Ambedkar called it ‘‘the heart and soul of our constitution’’.

1. This 'Right' makes other 'Rights' effective. If sometimes our rights are violated by fellow citizens, private bodies or by the government, we can seek remedy through courts.

2. If it is a Fundamental Right we can directly approach the Supreme Court or the high court of a state. That is why Dr. Ambedkar called it "the heart and soul" of our constitution.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Right to freedom of thought and expression.

The correct answer is 5 3/8+5/16 = 43/8+5/16 = 43x2/8x2+5/16 = 86/16+5/16 = 86+5/16 = 91/16 = 5 11/16

Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Supreme Court or High Courts

Two constraints operated in the US hegemony are institutional architecture of American state (division of power) and open nature of American Society.

America considered them as enemies and linked them to the attack on New York on 11th September, 2001.

A naval base in Cuba set up by the US where prisoners forbidden of the protection of international law or law of their own country or that of the US.

Thomas Malthus wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population”

Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India.

Demography is the scientific study of population.

Correct answer is d) 940

The first census in the world is the American census of the year 1790.

The function of Demography is analyzing the features involved in changes in the population.

The common concepts and indicators of population are: 

• Birthrate 
• Death rate 
• Growth rate 
• Fertility rate 
• Total fertility rate 
• Maternal death rate 
• Longevity 
• Gender ratio 
• Age Structure of the Population 
• Dependency Ratio

1, February 2000

Correct answer is (i) 16.7%

Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year in a place (a country, a State, a district or a geographical region). Date rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of a population perversion a place.

Emile Durkheim is the social scientist that found that there are personal reasons as well as societal reasons behind every suicide.

There were two reasons that were responsible for the reduced rate after 1921. One is the control over famines and the other is the control of epidemics. Of these two, the second one is more important. The worst killers of the past were different kinds of fever, plague, smallpox, malaria and cholera. The plague in the 1918-19 period killed 12.5 lakh people, 5% of the total population. It was known as Spanish Plague and it was a global killer. Progress in the treatment of this kind of epidemics, preventive vaccinations, improved hygiene and so on helped in the prevention of these killer diseases.

However, even now diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, dysentery, bloody diarrhoea and so on are killing people. But the death rate is not as high as before. In 1994, there was a plague in Surat. In 2006, diseases like dengue fever and chikungunya were reported from different parts of the country. There were also different kinds of bird u in the country not long ago. Death rate was reduced because of effective control of famines. Famines caused heavy loss of life in the past. With their control deaths are reduced.

There are many indicators that affect population. 

a. Birth rate: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year in a place (a country, a State, a district or a geographical region). 

b. Death rate: Date rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of a population per year in a place. 

c. The rate of growth in population: The growth in population is the difference between birth rate and death rate. When this becomes 0 or very low, we can say that the population is stable. In some societies, there is negative growth rate. This is when birth rate is less than the death rate in those societies.

d. Fertility rate: This is the number of live births per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 49 years. The ages 15 to 49 show the period when women can conceive.

e. Total fertility rate: This is an imaginary rate. It represents the number of children that would be born alive to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years (5- 49) and bear children in accordance with age specific fertility rates of the specified year.

f. Child death (mortality) rate: The under-5 mortality rate is the number of children who die by the age of five, per thousand live births per year.

g. Maternal mortality rate (MMR): This is the annual number of female deaths during delivery, per thousand deliveries. The high child and maternal death rates indicate poverty and backwardness.

h. Longevity: This is complex concept related to population. It shows the number of years an average person will live.

i. Gender Ratio: It shows how many females are there for thousand males in a region.

j. The Age Structure of the Population: It shows the number of persons in various age groups in proportion to the total population.

k. Dependency Ratio: Many persons cant-do any work either because they are children or they are too old. They have to depend on others. The dependency ratio is a measure showing the number of dependents (aged 0- 14 and over the age of 65) to the total population (aged 15-64).

Malthus was the person who found that increase in population is the cause for poverty

Demographic Transition is another important theory in demography. This theory was presented in the 1940s by the American Social Scientist Kingsley Davis. His theory was an optimistic one. This theory argued that population growth is related to all-round economic development. He showed that each community or society follows its own development model in accordance with its population growth. The Theory of Demographic Transition says there are three basic stages in population growth.

In the 1^st stage the society is not developed and the economic condition is backward. At this stage, both birth rate and death rate will be high. Therefore the growth in population will be small.

In the 2^nd stage i a transition stage. There is technological growth in the society and there is a big jump in the growth of population. The birth rate is high and the death rate is low. The growth in population will be very high.

The 3^rd and last sage start when there is extensive industrialization. At this stage, birth rate and death rate will below.

It is during the transition between the 1^st and 3^rd stage there is high growth of population or population explosion: When disease control, public health care, and nutritious food bring down the death rate, the birth rate remains high. There is thus population, explosion. The society will take some time to get adjusted to the new situation. The nature of procreation that was in existence during the time of poverty and high death rate will take some time to get used to the new situation of technological progress and high longevity.

This kind of transition took place in Europe at the end of the 19^th century and the beginning of the 20^th. This kind of transition (changing the nature of procreation to suit the new circumstances) is also followed by the developing nations. These nations are trying hard to reduce the birth rate as deaths are getting reduced. The transition stage is not yet complete in India. Although death rate is drastically reduced, it has not been possible to reduce birth rate drastically.

Formal demography is mainly concerned with measurements. It is concerned with things like birth, death, emigration, marriage, divorce, etc. Social demography stresses the social, economic and political aspects of the population.

The main function of formal demography is measuring and analyzing the components of population change. It stresses evolutionary analysis. For this, it uses mathematical and statistical methods. It is a method that helps in foreseeing changes in population growth and its structure.

Social demography or population studies study the reasons for changes in population and its structures and their results (repercussions). Social demographers believe that demographic processes are controlled by social processes and structures. People like social scientists, demographers also try to nd out the social causes for demographic tendencies.

Different theories about demography have been proposed by different scholars. The theories of Malthus, the Liberals, Marx and Kingsley David have been extensively discussed.

Kingsley Davis introduced the Demography Mutation Theory

The two processes are the formation of national states and the growth of statistical science. With the advent of the modern age, national states came up in Europe as important political organizations. With this, the role and responsibility of the modern nations began to increase. For example, administering public health, economic policies related to manufacturing and industry, tax, its collection, increasing incomes, urban management – all these needed the attention of the nation.

The growth of numerical (statistical) science was also important. As the areas of activity of nations increased, there was a need to have precise statistical data. Statistical data were needed in the case of population and economic systems with regard to their number, size and measure.

We know that,

a^m× aⁿ = a^m+n

⇒ (10)⁵× (10)^-10 = (10)^5–10

∴ (10)⁵× (10)^-10 = (10)^–5

Correct option is (D) 8⁴

Let we divide \(8^5\) by x to get 8.

i.e., \(\frac{8^5}x=8\)

\(\Rightarrow x=\) \(\frac{8^5}8=8^4\)

Correct option is  D) 8⁴

We know that, 1 h = 60 min

6 h = 60 x 6 min = 360 min Given, a bacteria doubles itself in every 20 min.

Number of times it will double itself = 360 min/20 min = 18

∴ Bacteria will there in 6 h = 2 x 2 x 2 x … x 2 (18 times) =2¹⁸

a) 80.3° East.

b) Temperature and rainfall. 

c) May and June. 

d) During South – West Monsoon Chennai is the Rain shadow region. But during the time of North-East monsoon due to depression in Bengal, Chennai also have low pressure, that’s why Chennai receives high rainfall in the months October – November.

False

Take LHS

= 4 x 10⁵+ 3 x 10⁴ + 2 x 10³ + 1 x 10°

= 4 x 100000+ 3 x 10000 + 2 x 1000+ 1 x 1 [∴ a° = 1]

= 400000 + 30000 + 2000 + 1 = 432001 ≠ RHS

Hence, LHS ≠ RHS

D) Gujarat, M.P.

Correct option is (B) 7

\(5^{7-x}=5^0\)

\(\Rightarrow\) 7 - x = 0

\(\Rightarrow\) x = 7

Correct option is  B) 7

(i) T

(ii) F

(iii) T

(iv) T

True.

Consider the LHS = (-3/5)¹⁰⁰

-3 can be written as = (-1 × 3)

So, ((-1 × 3)/5)¹⁰⁰

= (-1¹⁰⁰ × 3¹⁰⁰)/5¹⁰⁰

= (1 × 3¹⁰⁰)/5¹⁰⁰

= 3¹⁰⁰/5¹⁰⁰

Then, consider the RHS = -3¹⁰⁰/-5¹⁰⁰

= 3¹⁰⁰/5¹⁰⁰

By comparing LHS and RHS,

LHS = RHS

3¹⁰⁰/5¹⁰⁰ = 3¹⁰⁰/5¹⁰⁰

Therefore, (-3/5)¹⁰⁰ = (-3¹⁰⁰/-5¹⁰⁰)

True

Here,5° x 25° x 125°=5° x(5 x 5)° x (5 x 5 x 5)° [∴ 25 = 5 x 5 and 125 = 5 x 5 x 5]

= 5° x 5° x 5° x 5° x 5° x 5° [∴ a^m x b^m = a^mb^m]

= (5° )⁶

Hence, 5° x 25° x 125° =(5⁰)⁶

True.

3⁴ = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81

4³ = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64

Therefore, 81 > 64